Mohammad Naghizadeh - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Mohammad Naghizadeh

Journal of Advanced Medical Sciences and Applied Technologies

Heart Failure (HF) is a chronic condition with great impact on the lifestyle of the patients. As ... more Heart Failure (HF) is a chronic condition with great impact on the lifestyle of the patients. As many as 80% of HF patients report experiencing sleep difficulties. Thus, we try to detect clinical predictors of sleep quality and define probable relationship between anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in HF patients. Materials & Methods: One hundred patients (male: 50 persons, female: 50 persons) with ejection fraction less than 45% who were hospitalized in CCU and post-CCU ward, were included in this study. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire were used to collect the related data. Results: The patients' mean (SD) total PSQI score was 9.07(4.43). The most problem was seen in sleep onset latency (1.85[1.15]) sub-score of PSQI and the sleep quality of 78% of patients was abnormal. This score was higher in patients with history of abnormal blood pressure (P=0.001). PSQI score have significant correlation with anxiety (r=0.216, P=0.035) as well as depression (r=0.351, P=0.000). Conclusion: Many HF patients suffer from sleep difficulties and PSQI score seems to have significant correlation with anxiety and depression.

International journal of reproductive biomedicine (Yazd, Iran), 2017

Human and experimental studies suggest that the sympathetic regulatory drive in the ovary may be ... more Human and experimental studies suggest that the sympathetic regulatory drive in the ovary may be unbalanced (hyperactivity) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Dysfunctional secretion of interleukin (IL) -1 (α & β) or related cytokines may thus be related to abnormal ovulation and luteinization. The aim of this study was the evaluation of cytokines' pattern in PCOS women and discussion about the explanation of cross-talk between two super systems: sympathetic and immune systems and explanation sympatho-excitation and relationship with interleukins. In this study, 171 PCOS women aged between 20-40 years were studied the. Their body mass index was <28. The patients were divided into two groups: study group (n=85, PCOS women) and control group (n=86 normal women). The blood sample was obtained on the 3 day of menstruation cycle. IL-17, IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α concentrations were determined in both groups. The median serum level of IL-1α in the PCOS group was higher than the con...

Iranian journal of pathology, 2017

Pruritus is the most frequent chronic dermal complication of sulfur mustard (SM), which negativel... more Pruritus is the most frequent chronic dermal complication of sulfur mustard (SM), which negatively influences the quality of life. Exact pathophysiology of SM-induced itching is unknown. The current study aimed at evaluating the possible association between SM-induced itching and the serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and their endogenous inhibitors, and serum levels of soluble forms of selectins (sL-, sP-, and sE-selectins) as adhesion molecules involved in the development of different inflammatory reactions. Serum levels of MMP-9, MMP-9/ tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and selectins were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and compared between the groups (n=368) with and without itching, and matched control groups (n=126). Serum levels of MMP-9 were significantly higher in the SM exposed group with itching, compared with that of the group without itching (medians: 894 and 624 pg/mL respectively; P-value =0.034). There was no re...

The International journal of biological markers, 2018

Epidemiological and experimental literature indicates that the risk of breast cancer incidence is... more Epidemiological and experimental literature indicates that the risk of breast cancer incidence is strongly linked to hormone-dependent factors, including reproductive history and obesity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between these factors and breast cancer risk are poorly understood. The aim of this study, therefore, was to determine whether obesity and reproductive history are associated with expression levels of two breast cancer-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), namely ZFAS1 and SRA1 in cancer-free breast tissues of women. In the current research, 145 healthy women were recruited, and the quantitative expression levels of the two lncRNAs were determined through qPCR assay after gathering the mammoplasty breast tissue samples. It was found that women with body mass index (BMI)≥30 kg/m and BMI 25-29 kg/m show a low expression of ZFAS1 compared to the BMI<25 kg/m ( P=0.031 and P=0.027, respectively). Then, the correlation analysis disclosed a...

The breast journal, Jan 21, 2018

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute a major class of the human transcriptome which play cruc... more Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute a major class of the human transcriptome which play crucial roles in the key biological processes of both normal and malignant breast cells. Although the aberrant expression of lncRNAs has been well-documented in breast cancer (BC), little is currently known about the association between their expression levels in the breast tissue of healthy women and BC risk factors, especially the reproductive or demographic characteristics that are among the most well-known BC risk modifiers. This study was an attempt to investigate the correlation between the expression levels of 2 breast cancer-related lncRNAs, including GAS5 and LSINCT5, and reproductive and demographic characteristics in 145 normal breast tissues that were obtained from women without breast cancer undergoing cosmetic surgery. Total RNA was extracted from fresh normal breast tissues, and the expression level of target lncRNAs was quantified using real-time qPCR. Differences in the mean...

Diabetes & metabolic syndrome, Jan 16, 2018

Among the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)... more Among the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This research was conducted to examine the dietary pattern in women with GDM. In this case-study, 204 pregnant women (104 cases and 100 control women) were chosen through convenient sampling and random sampling. The subjects' food intakes were assessed using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, while their activities evaluated by physical activity questionnaire. Anthropometric indices were measured based on standard instructions, and the body mass index was calculated. The dietary patterns were determined using principal component analysis and its relationship with preeclampsia was tested using logistic regression method. Unhealthy and healthy dietary patterns were found among the pregnant women. In the unhealthy group, after modifying the effect of confounding variables, a significant relationship was observed between dietary pattern and having gestational diabetes (OR ...

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews

Background: An association between metabolic syndrome (MeS) and osteoarthritis (OA) has been repo... more Background: An association between metabolic syndrome (MeS) and osteoarthritis (OA) has been reported in recent years; however, conflicting findings have been reported regarding this matter. Inhere we evaluated the relationship between different components of MeS and OA in a Fasa osteoarthritis registry (FOAS). Methods: The registry includes all OA cases who referred to Fasa hospital (Iran) since 2013. Overall, 131 patients with OA with a Kellgren & Lawrence (K&L) score >1 and 261 controls were compared. Results: Overall, 82.4% of individuals in the OA group and 40.8% of participants in the control group had MeS (P < 0.001). Patients with OA had a 6.8 (95% CI: 4.1-11.4) higher chance of acquiring MeS. After adjusting for sex, age, and BMI, odds' ratio (OR) for acquiring MeS in OA group increased to 10.9 (95% CI: 5.5-21.8). Among MeS criteria's, high waist circumference (WC) has strongest correlation for acquiring OA (OR = 27.535, 95% CI: 6.003-126.306). Conclusion: Our findings revealed that metabolic markers are strongly associated with OA and the addition of each component of the MeS, significantly increases the risk of developing OA, therefore control of metabolic factors and appropriate screening must be considered in health policy making and prevention programs.

Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers

Although environmental factors play an important role in susceptibility to myocardial infarction ... more Although environmental factors play an important role in susceptibility to myocardial infarction (MI), genetic determinants also provide a significant contribution. This study aimed to determine whether or not MI susceptibility is influenced by the SDF1-rs1801157A/G and HHEX-rs1111875 A/G polymorphisms in an Iranian population. A total of 120 patients with MI and 120 healthy controls were enrolled. Blood samples were collected from all the participants for genomic DNA extraction and testing. Polymorphism genotyping was determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the A allele and AA genotype of the SDF1-rs1111875 polymorphism produce a significant risk of MI both before (crude odds ratio [OR] = 8.83, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.05-73.76, p = 0.025) and after adjustment (adjusted OR = 8.12, 95% CI = 5.02-19.42, p = 0.04). In contrast, the GG genotype of the SDF1-rs1111875 polymorphism provides a protective effect on MI in a recessive model (GG vs. AA+AG) before (crude OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.34-0.97, p = 0.037) and after adjustment (adjusted OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.3-0.82, p = 0.021). No association was found between the HHEX-rs1111875 A/G polymorphism alleles and the susceptibility to MI. Taken together, the current findings suggest that the SDF1-rs1801157A/G gene variant may play an important role in relation to MI in this Iranian population. Nevertheless, more replication studies and meta-analyses should be carried out in this area.

Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports

Objective: Sulfur mustard (SM) was used as a chemical weapon in Iraq-Iran war. Exposed people hav... more Objective: Sulfur mustard (SM) was used as a chemical weapon in Iraq-Iran war. Exposed people have major complications in important organs such as pulmonary system. Some studies have shown that SM could affect the expression of endogenous genes and non-housekeeping genes, time dependently. To understand the accurate molecular mechanism of the delayed effect of SM, the identification of the gene expression pattern in these patients is essential. Hence, we have evaluated mRNA expression of four common housekeeping genes (ACTIN, PGK1, β2m, GAPDH) in SM-exposed and non-exposed (control) formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human lung tissues. Method: Paraffin block of lung biopsy of SM-exposed people (11 cases) and people without exposure to SM as control group (9 cases) have been selected. The mRNA expression of four endogenous control genes has been evaluated by qRT-PCR. The stability value of each gene was calculated by different methods. Result: It was found that ACTIN mRNA has the highest expression (30.26 ± 2.87) and PGK1 has the lowest standard deviation (SD) (30.885 ± 2.215) between pooled groups. The best correlation was between ACTIN and PGK1 expressions. The M value has shown that ACTIN and then PGK1 are the most stable housekeeping genes among. The results obtained from the GeNorm and NormFinder have indicated that the pair ACTIN-PGK1 is the most suitable choice for endogenous control genes. Conclusion: ACTIN and PGK1 genes are stable in studied lung tissues and are the better than two other housekeeping genes. In addition, mustard gas does not affect their expression in long term.

Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers, 2017

Reproductive history and obesity are among the well-recognized risk factors in the development of... more Reproductive history and obesity are among the well-recognized risk factors in the development of breast cancer, which are partially mediated by the increased exposure of breast tissues to estrogens. However, only a few studies have investigated the link between these risk factors and the pattern of methylation signatures in the breast tissue of healthy women. The role of the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene hypermethylation is reportedly important in the development of breast cancer. Thus, it is speculated that such ESR1 epigenetic changes may be influenced or shaped by obesity and reproductive history-related factors before and during breast carcinogenesis. Breast samples were collected from 120 cancer-free women who had undergone cosmetic mammoplasty. DNA was extracted from the breast tissues and, then, the methylation levels at the promoter and exon 1 regions of the ESR1 gene CpG island were determined by using the methylated DNA immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR assay. The me...

Health and quality of life outcomes, Jan 12, 2017

Measuring the quality of life (QOL) is a benchmark in today's world of medicine. The aim of t... more Measuring the quality of life (QOL) is a benchmark in today's world of medicine. The aim of the present study was to determine the general health and QOL of infertile women and certain affecting conditions. In a cross-sectional study, 161 infertile women referring to Dr. Rostami's Infertility Center of Shiraz, Southern Iran, in 2013 were enrolled by the convenience sampling method. Data were collected via a socio-demographic, general health (GHQ28), and the QOL Questionnaire of Infertile Couples and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. According to 146 completely filled-out questionnaires, the mean age of the participants and their spouses were 29.4 ± 5.4 and 33.8 ± 5.8 years, respectively. Moreover, the general health of 57 (39%) patients was normal and that of 89 (61%) patients showed a degree of impairment. The scores for depression and physical symptoms were the highest and lowest, respectively. In addition, quite positive, positive, neutral, and negativ...

Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers, 2016

IL-1b-3953 C>T and MMP-9-1562C>T variants have been shown to be linked to the devel... more IL-1b-3953 C>T and MMP-9-1562C>T variants have been shown to be linked to the development of myocardial infarction (MI), although previous studies have reported inconsistent results. The aim of the present study was to determine whether these genetic variations are associated with MI susceptibility in an Iranian population. In the current study, 117 patients with MI and 120 control group members were selected as participants. Peripheral blood samples were taken from all the subjects for genomic DNA extraction. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the TT genotype of the IL-1b-3953 C>T polymorphism is associated with a significant MI protective effect in: the homozygote model after adjustment for MI risk factors (odds ratio [OR]: 0.18, confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.04-0.72; p = 0.01); and also in the recessive genetic model both before (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.15-0.96, p = 0.04) and after (OR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.04-0.58, p = 0.006) adjustment for MI risk factors. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the individuals with the TT genotype of the MMP-9-1562C>T polymorphism were significantly protected against MI in comparison with the CC genotype (OR: 0.01, 95% CI: 0.002-0.68, p = 0.03). The findings suggest that the minor alleles of the two polymorphisms under study both have protective effects with respect to MI susceptibility in the Iranian population.

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 2016

The percent and distribution of body fat are important factors in the pathogenesis of numerous di... more The percent and distribution of body fat are important factors in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Our aim was to investigate common anthropometric indices in their relationship with body fat content. In a cross-sectional study 1360 healthy individuals (580 men and 780 women) in a cluster sampling, from Ahvaz, Iran, body fat content (using bioelectrical impedance) and anthropometric measurements [weight, waist circumference, a body shape index, abdominal volume index, body adiposity index, conicity, body mass index, hip circumference, waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio] was obtained. The ROC curve analysis was used to compare each index with body fat percent. Significant difference was found between men and women in all anthropometric parameters (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). Women displayed higher percentages in the overweight and obese categories (33.6% vs. 32.9% and 26.4% vs. 22.1%, respectively). In both men and women, the strongest correlations were seen between body fat percent and BMI, AVI and WHtR (r&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;7.9 and p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.001). BMI, WHtR and AVI in men and BAI, BMI and WHtR in women showed the most accuracy for estimating body fat percent, respectively. All anthropometric parameters could predict body fat percent with relatively good power, however BMI, WHtR and AVI are more powerful predictors. Based on our findings, we suggest using the AVI and WHtR instead of other indexes, as they are better able to assess the accumulation of fat in the abdominal area and are able to more accurately assess body fat percent, which are indicators of chronic disease.

PLOS ONE, 2016

In this study we evaluated and redefined the optimum body mass index (BMI) cutoff point for the I... more In this study we evaluated and redefined the optimum body mass index (BMI) cutoff point for the Iranian population based on metabolic syndrome (MeS) risk factors. We further evaluated BMI cutoff points with and without waist circumference (WC) as a cofactor of risk and compared the differences. This study is part of the largest surveillance programs conducted in Shiraz, Iran, termed the Shiraz Heart study. Our study sample included subjects between the ages of 20 to 65 years old. After excluding pregnant women, those with missing data and those with comorbid disease, a total of 12283 made up the study population. The participants underwent a series of tests and evaluations by trained professionals in accordance with WHO recommendations. Hypertension, abnormal fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (in the context of the definition of metabolic syndrome) were prevalent among 32.4%, 27.6%, 42.1 and 44.2% of our participants, respectively. Women displayed higher rates of overall obesity compared to men (based on the definition by the WHO as higher than 30 kg/m 2). Regarding MeS, 38.9% of our population had the all symptoms of MeS which was more prevalent among women (41.5% vs. 36%). When excluding WC in the definition of MeS, results showed that males tend to show a higher rate of metabolic risk factors (19.2% vs. 15.6%). Results of multivariate analysis showed that parallel to an increase in BMI, the odds ratio (OR) for acquiring each component of the metabolic syndrome increased (OR = 1.178; CI: 1.166-1.190). By excluding WC, the previous OR decreased (OR = 1.105; CI: 1.093-1.118). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the optimum BMI cutoff point for predicting metabolic syndrome was 26.1 kg/m 2 and 26.2 kg/m 2 [Accuracy (Acc) = 69% and 61%, respectively)] for males and females, respectively. The overall BMI cutoff for both sexes was 26.2 kg/m 2 (Acc = 65%) with sensitivity and specificity of 69% and 62%, respectively. This cutoff had a positive predictive value of 54% and a negative predictive value of 76%. When we excluded waist circumference, the optimum BMI cutoff for acquiring metabolic risk factors in males decreased to 25.7 kg/m 2 (Acc = 67%) and increased for women to 27.05 kg/m 2 (Acc = 66%). Iranians are at higher risks of morbidity related to metabolic PLOS ONE |

Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Jun 15, 2012

Background & Objective: Cervical cancer is the second prevalent women cancer in the world. This c... more Background & Objective: Cervical cancer is the second prevalent women cancer in the world. This cancer is found preventable because of having the prolong time before the appearance, its complications and the available proper screening program and possibility of the primary lesion treatment. Since the Health Belief Model is one of the applicable praxeology model in health education to prevent and control of diseases. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the Health Belief Model components in adopting preventive behaviors for cervical cancer in women. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 213 married 20-65 year-old women selected by a two-stage sampling method.The data was collected by a valid and reliable questionnaire and interview. This questionnaire based on health belief model correlation)components Perceived Susceptibility and Severity, Perceived Barriers and Benefits, Self-efficacy) with behavior survey. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whhitney test, Kruskal-wallis test, and Regression by SPSS software. Results: The mean age of the study group was 40.6 ± 12.1. The results show that 32.5% of them had at least one time examined for Pap smear test out of which only 7.9% of them had this test on a regular interval. Only 12% of them had an adequate knowledge about the cervical cancer and its preventive measure. 90% of them had inappropriate behavior. The average score of knowledge was 6.73± 2.97 which considered as moderate. Regression analysis showed the knowledge)P=0.009(, job)P=0.005(, perceived barriers)P<0.001(and perceived severity)P=0.036(determine as predictors in the final behavior. Conclusion: Perceived barriers and knowledge behind the strongest predictor of behavior. Educational programs are recommended based on the health belief model with emphasis on reducing barriers and increasing awareness to improve behavior.

Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Sep 15, 2013

Background & Objective: skin lesions, Scars and psychiatric disorders are an important issue in t... more Background & Objective: skin lesions, Scars and psychiatric disorders are an important issue in the life of patients with coetaneous leishmaniasis. The prevalence of Leishmaniasis has been increasing in Fasa, therefore this study assesses the life quality of patients suffering from leishmaniasis in Fasa between 2010-2011. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-cross sectional study was conducted in 2010 on 70 patients with coetaneous leishmaniasis that were referred to Fasa health center. The Data was collected by the three questionnaires, demographic, SF-36 and DLQI. In order to compare the quality of skin life was assessed in subgroups using t-tests and ANOVA. The relationship between quality of life and quality of life skin was calculated with Pearson correlation. Results: in this study, the mean of DLQI scores in patients was 13.7. The findings show that There is an inverse relationship between the score and age of the subjects)r= 0.312(. But there is a direct relationship between the score with its duration. The highest mean score of the quality of the subjects' attitude towards general health)72.1 +-21.5(, but the lowest was towards the subjects social performance)56.1+-27.7(. Conclusion: The study can be conducted to determine the factors associated with the quality of life and physical and psychological harm must be prevented with planning.

Inhalation Toxicology, Jul 1, 2008

Dyspnea is the hallmark symptom of some respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonar... more Dyspnea is the hallmark symptom of some respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiolitis and is a major reason for which these patients seek medical attention. We performed a randomized triple-blind controlled crossover clinical trial in which we compared the efficacy of inhaled furosemide (4 ml equal to 40 mg in 10 min) with placebo (4 ml of 0.9% saline solution) in 41 mustard gas-exposed patients. Dyspnea index, visual analog scale (VAS), and pulmonary function test results were obtained before and 4 h after treatments. Results showed that both furosemide and placebo significantly decreased VAS and dyspnea index and increased FEV(1), FVC, and FEV(1)/FVC, while there was no difference between the two drugs in these effects (p values .23, .61, .81, .36, and .27, respectively). Our results failed to address the previously reported effects of inhaled furosemide on dyspnea. In fact, we suggest that patients with a previous exposure to sulfur mustard, in which chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis are the most suggested underlying mechanisms, may not benefit from furosemide to alleviate their dyspnea.

Journal of Reproduction Infertility, Apr 1, 2012

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, multifaceted, heterogeneous disorder, ... more Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, multifaceted, heterogeneous disorder, affecting 4%−18% of reproductive-aged women and it is associated with reproductive, metabolic and psychological dysfunctions. PCOS affects quality of life and can worsen anxiety and depression either due to the features of PCOS or due to the diagnosis of a chronic disease. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 81 patients with PCOS were recruited from Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center. A questionnaire with items related to pieces of information about stress was used for data collection. Stress symptoms were assessed using the Understanding Yourself questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Ver. 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, ILL, USA). The data are presented as mean±SD or as frequency with percentages. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The descriptive results showed that 8 (9.9%) participants did not have any signs of stress, 32 (39.5%) had neurotic stress, 29 (35.8%) had high and 12 (14.8%) had extremely high levels of stress. The odds of high levels of anxiety in women with hirsutism was 3.1 (95% CI, 1.00−9.59). The odds of high levels of obsession in overweight patients was 3.2 (95% CI, 1.12−9.234). The odds of high levels of worries in patients with touchy personality was 3.4 (95% CI, 1.10−11.19) obsession score. Conclusion: The present study showed that clinical signs of PCOS were most closely associated with psychological distress which has important implications in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders.

Journal of Family and Reproductive Health, Jul 30, 2012

Objective: with regard to his human and social nature, sympathy is required that men and women li... more Objective: with regard to his human and social nature, sympathy is required that men and women live together in peace and rest. Since that family is manifestation and expression of life and love, divorce is a critical that consequences and undesirable effects on individuals, families and society. The present study based on gender People requesting a divorce in the family courts in Tehran has paid during the years 2006-2007. Materials and methods: The sample included 300 people referred from the courts, and cross-sectional study approach, with structured interview was conducted. Causes and reasons for divorce after the interview and identified as economic factors, psychological, cultural-social, sexual problems, physical, addiction, violence and marriage with this classification and statistical methods chi-square, Fisher and Mann-Whitney two groups were compared. Results: Results showed that although most divorce because both gender (84.4% of women and 90% of men) lack of understanding and compromise has been divorce for women, but more influenced by socioeconomic status (P< 0.001), violence (P< 0.001) sexual problems (P= 0.048) and addiction (P= 0.001), while men were more due to cultural problems-social (P= 0.023) had been demanded divorce. Conclusion: The results also suggested the counseling of premarital and to aware in the field of professional advice at the time of the divorce that it can prevent the occurrence divorce.