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Papers by Nceba Gqaleni
Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2018
Introduction: According to the WHO, articulation of the training content is an important mileston... more Introduction: According to the WHO, articulation of the training content is an important milestone in developing training programmes for THP and accreditation. This stipulation has been validated by a number of countries who have successfully developed training programs for THPs. In South Africa if the authorities are to successfully accredit THP it is important that they should identify the indigenous training content utilised in THP training. Materials and methods: An exploratory descriptive qualitative research was undertaken for three months to collect data from the Traditional Health Practitioners (THP) Tutors and their trainees in the rural, peri-urban and urban areas of EThekwini Municipality and King Cetshwayo District in KZN. Sequential sampling approach of purposeful, convenient and snowballing was used. Results: Diagnostic skills; identification of illnesses, physical, psychological and culture bound causal factors; procedures of ukuthwasa; systematic healing procedures; treatment procedures; African medicines; patient care, categories of rituals and behavioural counselling were identified as the core contents of training. The sequence of delivery was observed to be random based on the opportunity provided by the influx of patients. However diversity in terms of the application of knowledge also observed. Conclusion: There is an identifiable training content prevailing within the indigenous training of traditional health practitioners. The content is based on broader methodical concepts of treatment methods, systematic procedures and diagnoses. Even though the transfer of content is random and based on the influx of patients; it does however contribute towards ensuring relevant experiential learning for the trainees. This type of learning is practical for the users but poses a challenge for integration of traditional medicine training into accreditation mainstream which is based on progressive sequential type of learning. Keywords: Traditional Health Practitioners, training content, treatment methods, systematic procedures and diagnoses
Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2012
In our foreword of the June (2013) Issue of the Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledg... more In our foreword of the June (2013) Issue of the Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems we concentrated on analysing the main trends of the themes submitted to the journal as well as the role played by Indilinga in enhancing the quantity and the quality of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) issues among African intellectuals and universities. We also stressed the role of Indilinga as the platform for the theoretical and empirical debate among the young African researchers. It was recognised that Indilinga played an important role in the production, dissemination and most importantly in legitimizing African IKS in the African and world academia.
Biotechnology Techniques, Oct 1, 1996
Journal of Food Protection, Aug 1, 1996
The combined effects of water activity (aw), temperature, incubation time, and medium composition... more The combined effects of water activity (aw), temperature, incubation time, and medium composition on cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) production by an isolate of Penicillium commune was studied using a full-factorial experimental design. An analysis of variance for the mycotoxin showed that there was a complex interaction between all these factors and that this affected the production of CPA. The minimum aw for CPA production (0.025 to 0.238 J.lgml-1) in yeast extract agar was 0.90 whereas in Czapek yeast autolysate agar it was 0.85 (0.048 to 0.123 J.lg m1-1). The temperature range for CPA production was 20 to 30°C. The optimum temperature for CPA production was 25°C. CPA was maximally produced (3.199 to 3.993 J.lg ml-I) at an a w of 0.996 after 15 days of incubation.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Mar 1, 1997
An experiment with a full factorial design was used to study the effects of and interactions amon... more An experiment with a full factorial design was used to study the effects of and interactions among temperature, water activity (a w), incubation period, and substrate on coproduction of aflatoxins (AF) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) by an isolate of Aspergillus flavus. Analysis of variance showed that there was a complex interaction among all of these factors and that this influenced the relative concentrations of the mycotoxins produced. The optimum temperatures for the production of AF and CPA were 30؇C and 25؇C, respectively. Both mycotoxins were maximally produced (0.306 to 0.330 g of AF ⅐ ml of medium ؊1 , 4.040 to 6.256 g of CPA ⅐ ml of medium ؊1) at an a w of 0.996 and after 15 days of incubation. No AF were produced in either yeast extract agar or Czapek yeast autolysate agar medium at an a w of 0.90 at 20 or 37؇C after 15 days (minimum conditions), while 0.077 to 0.439 g of CPA ⅐ ml of medium ؊1 was produced under the same conditions. Yeast extract agar favored maximum AF production, and Czapek yeast autolysate agar favored maximum CPA production.
Food additives and contaminants, Aug 1, 1996
... GORST-ALLMAN, CP, and STEYN, PS, 1979, Screening methods for the detection of thirteen ... IA... more ... GORST-ALLMAN, CP, and STEYN, PS, 1979, Screening methods for the detection of thirteen ... IARC, 1993, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,volume 56, Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic ...
South African Health Review, 2007
Abstract: South Africa is one of the few nations that have made significant progress to integrate... more Abstract: South Africa is one of the few nations that have made significant progress to integrate traditional and complementary medicine into the legislative framework for health practitioners. Traditional medicine, represented by approximately 190 000 traditional ...
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines
Background: The number of people using traditional medicines in the management of chronic disease... more Background: The number of people using traditional medicines in the management of chronic diseases is increasing. The safety profile of some of the formulations, however, has not been scientifically demonstrated. This study assessed the acute and sub-acute toxicity of Uthuli Lwezichwe™ (UL), a traditional medicine used by a traditional healer in the management of diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: In the acute toxicity assay, one female Sprague dawley rat was administered 1000mg/kg body weight (BW) of Uthuli lwezichwe™ and observed for 14 days. In the sub-acute assay, 24 Sprague dawley rats were randomized into four groups. With one group as the control, the other groups were administered varying daily doses (100 mg, 300 mg, 1000 mg/kg BW) of UL for 28 days. Phytochemical analysis of UL was done using Liquid Chromatography – Quadrupole Time of Flight - Mass Spectrometer (LC-QTOF-MS). Results: There were no significant differences in liver function biomarkers and kidney functi...
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2016
Background: Regulation and standardization of African traditional medicines (ATM) prescribed by t... more Background: Regulation and standardization of African traditional medicines (ATM) prescribed by traditional healers in South Africa is still far from being implemented. This is despite the fact that more people are using ATM products than ever. In an effort to demonstrate that collaboration with traditional health practitioners (THPs) can yield standardized TM products, this study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of an herbal immune booster formulated by traditional healers from the Vaal Region, South Africa. Materials and Methods: Using normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) models, doses of the immune booster ranging from 1000 to 10 µg/mL were evaluated for their cytotoxicity, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines secretion, nitric oxide (NO) secretion, malondialdehyde (MDA) assay, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results: The immune booster induced a dose dependent cytotoxic effect on both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs with higher doses showing cytotoxicity while lower dose from 100µg/mL did not show any cytotoxicity. When re-dissolved in aqueous PBS immune booster doses up to 100 µg/mL showed better DPPH radical inhibition (41%) than ascorbic acid at 40µg/mL (33%). The immune booster also decreased lipid peroxides significantly (p< 0.05) and this was comparable to ascorbic acid. There was also a significant (p< 0.05) increase in nitrite (NO) after treatment of LPS stimulated PBMCs with immune booster doses when compared to untreated samples. The immune booster stimulated inflammatory cytokines secretion in normal PBMCs (IL 1α, IL 1β, IL 6, IL 10 and TNFα while showing a decrease in IFNγ at the higher dose) while in LPS stimulated PBMCs some cytokines were decreased (IL 1α, IL 17α and at lower doses IL 10 and TNFα) and others were increased (IFNγ, TNFα and GM-CSF) depending on the dose used. In both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs the immune booster significantly (p< 0.05) increased (MIP 1α) while causing significant (p< 0.05) decreases in IP 10 (high dose), I-TAC and MIG secretion. Conclusions: This immune booster showed potential immunostimulatory effects by increasing nitric oxide, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines secretion in both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs. This TM also showed promising antioxidant potential in the MDA and DPPH assays. Further in vitro and animal studies are warranted.
Not forgetting the clinical nursing practitioners from eThekwini Primary Health Care facilities a... more Not forgetting the clinical nursing practitioners from eThekwini Primary Health Care facilities as well, without whom the study would not have been successful. Their cooperation and contribution to the study is much appreciated. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page Declaration i Abstract ii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of contents vi List of tables ix Acronyms x CHAPTER 1 CONCLUSION 9 CHAPTER 2 10 2.
Epidemiology, Sep 1, 2007
Acs Symposium Series, 2013
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jun 5, 2012
The South Durban Health Study is a population-based study that examined the relationship between ... more The South Durban Health Study is a population-based study that examined the relationship between exposure to ambient air pollutants and respiratory disease among school children with high prevalence of asthma who resided in two purposely-selected communities in north and south Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. From these participants, a subgroup of 135 families was selected for investigation of household characteristics potentially related to respiratory health. In these households, a walkthrough investigation was conducted, and settled dust and air samples were collected for allergen and fungal measurements using standardised techniques. Asp f1 allergen was detected in all homes, and Bla g1 allergen was detected in half of the homes. House dust allergens, Der f1 and Der p1 exceeded concentrations associated with risk of sensitization and exacerbation of asthma in 3 and 13%, respectively, of the sampled homes, while Bla g1 exceeded guidance values in 13% of the homes. Although airborne fungal concentrations in sleep areas and indoors were lower than outdoor concentrations, they exceeded 1000 CFU/m3 in 29% of the homes. Multivariate analyses identified several home characteristics that were predictors of airborne fungal concentrations, including moisture, ventilation, floor type and bedding type. Airborne fungal concentrations were similar indoors and outdoors, which likely reduced the significance of housing and indoor factors as determinants of indoor concentrations. Conclusion-Allergen concentrations were highly variable in homes, and a portion of the variability can be attributed to easily-recognised conditions.
Acs Symposium Series, 2013
Journal of Public Health in Africa, Sep 29, 2022
Background. HIV-related weight loss and wasting were the most common malnutrition and AIDS-defini... more Background. HIV-related weight loss and wasting were the most common malnutrition and AIDS-defining conditions before HAART. HAART has led to more obese PLHIV. HIV-positive patients should eat micro-and macronutrient-rich foods to maintain optimal nutrition. This study examined whether Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf supplementation affects PLHIV receiving ART. Methods. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted. Two hundred patients with informed consent were randomly assigned to either the Moringa oleifera Lam. (MOG) group or the control group (COG). From baseline to six months of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf supplementation, anthropometric parameters [weight; BMI] of the participants were assessed. Results. One hundred seventy-seven patients completed the 6-month follow-up (89 MOG vs. 88 COG). During the study period, the MOG and COG had similar weights and BMIs (p>0.05). At baseline and six months, most participants in both study groups had a healthy BMI (18.5-24.9). Many participants were overweight; few were underweight ((BMI <18.5). MOG and COG BMI differences at baseline and six months were not significant (p> 0.05). All experiments were 95CI. Conclusions. Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf powder had no effect on HIV-positive adults receiving antiretroviral therapy, in accordance with this study.
Plants
The conventional use of medicinal plants is in part based on the widespread belief that plant cru... more The conventional use of medicinal plants is in part based on the widespread belief that plant crude extracts are non-toxic. In South Africa, traditional preparations of Cassipourea flanaganii used to treat hypermelanosis have accordingly been regarded by many as non-toxic. Whether that is so impacts on the potential of bark extracts to be developed as a commercial drug to treathypermelanosis, given their documented capacity to inhibit tyrosinase activity. Our study investigated the acute and subacute toxicity of the methanol extract of C. flanaganii bark in rats. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into different treatment groups. The rats received a daily oral gavage of crude extract for acute and subacute toxicity tests. Haematological, biomechanical, clinical and histopathology examinations were carried out to evaluate the possible toxicity of C. flanaganii. The results were subjected to the Student’s t-test and ANOVA. For both acute and subacute toxicity, there was no statistical...
Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2018
Introduction: According to the WHO, articulation of the training content is an important mileston... more Introduction: According to the WHO, articulation of the training content is an important milestone in developing training programmes for THP and accreditation. This stipulation has been validated by a number of countries who have successfully developed training programs for THPs. In South Africa if the authorities are to successfully accredit THP it is important that they should identify the indigenous training content utilised in THP training. Materials and methods: An exploratory descriptive qualitative research was undertaken for three months to collect data from the Traditional Health Practitioners (THP) Tutors and their trainees in the rural, peri-urban and urban areas of EThekwini Municipality and King Cetshwayo District in KZN. Sequential sampling approach of purposeful, convenient and snowballing was used. Results: Diagnostic skills; identification of illnesses, physical, psychological and culture bound causal factors; procedures of ukuthwasa; systematic healing procedures; treatment procedures; African medicines; patient care, categories of rituals and behavioural counselling were identified as the core contents of training. The sequence of delivery was observed to be random based on the opportunity provided by the influx of patients. However diversity in terms of the application of knowledge also observed. Conclusion: There is an identifiable training content prevailing within the indigenous training of traditional health practitioners. The content is based on broader methodical concepts of treatment methods, systematic procedures and diagnoses. Even though the transfer of content is random and based on the influx of patients; it does however contribute towards ensuring relevant experiential learning for the trainees. This type of learning is practical for the users but poses a challenge for integration of traditional medicine training into accreditation mainstream which is based on progressive sequential type of learning. Keywords: Traditional Health Practitioners, training content, treatment methods, systematic procedures and diagnoses
Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, 2012
In our foreword of the June (2013) Issue of the Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledg... more In our foreword of the June (2013) Issue of the Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems we concentrated on analysing the main trends of the themes submitted to the journal as well as the role played by Indilinga in enhancing the quantity and the quality of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) issues among African intellectuals and universities. We also stressed the role of Indilinga as the platform for the theoretical and empirical debate among the young African researchers. It was recognised that Indilinga played an important role in the production, dissemination and most importantly in legitimizing African IKS in the African and world academia.
Biotechnology Techniques, Oct 1, 1996
Journal of Food Protection, Aug 1, 1996
The combined effects of water activity (aw), temperature, incubation time, and medium composition... more The combined effects of water activity (aw), temperature, incubation time, and medium composition on cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) production by an isolate of Penicillium commune was studied using a full-factorial experimental design. An analysis of variance for the mycotoxin showed that there was a complex interaction between all these factors and that this affected the production of CPA. The minimum aw for CPA production (0.025 to 0.238 J.lgml-1) in yeast extract agar was 0.90 whereas in Czapek yeast autolysate agar it was 0.85 (0.048 to 0.123 J.lg m1-1). The temperature range for CPA production was 20 to 30°C. The optimum temperature for CPA production was 25°C. CPA was maximally produced (3.199 to 3.993 J.lg ml-I) at an a w of 0.996 after 15 days of incubation.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Mar 1, 1997
An experiment with a full factorial design was used to study the effects of and interactions amon... more An experiment with a full factorial design was used to study the effects of and interactions among temperature, water activity (a w), incubation period, and substrate on coproduction of aflatoxins (AF) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) by an isolate of Aspergillus flavus. Analysis of variance showed that there was a complex interaction among all of these factors and that this influenced the relative concentrations of the mycotoxins produced. The optimum temperatures for the production of AF and CPA were 30؇C and 25؇C, respectively. Both mycotoxins were maximally produced (0.306 to 0.330 g of AF ⅐ ml of medium ؊1 , 4.040 to 6.256 g of CPA ⅐ ml of medium ؊1) at an a w of 0.996 and after 15 days of incubation. No AF were produced in either yeast extract agar or Czapek yeast autolysate agar medium at an a w of 0.90 at 20 or 37؇C after 15 days (minimum conditions), while 0.077 to 0.439 g of CPA ⅐ ml of medium ؊1 was produced under the same conditions. Yeast extract agar favored maximum AF production, and Czapek yeast autolysate agar favored maximum CPA production.
Food additives and contaminants, Aug 1, 1996
... GORST-ALLMAN, CP, and STEYN, PS, 1979, Screening methods for the detection of thirteen ... IA... more ... GORST-ALLMAN, CP, and STEYN, PS, 1979, Screening methods for the detection of thirteen ... IARC, 1993, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,volume 56, Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic ...
South African Health Review, 2007
Abstract: South Africa is one of the few nations that have made significant progress to integrate... more Abstract: South Africa is one of the few nations that have made significant progress to integrate traditional and complementary medicine into the legislative framework for health practitioners. Traditional medicine, represented by approximately 190 000 traditional ...
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines
Background: The number of people using traditional medicines in the management of chronic disease... more Background: The number of people using traditional medicines in the management of chronic diseases is increasing. The safety profile of some of the formulations, however, has not been scientifically demonstrated. This study assessed the acute and sub-acute toxicity of Uthuli Lwezichwe™ (UL), a traditional medicine used by a traditional healer in the management of diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: In the acute toxicity assay, one female Sprague dawley rat was administered 1000mg/kg body weight (BW) of Uthuli lwezichwe™ and observed for 14 days. In the sub-acute assay, 24 Sprague dawley rats were randomized into four groups. With one group as the control, the other groups were administered varying daily doses (100 mg, 300 mg, 1000 mg/kg BW) of UL for 28 days. Phytochemical analysis of UL was done using Liquid Chromatography – Quadrupole Time of Flight - Mass Spectrometer (LC-QTOF-MS). Results: There were no significant differences in liver function biomarkers and kidney functi...
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2016
Background: Regulation and standardization of African traditional medicines (ATM) prescribed by t... more Background: Regulation and standardization of African traditional medicines (ATM) prescribed by traditional healers in South Africa is still far from being implemented. This is despite the fact that more people are using ATM products than ever. In an effort to demonstrate that collaboration with traditional health practitioners (THPs) can yield standardized TM products, this study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of an herbal immune booster formulated by traditional healers from the Vaal Region, South Africa. Materials and Methods: Using normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) models, doses of the immune booster ranging from 1000 to 10 µg/mL were evaluated for their cytotoxicity, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines secretion, nitric oxide (NO) secretion, malondialdehyde (MDA) assay, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results: The immune booster induced a dose dependent cytotoxic effect on both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs with higher doses showing cytotoxicity while lower dose from 100µg/mL did not show any cytotoxicity. When re-dissolved in aqueous PBS immune booster doses up to 100 µg/mL showed better DPPH radical inhibition (41%) than ascorbic acid at 40µg/mL (33%). The immune booster also decreased lipid peroxides significantly (p< 0.05) and this was comparable to ascorbic acid. There was also a significant (p< 0.05) increase in nitrite (NO) after treatment of LPS stimulated PBMCs with immune booster doses when compared to untreated samples. The immune booster stimulated inflammatory cytokines secretion in normal PBMCs (IL 1α, IL 1β, IL 6, IL 10 and TNFα while showing a decrease in IFNγ at the higher dose) while in LPS stimulated PBMCs some cytokines were decreased (IL 1α, IL 17α and at lower doses IL 10 and TNFα) and others were increased (IFNγ, TNFα and GM-CSF) depending on the dose used. In both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs the immune booster significantly (p< 0.05) increased (MIP 1α) while causing significant (p< 0.05) decreases in IP 10 (high dose), I-TAC and MIG secretion. Conclusions: This immune booster showed potential immunostimulatory effects by increasing nitric oxide, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines secretion in both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs. This TM also showed promising antioxidant potential in the MDA and DPPH assays. Further in vitro and animal studies are warranted.
Not forgetting the clinical nursing practitioners from eThekwini Primary Health Care facilities a... more Not forgetting the clinical nursing practitioners from eThekwini Primary Health Care facilities as well, without whom the study would not have been successful. Their cooperation and contribution to the study is much appreciated. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page Declaration i Abstract ii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of contents vi List of tables ix Acronyms x CHAPTER 1 CONCLUSION 9 CHAPTER 2 10 2.
Epidemiology, Sep 1, 2007
Acs Symposium Series, 2013
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Jun 5, 2012
The South Durban Health Study is a population-based study that examined the relationship between ... more The South Durban Health Study is a population-based study that examined the relationship between exposure to ambient air pollutants and respiratory disease among school children with high prevalence of asthma who resided in two purposely-selected communities in north and south Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. From these participants, a subgroup of 135 families was selected for investigation of household characteristics potentially related to respiratory health. In these households, a walkthrough investigation was conducted, and settled dust and air samples were collected for allergen and fungal measurements using standardised techniques. Asp f1 allergen was detected in all homes, and Bla g1 allergen was detected in half of the homes. House dust allergens, Der f1 and Der p1 exceeded concentrations associated with risk of sensitization and exacerbation of asthma in 3 and 13%, respectively, of the sampled homes, while Bla g1 exceeded guidance values in 13% of the homes. Although airborne fungal concentrations in sleep areas and indoors were lower than outdoor concentrations, they exceeded 1000 CFU/m3 in 29% of the homes. Multivariate analyses identified several home characteristics that were predictors of airborne fungal concentrations, including moisture, ventilation, floor type and bedding type. Airborne fungal concentrations were similar indoors and outdoors, which likely reduced the significance of housing and indoor factors as determinants of indoor concentrations. Conclusion-Allergen concentrations were highly variable in homes, and a portion of the variability can be attributed to easily-recognised conditions.
Acs Symposium Series, 2013
Journal of Public Health in Africa, Sep 29, 2022
Background. HIV-related weight loss and wasting were the most common malnutrition and AIDS-defini... more Background. HIV-related weight loss and wasting were the most common malnutrition and AIDS-defining conditions before HAART. HAART has led to more obese PLHIV. HIV-positive patients should eat micro-and macronutrient-rich foods to maintain optimal nutrition. This study examined whether Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf supplementation affects PLHIV receiving ART. Methods. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted. Two hundred patients with informed consent were randomly assigned to either the Moringa oleifera Lam. (MOG) group or the control group (COG). From baseline to six months of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf supplementation, anthropometric parameters [weight; BMI] of the participants were assessed. Results. One hundred seventy-seven patients completed the 6-month follow-up (89 MOG vs. 88 COG). During the study period, the MOG and COG had similar weights and BMIs (p>0.05). At baseline and six months, most participants in both study groups had a healthy BMI (18.5-24.9). Many participants were overweight; few were underweight ((BMI <18.5). MOG and COG BMI differences at baseline and six months were not significant (p> 0.05). All experiments were 95CI. Conclusions. Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf powder had no effect on HIV-positive adults receiving antiretroviral therapy, in accordance with this study.
Plants
The conventional use of medicinal plants is in part based on the widespread belief that plant cru... more The conventional use of medicinal plants is in part based on the widespread belief that plant crude extracts are non-toxic. In South Africa, traditional preparations of Cassipourea flanaganii used to treat hypermelanosis have accordingly been regarded by many as non-toxic. Whether that is so impacts on the potential of bark extracts to be developed as a commercial drug to treathypermelanosis, given their documented capacity to inhibit tyrosinase activity. Our study investigated the acute and subacute toxicity of the methanol extract of C. flanaganii bark in rats. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into different treatment groups. The rats received a daily oral gavage of crude extract for acute and subacute toxicity tests. Haematological, biomechanical, clinical and histopathology examinations were carried out to evaluate the possible toxicity of C. flanaganii. The results were subjected to the Student’s t-test and ANOVA. For both acute and subacute toxicity, there was no statistical...