Nader Butto - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Nader Butto

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory for the Essence and Structure of the Photon

Journal of high energy physics, gravitation and cosmology, 2022

A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the b... more A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the basic unit of light. It exhibits no shape, "point particle," according to the standard model of particle physics, meaning that a photon interacts as if it is entirely located at a single point in space and does not spread out to fill a three-dimensional volume. In this study, a new theory, in which the photon demonstrates a structure and shape, is proposed based on the perturbed quantum superfluid field (vacuum) in the photon epoch during the first seconds of the Big Bang. Photons are the nonlinear manifestation of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that induces the formation of elliptical vortices, known as Kida vortices, which are converted to a three-dimensional spheroidal structure that remains unchanged in time and rotates with uniform angular velocity due to Coriolis force. Using hydrodynamics laws and applying them to a superfluid vacuum, the basic properties of the photon are described. Moreover, this study provides mathematical models to calculate the kinetic energy, radius, volume, charge, and particle-wave duality of photon. To confirm the proposed theory, the mathematical formulations are presented. We conclude that the photon shape is accessible to human imagination; knowing this shape helps determine photon properties and sheds light on how matter is made as well as explains the interactions of subatomic particles.

Research paper thumbnail of Characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction treated by emergent coronary angioplasty

International Journal of Cardiovascular Interventions, Aug 1, 2005

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a dreadful complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) associated... more Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a dreadful complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) associated with a poor prognosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is widely recommended by current treatment guidelines. To evaluate the in-hospital and 30-day mortality rate and to determine independent predictors of mortality in a cohort of unselected consecutive patients with CS. Rabin Medical Center cardiac catheterization laboratory database was analyzed between 1/2000 and 8/2003. Fifty of the 472 patients (10.6%) treated using emergent PCI for AMI had cardiogenic shock on presentation. Patients with cardiogenic shock were older, more likely to be female and with higher frequency of co-morbidities. The time from symptom onset until seeking medical treatment was longer in cardiogenic shock patients. In-hospital mortality rate was 48.0% in the cardiogenic shock group as compared to 3.3% in the non-cardiogenic shock group (P<0.0001). In patients with shock, total mortality after 30 days was 52% (26/50). Most of these patients (25/26) died within 48 hours following admission because of refractory cardiogenic shock. A multivariate analysis adjusted for baseline differences showed that age 75 years (odds ratio [OR]: 11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-1.24, P=0.05), and the use of GP 2b/3a antagonist (OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95-1.0, P=0.05), were independent predictors of all cause mortality at 30 days. Cardiogenic shock remains an important cause of mortality in AMI. Younger age and the use of GP 2b/3a antagonists during primary PCI for cardiogenic shock patients seems to be associated with better clinical outcomes.

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon

Journal of high energy physics, gravitation and cosmology, 2022

Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are... more Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins-transversal and longitudinal-which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon's simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed; a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.

Research paper thumbnail of The Gastropod Shell Structure as a Blueprint for a Periodic System: A New Theory for Element Configurations

Journal of Biophysical Chemistry, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of The Gastropod Shell Structure as a Blueprint for a Periodic System: A New Theory for Element Configurations

Journal of Biophysical Chemistry

The purpose of this article is to propose a new design for the periodic table of elements. The ne... more The purpose of this article is to propose a new design for the periodic table of elements. The new design is based on a three-dimensional (3D) model of the gastropod shell structure and presents a mechanism of the formation of elements that reflects the laws of nature that guide the formation of the gastropod shell, electron orbitals, and element structure. The author also identifies challenges associated with the current standard periodic table, such as the positions of hydrogen, helium, lanthanides, and actinides. The author's research is a response to the IUPAC's request, dating back to 2016, to settle unresolved disputes surrounding the current standard periodic table. Hence, the author proposes the "Gastropod Shell Model", which presents the periodic system in 2D and 3D snail shells based on a hypothesized unifying principle guiding the formation of elements: the universal unified theory that considers the spiral and vortex forms as the bridge between energy and matter. The author was able to position hydrogen, helium, lanthanides, and actinides uniquely in their proposed periodic system to solve problems associated with their positions in the standard periodic table. Readers will be interested in uncovering the "hypothesized unifying principle guiding the formation of elements".

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are... more Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins-transversal and longitudinal-which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon's simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed; a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory for the Essence and Structure of the Photon

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the b... more A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the basic unit of light. It exhibits no shape, "point particle," according to the standard model of particle physics, meaning that a photon interacts as if it is entirely located at a single point in space and does not spread out to fill a three-dimensional volume. In this study, a new theory, in which the photon demonstrates a structure and shape, is proposed based on the perturbed quantum superfluid field (vacuum) in the photon epoch during the first seconds of the Big Bang. Photons are the nonlinear manifestation of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that induces the formation of elliptical vortices, known as Kida vortices, which are converted to a three-dimensional spheroidal structure that remains unchanged in time and rotates with uniform angular velocity due to Coriolis force. Using hydrodynamics laws and applying them to a superfluid vacuum, the basic properties of the photon are described. Moreover, this study provides mathematical models to calculate the kinetic energy, radius, volume, charge, and particle-wave duality of photon. To confirm the proposed theory, the mathematical formulations are presented. We conclude that the photon shape is accessible to human imagination; knowing this shape helps determine photon properties and sheds light on how matter is made as well as explains the interactions of subatomic particles.

Research paper thumbnail of Coronary bifurcation lesions: to stent one branch or both?

The Journal of invasive cardiology, 2004

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate two different stent placement techniques for ... more OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate two different stent placement techniques for bifurcation lesions: 1) stenting of the main branch and balloon dilatation of the sidebranch versus 2) stenting of both branches. BACKGROUND Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of coronary bifurcation lesions remains challenging, and limited information is available regarding whether stent placement is necessary in both branches of the bifurcation using bare-metal stents. Methods. We prospectively followed all patients who underwent PCI for symptomatic bifurcation lesions at our center. All patients were carefully followed for subsequent clinical events. RESULTS Between March 2001 and November 2002, a total of 50 patients were treated with either stenting of both vessels (double stent group; n = 32) or stenting of the parent vessel and balloon angioplasty of the sidebranch (single stent group; n = 18). Optimal angiographic success was 87.5% in the single stent group and 100% in the ...

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory for the Essence and Nature of Electron Charge

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 2021

Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with... more Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with electromagnetic fields. The real nature and the essence of charge are unknown. In this paper, a new theory is presented to describe the nature and the essence of electric charge is formulated based on the vortex model of the electron which has a finite size and has an irrotational vortex structure. This theory and the vortex model of the electron enables us, for the first time, to describe the origin of bivalency, stability, quantization, equality of the absolute values of the bivalent charges, to derive a simple formulation to calculate the electric charge based on hydrodynamics without the use any constant. The difference between negative and positive charge, is revealed and the charged particles interactions are described. The electric charge is an expression of accelerated spherical mass per area reduced by the stiffness of the vacuum which has the units e0 ML3/T2. The calculated re...

Research paper thumbnail of Revealing the Essence of Electric Permittivity Constant

Electric constant believed fundamental constant determined only by physical measurement and canno... more Electric constant believed fundamental constant determined only by physical measurement and cannot be calculated. A new theory about the origin and the essence of the electric constant is proposed and mathematical formulation is described. The vacuum is considered to be superfluid and the electric constant is described as a physical property of the “vacuum”. Hydrodynamics laws are applied to calculate the elasticity and the compressibility of the vacuum to obtain the electric constant value. Thus, electric permittivity is the expression of compressibility of the vacuum which is the capability of the vacuum to permit electric field lines. In conclusion, electric constant is not fundamental constant but observable parameter of the vacuum which depends mainly by the vacuum density. This result could have important consequences in our understanding the origin of physical forces forward Universal Unified Theory based on one constant only, the density of the vacuum.

Research paper thumbnail of Energy washout: A New Method to Achieve Well-Being and Health

Introduction The use of allopathic medicine, which is based on the biomedical model, provides man... more Introduction The use of allopathic medicine, which is based on the biomedical model, provides many powerful lifesaving treatments to patients. The allopathic approach considers the individual as a biological machine, defines health as the absence of illness or disease, and emphasizes that the role of clinical diagnosis and intervention and the purpose of treatment are to achieve and maintain the physiological parameters within the established normal levels. However, this model fails to prevent diseases and evidently leads to continuously increasing rates chronic diseases and conditions worldwide. In the United States, nearly 1 in 2 Americans (133 million) has at least one chronic medical condition, affecting most individuals (58%) in this population between ages 18 and 64 years [1]. This number is projected to increase by more than 1% per year by 2030, resulting in a chronically ill population of an estimated 171 million people [1]. There is a growing awareness that conventional tre...

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory for the Essence and Origin of Electron Spin

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

Research paper thumbnail of The Nature and Origin of Inertia

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

Research paper thumbnail of The Origin and Nature of the Planck Constant

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

Planck’s constant h is a fundamental physical constant defined in the realm of quantum theory and... more Planck’s constant h is a fundamental physical constant defined in the realm of quantum theory and is determined only by physical measurement and cannot be calculated. To this day, physicists do not have a convincing explanation for why action in microcosm is quantized or why h has a specific quantitative value. Here, a new theory is presented based on the idea that the elementary particles are vortices of a condensed superfluid vacuum. The vortex has a conserved angular momentum that can be calculated by applying hydrodynamic laws; in this way, the numerical value of Planck’s constant can be obtained. Therefore, the Planck constant is not a fundamental constant but an observable parameter of the elementary particle as a vortex that has constant vorticity and conserved angular momentum. This theory may offer a unique and comprehensive understanding of Planck’s constant and open a new perspective for a theory of everything.

Research paper thumbnail of Fundamental Mechanism of Organ Diseases: A New Theory Connecting the Stress Reaction and Type of Disease

International Journal of Psychiatry Research

Research paper thumbnail of Psychological Conflict and Physical Illness: A New Mind–Body Model

International Journal of Psychiatry Research

As organisms, human beings are integrations of matter, energy, and information. The present artic... more As organisms, human beings are integrations of matter, energy, and information. The present article offers a new vision regarding the nature of emotions and their influence on the physical body. Knowledge from ancient cultures such as the Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine is integrated with quantum physics to present the anatomy of the soul using scientific language. The essence and nature of the psyche are described as the results of interactions between the soul and brain, whereas the soul is defined as being equivalent to a biofield that integrates energy and information. Mental activities, such as sensations, perceptions, feelings, and emotions, are expressions of the movement of energy within various layers of the organism. These energy dynamics in the soul are guided by the wave interference principle. Resonance between the biofield and physical body creates a sense of well-being. Psychological conflicts disturb energy flow due to destructive wave interferences that create discord between the biofield and physical body. These energy blockages interfere with physiological processes, leading to functional dysfunction and, if the conflict remains unresolved, physical disease. Correlation between topographical changes and mental activity is explained using the Ayurveda chakras model and Chinese meridians system. The seven chakras energy network is associated with seven endocrine glands; this system connects emotions with seven aspects of life. The 12 meridians are associated with 12 organ systems, each being associated with a different mental and emotional activity. The correlations between psychological function and chakras and meridians are presented. Positive emotions activate the corresponding chakras and nourish them, while psychological conflict blocks the energy flow of the corresponding gland. Chronic stress or unfavorable environmental conditions can accelerate, aggravate, or trigger disease manifestation. This new approach affords a novel interpretation of mind-body relations and offers the potential for novel therapeutic interventions and disease prevention.

Research paper thumbnail of Four Phases of Life and Four Stages of Stress: A New Stress Theory and Health Concept

International Journal of Psychiatry Research

This article presents a new theory of stress reaction and adaptation with reference to the four p... more This article presents a new theory of stress reaction and adaptation with reference to the four phases of life (excitation, expansion, contraction, and relaxation), four phases of acute stress (threat, organization, fight and flight, and recovery or shock), four phases of chronic stress (alarm, resistance, adaptation, and exhaustion), and four grades of fear (anxiety, fear, panic, and horror). Each phase of acute stress is associated with a corresponding grade of fear. The grades of fear are determined by the balance between the strength of the stimulus and the subjective capacity to cope with it. The subjective capacity depends on different factors but mostly on the experience and energy availability that determine a person's psychological resilience. Then, the phases of chronic stress correlate with the four phases of life. When a traumatic conflict is unresolved, the fear remains blocked in the energetic system, corresponding to one of the phases of life. This blockage may explain why we have different diseases in the same organ. Further, the concept of vitality is introduced to explain the resilience that allows the individual to cope with stress efficiently to maintain homeostasis. This new model opens a gate to establish a new therapeutic strategy aimed at increasing an individual's vital energy and resolving energy blockages by elaborating psychological trauma, completing the learning process to achieve intellectual growth, and achieving spiritual growth toward health and well-being.

Research paper thumbnail of Integration between Psychology and Spirituality: A New Paradigm for The Essence and The Nature of The Psyche

International Journal of Psychiatry Research

Here, we present a new paradigm explaining essence and origin of psyche. It integrates and unifie... more Here, we present a new paradigm explaining essence and origin of psyche. It integrates and unifies different approaches in psychology, biology, and ancient philosophy. It further introduces spirituality to psychology. Concepts of spirit and soul are analyzed as wave function, information potential, and quantum state in accordance with quantum mechanics. The brain is considered as a wave analyzer that processes information received from cloud of soul. The interaction between information present in the soul and brain produces the conscious mind. Information that does not interact with brain and is not immediately retrievable is called the unconscious and accessible information that does not interact with the brain is the preconscious. The soul is divided into three parts: Animal soul, human soul, and guiding spirit. The animal soul is the energy of magnetic field that has emerged from all electromagnetic fields of all cells and organs. According to Freud, interaction between animal soul and the brain produces the id. The human soul and guiding spirit are two quantum informational states; when they interact with the brain, they produce the ego and superego, respectively. This new approach affords a new interpretation of life and death. It considers life to be a workshop for intellectual growth and spiritual evolution and views physical disease as an indicator of unresolved conflicts and traumas. Psychological difficulties are an indicator of spiritual deviation from one's personal path. Therapeutic intervention's purpose is restoring the wellbeing that allows individuals to continue their journey of life with love, happiness, and freedom.

Research paper thumbnail of The Essence and Origin of the Magnetic Constant

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

In this study, the essence and origin of the magnetic constant are discussed and a mechanism that... more In this study, the essence and origin of the magnetic constant are discussed and a mechanism that allows real estimations of the magnetic constant based upon the vacuum density description is proposed. By considering the vacuum as a liquid with a measurable density and the electron as a vortex, hydrodynamic laws are applied to measure the diminished momentum of a rotating electron in a vacuum, thus obtaining a value similar to the experimentally derived value of the magnetic constant. A consequence of this description is that the magnetic constant can be expressed as the shear stress per unit time of the vacuum; this means that it is an observable vacuum parameter and not a fundamental constant.

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory on the Origin and Nature of the Fine Structure Constant

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

The nature and the origin of the fine structure are described. Based on the vortex model and hydr... more The nature and the origin of the fine structure are described. Based on the vortex model and hydrodynamics, a comprehensible interpretation of the fine structure constant is developed. The vacuum considered to have superfluid characteristics and elementary particles such as the electron and Hydrogen molecule are irrotational vortices of this superfluid. In such a vortex, the angular rotation ω is maintained, and the larger the radius, the slower the rotational speed. The fine structure value is derived from the ratio of the rotational speed of the boundaries of the vortex to the speed of the vortex eye in its center. Since the angular rotation is constant, the same value was derived from the ratio between the radius of the constant vortex core and the radius of the hall vortex. Therefore, the constancy of alpha is an expression of the constancy relation in the vortex structure.

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory for the Essence and Structure of the Photon

Journal of high energy physics, gravitation and cosmology, 2022

A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the b... more A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the basic unit of light. It exhibits no shape, "point particle," according to the standard model of particle physics, meaning that a photon interacts as if it is entirely located at a single point in space and does not spread out to fill a three-dimensional volume. In this study, a new theory, in which the photon demonstrates a structure and shape, is proposed based on the perturbed quantum superfluid field (vacuum) in the photon epoch during the first seconds of the Big Bang. Photons are the nonlinear manifestation of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that induces the formation of elliptical vortices, known as Kida vortices, which are converted to a three-dimensional spheroidal structure that remains unchanged in time and rotates with uniform angular velocity due to Coriolis force. Using hydrodynamics laws and applying them to a superfluid vacuum, the basic properties of the photon are described. Moreover, this study provides mathematical models to calculate the kinetic energy, radius, volume, charge, and particle-wave duality of photon. To confirm the proposed theory, the mathematical formulations are presented. We conclude that the photon shape is accessible to human imagination; knowing this shape helps determine photon properties and sheds light on how matter is made as well as explains the interactions of subatomic particles.

Research paper thumbnail of Characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction treated by emergent coronary angioplasty

International Journal of Cardiovascular Interventions, Aug 1, 2005

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a dreadful complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) associated... more Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a dreadful complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) associated with a poor prognosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is widely recommended by current treatment guidelines. To evaluate the in-hospital and 30-day mortality rate and to determine independent predictors of mortality in a cohort of unselected consecutive patients with CS. Rabin Medical Center cardiac catheterization laboratory database was analyzed between 1/2000 and 8/2003. Fifty of the 472 patients (10.6%) treated using emergent PCI for AMI had cardiogenic shock on presentation. Patients with cardiogenic shock were older, more likely to be female and with higher frequency of co-morbidities. The time from symptom onset until seeking medical treatment was longer in cardiogenic shock patients. In-hospital mortality rate was 48.0% in the cardiogenic shock group as compared to 3.3% in the non-cardiogenic shock group (P<0.0001). In patients with shock, total mortality after 30 days was 52% (26/50). Most of these patients (25/26) died within 48 hours following admission because of refractory cardiogenic shock. A multivariate analysis adjusted for baseline differences showed that age 75 years (odds ratio [OR]: 11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-1.24, P=0.05), and the use of GP 2b/3a antagonist (OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95-1.0, P=0.05), were independent predictors of all cause mortality at 30 days. Cardiogenic shock remains an important cause of mortality in AMI. Younger age and the use of GP 2b/3a antagonists during primary PCI for cardiogenic shock patients seems to be associated with better clinical outcomes.

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon

Journal of high energy physics, gravitation and cosmology, 2022

Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are... more Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins-transversal and longitudinal-which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon's simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed; a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.

Research paper thumbnail of The Gastropod Shell Structure as a Blueprint for a Periodic System: A New Theory for Element Configurations

Journal of Biophysical Chemistry, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of The Gastropod Shell Structure as a Blueprint for a Periodic System: A New Theory for Element Configurations

Journal of Biophysical Chemistry

The purpose of this article is to propose a new design for the periodic table of elements. The ne... more The purpose of this article is to propose a new design for the periodic table of elements. The new design is based on a three-dimensional (3D) model of the gastropod shell structure and presents a mechanism of the formation of elements that reflects the laws of nature that guide the formation of the gastropod shell, electron orbitals, and element structure. The author also identifies challenges associated with the current standard periodic table, such as the positions of hydrogen, helium, lanthanides, and actinides. The author's research is a response to the IUPAC's request, dating back to 2016, to settle unresolved disputes surrounding the current standard periodic table. Hence, the author proposes the "Gastropod Shell Model", which presents the periodic system in 2D and 3D snail shells based on a hypothesized unifying principle guiding the formation of elements: the universal unified theory that considers the spiral and vortex forms as the bridge between energy and matter. The author was able to position hydrogen, helium, lanthanides, and actinides uniquely in their proposed periodic system to solve problems associated with their positions in the standard periodic table. Readers will be interested in uncovering the "hypothesized unifying principle guiding the formation of elements".

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are... more Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins-transversal and longitudinal-which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon's simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed; a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory for the Essence and Structure of the Photon

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the b... more A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the basic unit of light. It exhibits no shape, "point particle," according to the standard model of particle physics, meaning that a photon interacts as if it is entirely located at a single point in space and does not spread out to fill a three-dimensional volume. In this study, a new theory, in which the photon demonstrates a structure and shape, is proposed based on the perturbed quantum superfluid field (vacuum) in the photon epoch during the first seconds of the Big Bang. Photons are the nonlinear manifestation of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that induces the formation of elliptical vortices, known as Kida vortices, which are converted to a three-dimensional spheroidal structure that remains unchanged in time and rotates with uniform angular velocity due to Coriolis force. Using hydrodynamics laws and applying them to a superfluid vacuum, the basic properties of the photon are described. Moreover, this study provides mathematical models to calculate the kinetic energy, radius, volume, charge, and particle-wave duality of photon. To confirm the proposed theory, the mathematical formulations are presented. We conclude that the photon shape is accessible to human imagination; knowing this shape helps determine photon properties and sheds light on how matter is made as well as explains the interactions of subatomic particles.

Research paper thumbnail of Coronary bifurcation lesions: to stent one branch or both?

The Journal of invasive cardiology, 2004

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate two different stent placement techniques for ... more OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate two different stent placement techniques for bifurcation lesions: 1) stenting of the main branch and balloon dilatation of the sidebranch versus 2) stenting of both branches. BACKGROUND Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of coronary bifurcation lesions remains challenging, and limited information is available regarding whether stent placement is necessary in both branches of the bifurcation using bare-metal stents. Methods. We prospectively followed all patients who underwent PCI for symptomatic bifurcation lesions at our center. All patients were carefully followed for subsequent clinical events. RESULTS Between March 2001 and November 2002, a total of 50 patients were treated with either stenting of both vessels (double stent group; n = 32) or stenting of the parent vessel and balloon angioplasty of the sidebranch (single stent group; n = 18). Optimal angiographic success was 87.5% in the single stent group and 100% in the ...

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory for the Essence and Nature of Electron Charge

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 2021

Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with... more Charge is a fundamental physical property of matter that is responsible for its interactions with electromagnetic fields. The real nature and the essence of charge are unknown. In this paper, a new theory is presented to describe the nature and the essence of electric charge is formulated based on the vortex model of the electron which has a finite size and has an irrotational vortex structure. This theory and the vortex model of the electron enables us, for the first time, to describe the origin of bivalency, stability, quantization, equality of the absolute values of the bivalent charges, to derive a simple formulation to calculate the electric charge based on hydrodynamics without the use any constant. The difference between negative and positive charge, is revealed and the charged particles interactions are described. The electric charge is an expression of accelerated spherical mass per area reduced by the stiffness of the vacuum which has the units e0 ML3/T2. The calculated re...

Research paper thumbnail of Revealing the Essence of Electric Permittivity Constant

Electric constant believed fundamental constant determined only by physical measurement and canno... more Electric constant believed fundamental constant determined only by physical measurement and cannot be calculated. A new theory about the origin and the essence of the electric constant is proposed and mathematical formulation is described. The vacuum is considered to be superfluid and the electric constant is described as a physical property of the “vacuum”. Hydrodynamics laws are applied to calculate the elasticity and the compressibility of the vacuum to obtain the electric constant value. Thus, electric permittivity is the expression of compressibility of the vacuum which is the capability of the vacuum to permit electric field lines. In conclusion, electric constant is not fundamental constant but observable parameter of the vacuum which depends mainly by the vacuum density. This result could have important consequences in our understanding the origin of physical forces forward Universal Unified Theory based on one constant only, the density of the vacuum.

Research paper thumbnail of Energy washout: A New Method to Achieve Well-Being and Health

Introduction The use of allopathic medicine, which is based on the biomedical model, provides man... more Introduction The use of allopathic medicine, which is based on the biomedical model, provides many powerful lifesaving treatments to patients. The allopathic approach considers the individual as a biological machine, defines health as the absence of illness or disease, and emphasizes that the role of clinical diagnosis and intervention and the purpose of treatment are to achieve and maintain the physiological parameters within the established normal levels. However, this model fails to prevent diseases and evidently leads to continuously increasing rates chronic diseases and conditions worldwide. In the United States, nearly 1 in 2 Americans (133 million) has at least one chronic medical condition, affecting most individuals (58%) in this population between ages 18 and 64 years [1]. This number is projected to increase by more than 1% per year by 2030, resulting in a chronically ill population of an estimated 171 million people [1]. There is a growing awareness that conventional tre...

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory for the Essence and Origin of Electron Spin

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

Research paper thumbnail of The Nature and Origin of Inertia

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

Research paper thumbnail of The Origin and Nature of the Planck Constant

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

Planck’s constant h is a fundamental physical constant defined in the realm of quantum theory and... more Planck’s constant h is a fundamental physical constant defined in the realm of quantum theory and is determined only by physical measurement and cannot be calculated. To this day, physicists do not have a convincing explanation for why action in microcosm is quantized or why h has a specific quantitative value. Here, a new theory is presented based on the idea that the elementary particles are vortices of a condensed superfluid vacuum. The vortex has a conserved angular momentum that can be calculated by applying hydrodynamic laws; in this way, the numerical value of Planck’s constant can be obtained. Therefore, the Planck constant is not a fundamental constant but an observable parameter of the elementary particle as a vortex that has constant vorticity and conserved angular momentum. This theory may offer a unique and comprehensive understanding of Planck’s constant and open a new perspective for a theory of everything.

Research paper thumbnail of Fundamental Mechanism of Organ Diseases: A New Theory Connecting the Stress Reaction and Type of Disease

International Journal of Psychiatry Research

Research paper thumbnail of Psychological Conflict and Physical Illness: A New Mind–Body Model

International Journal of Psychiatry Research

As organisms, human beings are integrations of matter, energy, and information. The present artic... more As organisms, human beings are integrations of matter, energy, and information. The present article offers a new vision regarding the nature of emotions and their influence on the physical body. Knowledge from ancient cultures such as the Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine is integrated with quantum physics to present the anatomy of the soul using scientific language. The essence and nature of the psyche are described as the results of interactions between the soul and brain, whereas the soul is defined as being equivalent to a biofield that integrates energy and information. Mental activities, such as sensations, perceptions, feelings, and emotions, are expressions of the movement of energy within various layers of the organism. These energy dynamics in the soul are guided by the wave interference principle. Resonance between the biofield and physical body creates a sense of well-being. Psychological conflicts disturb energy flow due to destructive wave interferences that create discord between the biofield and physical body. These energy blockages interfere with physiological processes, leading to functional dysfunction and, if the conflict remains unresolved, physical disease. Correlation between topographical changes and mental activity is explained using the Ayurveda chakras model and Chinese meridians system. The seven chakras energy network is associated with seven endocrine glands; this system connects emotions with seven aspects of life. The 12 meridians are associated with 12 organ systems, each being associated with a different mental and emotional activity. The correlations between psychological function and chakras and meridians are presented. Positive emotions activate the corresponding chakras and nourish them, while psychological conflict blocks the energy flow of the corresponding gland. Chronic stress or unfavorable environmental conditions can accelerate, aggravate, or trigger disease manifestation. This new approach affords a novel interpretation of mind-body relations and offers the potential for novel therapeutic interventions and disease prevention.

Research paper thumbnail of Four Phases of Life and Four Stages of Stress: A New Stress Theory and Health Concept

International Journal of Psychiatry Research

This article presents a new theory of stress reaction and adaptation with reference to the four p... more This article presents a new theory of stress reaction and adaptation with reference to the four phases of life (excitation, expansion, contraction, and relaxation), four phases of acute stress (threat, organization, fight and flight, and recovery or shock), four phases of chronic stress (alarm, resistance, adaptation, and exhaustion), and four grades of fear (anxiety, fear, panic, and horror). Each phase of acute stress is associated with a corresponding grade of fear. The grades of fear are determined by the balance between the strength of the stimulus and the subjective capacity to cope with it. The subjective capacity depends on different factors but mostly on the experience and energy availability that determine a person's psychological resilience. Then, the phases of chronic stress correlate with the four phases of life. When a traumatic conflict is unresolved, the fear remains blocked in the energetic system, corresponding to one of the phases of life. This blockage may explain why we have different diseases in the same organ. Further, the concept of vitality is introduced to explain the resilience that allows the individual to cope with stress efficiently to maintain homeostasis. This new model opens a gate to establish a new therapeutic strategy aimed at increasing an individual's vital energy and resolving energy blockages by elaborating psychological trauma, completing the learning process to achieve intellectual growth, and achieving spiritual growth toward health and well-being.

Research paper thumbnail of Integration between Psychology and Spirituality: A New Paradigm for The Essence and The Nature of The Psyche

International Journal of Psychiatry Research

Here, we present a new paradigm explaining essence and origin of psyche. It integrates and unifie... more Here, we present a new paradigm explaining essence and origin of psyche. It integrates and unifies different approaches in psychology, biology, and ancient philosophy. It further introduces spirituality to psychology. Concepts of spirit and soul are analyzed as wave function, information potential, and quantum state in accordance with quantum mechanics. The brain is considered as a wave analyzer that processes information received from cloud of soul. The interaction between information present in the soul and brain produces the conscious mind. Information that does not interact with brain and is not immediately retrievable is called the unconscious and accessible information that does not interact with the brain is the preconscious. The soul is divided into three parts: Animal soul, human soul, and guiding spirit. The animal soul is the energy of magnetic field that has emerged from all electromagnetic fields of all cells and organs. According to Freud, interaction between animal soul and the brain produces the id. The human soul and guiding spirit are two quantum informational states; when they interact with the brain, they produce the ego and superego, respectively. This new approach affords a new interpretation of life and death. It considers life to be a workshop for intellectual growth and spiritual evolution and views physical disease as an indicator of unresolved conflicts and traumas. Psychological difficulties are an indicator of spiritual deviation from one's personal path. Therapeutic intervention's purpose is restoring the wellbeing that allows individuals to continue their journey of life with love, happiness, and freedom.

Research paper thumbnail of The Essence and Origin of the Magnetic Constant

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

In this study, the essence and origin of the magnetic constant are discussed and a mechanism that... more In this study, the essence and origin of the magnetic constant are discussed and a mechanism that allows real estimations of the magnetic constant based upon the vacuum density description is proposed. By considering the vacuum as a liquid with a measurable density and the electron as a vortex, hydrodynamic laws are applied to measure the diminished momentum of a rotating electron in a vacuum, thus obtaining a value similar to the experimentally derived value of the magnetic constant. A consequence of this description is that the magnetic constant can be expressed as the shear stress per unit time of the vacuum; this means that it is an observable vacuum parameter and not a fundamental constant.

Research paper thumbnail of A New Theory on the Origin and Nature of the Fine Structure Constant

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

The nature and the origin of the fine structure are described. Based on the vortex model and hydr... more The nature and the origin of the fine structure are described. Based on the vortex model and hydrodynamics, a comprehensible interpretation of the fine structure constant is developed. The vacuum considered to have superfluid characteristics and elementary particles such as the electron and Hydrogen molecule are irrotational vortices of this superfluid. In such a vortex, the angular rotation ω is maintained, and the larger the radius, the slower the rotational speed. The fine structure value is derived from the ratio of the rotational speed of the boundaries of the vortex to the speed of the vortex eye in its center. Since the angular rotation is constant, the same value was derived from the ratio between the radius of the constant vortex core and the radius of the hall vortex. Therefore, the constancy of alpha is an expression of the constancy relation in the vortex structure.