Nerissa Naidoo - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Nerissa Naidoo

Research paper thumbnail of Three-dimensional evaluation of scapular morphology in primary glenohumeral arthritis, rotator cuff arthropathy, and asymptomatic shoulders

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 2021

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Research paper thumbnail of Quantification of the deltoid muscle height in the region of the coraco-acromial ligament – An ultraso-nographical study

European journal of anatomy, 2017

Although the triangular deltoid muscle has three distinct portions originating from the scapula a... more Although the triangular deltoid muscle has three distinct portions originating from the scapula and acromion, the underlying coraco-acromial ligament presents as the stabilizing factor for the anterior deltoid, thus bridging the interval within the coraco-acromial arch. As the deltoid muscle integrity is vulnerable during the resection of the coraco-acromial ligament from the acromion, the purpose of this study was to quantify the height of the del-toid muscle over the region of the coraco-acromial ligament.The superior shoulder region in seventeen nor-mal female individuals (n = 34) were bilaterally examined through an ultrasonographic system (Medelec Synergy: Acertys T2 EDX, 2012). In ad-dition to the length of the coraco-acromial liga-ment, the height of the deltoid muscle was meas-ured at three selected areas between the posterior aspect of the coracoid process and the anterior acromial tip, just superior to the coraco-acromial ligament.The mean coraco-acromial length was found ...

Research paper thumbnail of Geometric Mapping of the Lumbar Vertebral Column in the United Arab Emirates

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical relevance of the arterial supply to the proximal rectum

European journal of anatomy, 2018

Although the rectum is considered to be an organ rich in vascularity, the exact role of the middl... more Although the rectum is considered to be an organ rich in vascularity, the exact role of the middle rectal artery appears to be an area of much debate. Despite its principal supply from the superior rectal artery, there is a lack of information regarding the arterial supply to the fractionized proximal rectal regions. The approach to operative procedures in the case of recto-sigmoid carcinoma, intestinal embolization and haemorrhoidal disease are considered to be largely dependent on the intramural rectal anastomosis. Since the subsequent outcome of surgical intervention lies in the preservation of the respective rectal arteries, this study aimed to identify the proximal rectal arterial supply and the bilateral presence and/or variation of the middle rectal artery in ten fetal and ten adult cadaveric specimens (n=40). While the superior rectal artery presented as the principal arterial source to the proximal rectum, the respective regions of the proximal rectum were also found to be ...

Research paper thumbnail of In death there is life: perceptions of the university community regarding body donation for educational purposes in the United Arab Emirates

Heliyon, 2021

Human body dissection is the traditional instructional method for anatomy education worldwide, pr... more Human body dissection is the traditional instructional method for anatomy education worldwide, providing a kinaesthetic learning experience that is often challenging to achieve with other teaching techniques. However, due to lack of body donation programs in Middle Eastern medical schools, dead bodies are imported from abroad. Since literature suggests that the body shortage is influenced by reluctance to donate one's body, this study aimed to determine the perceptions of faculty, staff, and students regarding body donation for educational purposes at a new Dubai-based medical school. An online dually translated questionnaire was administered to the target population (322), of which 150 participants representative of faculty, staff, and students, responded. Although 111 (74.0 %) of participants considered body donation to be appropriate for educational and research purposes, only 44 (29.3 %) of participants expressed willingness to donate their bodies. Reluctance to donate 106 (70.7 %) appeared to be mostly influenced by religion, psychological barrier, and familial reasons. The emergence of four themes (i.e., resource, barrier, humanitarian, and awareness) and the identification of a potential donor group within the group that was willing to donate provided insight into the level of awareness within the university community. Furthermore, such findings may assist to establish future body donation programs and strategize recruitment approaches, especially when there is an ensuing dearth of anatomical donations.

Research paper thumbnail of Could COVID-19 Trigger a Rebirth in Anatomy Education? A Glimpse of Anatomists’ Responses to Pandemics of the Past and Present

SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 2021

Pandemics are nothing unusual but indeed lead to devastating effects that play a pivotal role in ... more Pandemics are nothing unusual but indeed lead to devastating effects that play a pivotal role in reshaping human history. The COVID-19 outbreak is currently responsible for major educational crises globally as most of the world has been faced with a mandated lockdown, and forced closure of educational institutions, including medical colleges. Anatomists have therefore been challenged to unlock technology in effort to achieve best deliverables for their discipline, without the use of traditional teaching aids such as the cadaver, osteological banks, prosected specimens, models, and microscopic slides. At present, the virtual classroom is the only option for the anatomist, thereby omitting vital aspects of the hidden curriculum such as ethical-reasoning, empathy, respect, professionalism, interpersonal, and communication skills. As body donations dwindle, the era of teaching in a cadaverless environment is upon us. This marks the beginning of a paradigm shift in education and research for anatomists worldwide. Given the variable pathological-morphological presentation in COVID-19-related deaths, it is also likely that the autopsy component of anatomic pathology will be resuscitated to demystify the underlying mechanisms of the virus. Since COVID-19 may never disappear completely, we would like to recommend that international anatomical societies collectively reach out to statutory bodies to devise a standardized method of teaching anatomy, employing readily available cost-effective resources, in the face of pandemics. However, if anatomy as a discipline has survived a millennium, surely anatomists can fight the "scourges" that have plagued them as various perspectives have been bandied about to welcome in a new normal.

Research paper thumbnail of Dimensional Analysis of the Bicipital Groove and its associated pathology in a South African population

Journal of Orthopaedics, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Long head of biceps brachii tendon and transverse humeral ligament morphometry and their associated pathology

Folia Morphologica, 2015

As a dynamic stabilizer and flexor of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ), the long head of the biceps b... more As a dynamic stabilizer and flexor of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ), the long head of the biceps brachii tendon (LHBBT) is further stabilized by the retinacular activities of the transverse humeral ligament (THL). The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric dimensions of the LHBBT and THL which were obtained from a total of forty cadaveric upper limb specimens (n = 80; Females: 36, Males: 44; Right: 40, Left: 40), were bilaterally dissected and subjected to morphometric evaluation. Results (mm): (i) LHBBT

Research paper thumbnail of Enthesopathic patterns of two South African female cadavers

Folia Morphologica, 2017

Enthesopathy is considered to be an osseous phenomenon, either disease-specific or bone-site spec... more Enthesopathy is considered to be an osseous phenomenon, either disease-specific or bone-site specific, which occurs at the enthesis of bone. Upon routine cadaveric dissection of the glenohumeral region in two Caucasian females, enthesopathy of the right proximal humerus was observed unilaterally in both cases. Case 1 exhibited an inconsistent pattern of bony protuberances and crests dispersed across the lesser and greater tuberosities of the right humeral head. Varying degrees of ossification of the distal subscapularis muscle was also observed. Case 2 presented with a distinctively large enthesophyte that protruded supero-medially from the proximal right humerus. In addition, ossification of the distal-most aspect of the supraspinatus muscle was identified. Cases 1 and 2 were both reflective of osteophytic enthesopathy as proliferative change was clearly visible on the proximal aspect of each humerus. Whilst the presence of enthesopathies may be indicative of underlying pathology, it may prove beneficial to the field of bioarchaeology for the remodelling of lifestyles of ancient civilizations through the provision of current day variations as seen in these two case studies.

Research paper thumbnail of An arthroscopic evaluation of the anatomical “critical zone”

Folia Morphologica, 2017

Background: The "critical zone", a region of speculated vascularity, is situated approximately 10... more Background: The "critical zone", a region of speculated vascularity, is situated approximately 10 mm proximal to the insertion of the supraspinatus tendon. Despite its obvious role as an anatomical landmark demarcator, its patho-anatomic nature has been identified as the source of rotator cuff pathology. Although many studies have attempted to evaluate the vascularity of this region, the architecture regarding the exact length, width and shape of the critical zone, remains unreported. This study aimed to determine the shape and morphometry of the "critical zone" arthroscopically. Materials and methods: The sample series, which was comprised of 38 cases (n = 38) specific to pathological types, employed an anatomical investigation of the critical zone during routine real-time arthroscopy. Demographic representation: i) sex: 19 males, 19 females; ii) age range: 18-76 years; iii) race: white (n = 29), Indian (n = 7) and coloured (n = 2). Results: The incidence of shape and the mean lengths and widths of the critical zone were determined in accordance with the relevant demographic factors and patient history. Although the cresenteric shape was predominant, hemispheric and sail-shaped critical zones were also identified. The lengths and widths of the critical zone appeared markedly increased in male individuals. While the increase in age may account for the increased incidence of rotator cuff degeneration due to poor end-vascular supply, the additional factors of height and weight presented as major determinants of the increase in size of the critical zone. Conclusions: In addition, the comparisons of length and width with each other and shape yielded levels of significant difference, therefore indicating a directly proportional relationship between the length and width of the critical zone. This detailed understanding of the critical zone may prove beneficial for the success of post-operative rotator cuff healing.

Research paper thumbnail of Determination of the median nerve safe-zone in the carpal tunnel using the distal forearm bony prominences

Folia Morphologica, 2014

Background: The compression of the median nerve (MN) in the carpal tunnel (CT) is one of the most... more Background: The compression of the median nerve (MN) in the carpal tunnel (CT) is one of the most common aetiologies of entrapment neuropathy syndromes in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the palpable bony prominences of the distal forearm (radial styloid process [RSP] and ulnar styloid process [USP]) with MN in the CT, in order to determine a safe-zone of the MN during carpal tunnel procedures. Materials and methods: This study involved the bilateral dissection of the CT region of 30 adult cadaveric specimens (n = 60). Results: The mean distance between the RSP and USP was 49.34 mm. The mean distance of the MN from the RSP and the USP were 22.44 mm and 26.66 mm, respectively. The mean diameter of the MN within the CT deep to the flexor retinaculum was 5.93 mm. In addition, the MN was located postero-lateral and postero-medial to palmaris longus tendon (PLT) in 78.33% and 21.67% of specimens, respectively. Conclusions: This study found that the MN was located less than 60% of the RSP-USP distance from the RSP. Furthermore, the MN was mostly located postero-lateral to the PLT. Therefore, injection or surgical incision made at/medial to a point 60% of the RSP-USP distance from the RSP will be outside the safe-zone of the MN. The knowledge of this surface anatomical relationship of the MN may be useful during decompression for CT syndrome.

Research paper thumbnail of The variant course of the suprascapular artery

Folia Morphologica, 2014

The suprascapular artery (SSA) has been identified to be of clinical relevance in surgical interv... more The suprascapular artery (SSA) has been identified to be of clinical relevance in surgical intervention and fracture healing of the shoulder. Despite the classic description of its course and relation to the superior transverse scapular ligament, it is subject to much variation. The aims of this study were: (i) to describe the course of the SSA in relation to the superior transverse scapular ligament, (ii) to determine the prevalence of the course of the SSA in relation to the superior transverse scapular ligament, (iii) to determine the prevalence of the variant origin of the SSA in cases presenting with variant course of the latter, and (iv) to establish a difference in laterality and that between adults and foetuses. The course of the SSA was investigated through the macro-and microdissection of the antero-and postero-superior shoulder regions of 31 adult and 19 foetal cadaveric specimens (n = 100). The SSA was observed to pass inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament accompanied by the suprascapular nerve (20%), which corroborated the findings of previous studies. Subsequently, this variant course of the SSA also appeared to present with the variant origin of it in many instances (13%): from the 3 rd part of the subclavian artery (4%), 1 st part of the axillary artery (2%), 2 nd part of the axillary artery (5%) and SSA (2%). Injury to the SSA may cause more serious trauma than that of arteries which are isolated from the great vessels, therefore the recognition and knowledge of variation in the origin and course of the SSA is significant in the treatment of diseases in the shoulder and cervical regions. Furthermore, the accompaniment of the suprascapular nerve with the SSA at the suprascapular notch inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament may lead to neuropathy syndromes due to the pulsation of the artery against the nerve within the confined notch.

Research paper thumbnail of Deep Learning-Based Automatic Assessment of Lung Impairment in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Predicting Markers of Hypoxia With Computer Vision

Frontiers in Medicine

BackgroundHypoxia is a potentially life-threatening condition that can be seen in pneumonia patie... more BackgroundHypoxia is a potentially life-threatening condition that can be seen in pneumonia patients.ObjectiveWe aimed to develop and test an automatic assessment of lung impairment in COVID-19 associated pneumonia with machine learning regression models that predict markers of respiratory and cardiovascular functioning from radiograms and lung CT.Materials and MethodsWe enrolled a total of 605 COVID-19 cases admitted to Al Ain Hospital from 24 February to 1 July 2020 into the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: age ≥ 18 years; inpatient admission; PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2; lung CT available at PACS. We designed a CNN-based regression model to predict systemic oxygenation markers from lung CT and 2D diagnostic images of the chest. The 2D images generated by averaging CT scans were analogous to the frontal and lateral view radiograms. The functional (heart and breath rate, blood pressure) and biochemical findings (SpO2, HCO3-, K+, Na+, anion gap, C-reactive protein) ser...

Research paper thumbnail of Arterial Supply to the Rotator Cuff Muscles

International Journal of Morphology, 2014

NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial supply to the ro... more NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles.Int.

Research paper thumbnail of Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference of the Anatomical Society of Southern Africa (ASSA), 13–16 April 2014, Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Studies, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa

The acromial morphology and relative subacromial architecture in the KwaZulu- Natal population. T... more The acromial morphology and relative subacromial architecture in the KwaZulu- Natal population. The acromion is an osteological landmark forming the summit of the shoulder. It is the most studied scapular process due to the frequency of associated pathology. The aim of this study was to determine the acromial morphology and relative subacromial architecture within the KwaZulu-Natal population. The acromia of 120 dry scapulae and 31 cadaveric specimens were examined by palpation and visual evaluation (n5182). The classification scheme proposed by Bigliani et al. (1986) was adopted. Additionally, the morphometric architecture of the subacromial space of the dry scapulae was investigated (n5120). Statistical analysis comprised comparisons of laterality, age, sex, and race with respective parameters. Results obtained were as follows: (a) acromial shape classification: (i) Type 1 (flat inferior surface) 34.6%; (ii) Type 2 (curved inferior surface) 51.1%, and (iii) Type 3 (hooked inferior...

Research paper thumbnail of An evaluation of the position of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel using distal forearm bony prominences

Africa. An evaluation of the position of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel using distal forea... more Africa. An evaluation of the position of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel using distal forearm bony prominences.

Research paper thumbnail of Arterial Variations of the Subclavian-Axillary Arterial Tree: Its Association with the Supply of the Rotator Cuff Muscles Variaciones Arteriales del Árbol Arterial Subclavio-Axilar. Su Asociación con la Irrigación del Manguito de los Rotadores

International Journal of Morphology

NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial variations of th... more NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial variations of the subclavian-axillary arterial tree: Its association with the supply of the rotator cuff muscles. Int. J. Morphol., 32(4):1436-1443, 2014. SUMMARY: The subclavian-axillary arterial tree is responsible for the arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles as well as other shoulder muscles. This study comprised the bilateral dissection of the shoulder and upper arm region in thirty-one adult and nineteen fetal cadaveric specimens. The variable origins and branching patterns of the axillary, subscapular, circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal, posterior circumflex humeral and suprascapular arteries identified in this study corroborated the findings of previous studies. In addition, unique variations that are unreported in the literature were also observed. The precise anatomy of the arterial distribution to the rotator cuff muscles is important to the surgeon and radiologist. It will aid proper i...

Research paper thumbnail of Variations of the subclavian-axillary arterial tree: Its significance in the supply of the rotator cuff muscles

Africa. An evaluation of the position of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel using distal forea... more Africa. An evaluation of the position of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel using distal forearm bony prominences.

Research paper thumbnail of Arterial supply to rotator cuff muscles IJM

NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial supply to the ro... more NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles.Int.

Research paper thumbnail of An Osteometric Evaluation of the Jugular Foramen

International Journal of Morphology, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Three-dimensional evaluation of scapular morphology in primary glenohumeral arthritis, rotator cuff arthropathy, and asymptomatic shoulders

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 2021

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Research paper thumbnail of Quantification of the deltoid muscle height in the region of the coraco-acromial ligament – An ultraso-nographical study

European journal of anatomy, 2017

Although the triangular deltoid muscle has three distinct portions originating from the scapula a... more Although the triangular deltoid muscle has three distinct portions originating from the scapula and acromion, the underlying coraco-acromial ligament presents as the stabilizing factor for the anterior deltoid, thus bridging the interval within the coraco-acromial arch. As the deltoid muscle integrity is vulnerable during the resection of the coraco-acromial ligament from the acromion, the purpose of this study was to quantify the height of the del-toid muscle over the region of the coraco-acromial ligament.The superior shoulder region in seventeen nor-mal female individuals (n = 34) were bilaterally examined through an ultrasonographic system (Medelec Synergy: Acertys T2 EDX, 2012). In ad-dition to the length of the coraco-acromial liga-ment, the height of the deltoid muscle was meas-ured at three selected areas between the posterior aspect of the coracoid process and the anterior acromial tip, just superior to the coraco-acromial ligament.The mean coraco-acromial length was found ...

Research paper thumbnail of Geometric Mapping of the Lumbar Vertebral Column in the United Arab Emirates

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical relevance of the arterial supply to the proximal rectum

European journal of anatomy, 2018

Although the rectum is considered to be an organ rich in vascularity, the exact role of the middl... more Although the rectum is considered to be an organ rich in vascularity, the exact role of the middle rectal artery appears to be an area of much debate. Despite its principal supply from the superior rectal artery, there is a lack of information regarding the arterial supply to the fractionized proximal rectal regions. The approach to operative procedures in the case of recto-sigmoid carcinoma, intestinal embolization and haemorrhoidal disease are considered to be largely dependent on the intramural rectal anastomosis. Since the subsequent outcome of surgical intervention lies in the preservation of the respective rectal arteries, this study aimed to identify the proximal rectal arterial supply and the bilateral presence and/or variation of the middle rectal artery in ten fetal and ten adult cadaveric specimens (n=40). While the superior rectal artery presented as the principal arterial source to the proximal rectum, the respective regions of the proximal rectum were also found to be ...

Research paper thumbnail of In death there is life: perceptions of the university community regarding body donation for educational purposes in the United Arab Emirates

Heliyon, 2021

Human body dissection is the traditional instructional method for anatomy education worldwide, pr... more Human body dissection is the traditional instructional method for anatomy education worldwide, providing a kinaesthetic learning experience that is often challenging to achieve with other teaching techniques. However, due to lack of body donation programs in Middle Eastern medical schools, dead bodies are imported from abroad. Since literature suggests that the body shortage is influenced by reluctance to donate one's body, this study aimed to determine the perceptions of faculty, staff, and students regarding body donation for educational purposes at a new Dubai-based medical school. An online dually translated questionnaire was administered to the target population (322), of which 150 participants representative of faculty, staff, and students, responded. Although 111 (74.0 %) of participants considered body donation to be appropriate for educational and research purposes, only 44 (29.3 %) of participants expressed willingness to donate their bodies. Reluctance to donate 106 (70.7 %) appeared to be mostly influenced by religion, psychological barrier, and familial reasons. The emergence of four themes (i.e., resource, barrier, humanitarian, and awareness) and the identification of a potential donor group within the group that was willing to donate provided insight into the level of awareness within the university community. Furthermore, such findings may assist to establish future body donation programs and strategize recruitment approaches, especially when there is an ensuing dearth of anatomical donations.

Research paper thumbnail of Could COVID-19 Trigger a Rebirth in Anatomy Education? A Glimpse of Anatomists’ Responses to Pandemics of the Past and Present

SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 2021

Pandemics are nothing unusual but indeed lead to devastating effects that play a pivotal role in ... more Pandemics are nothing unusual but indeed lead to devastating effects that play a pivotal role in reshaping human history. The COVID-19 outbreak is currently responsible for major educational crises globally as most of the world has been faced with a mandated lockdown, and forced closure of educational institutions, including medical colleges. Anatomists have therefore been challenged to unlock technology in effort to achieve best deliverables for their discipline, without the use of traditional teaching aids such as the cadaver, osteological banks, prosected specimens, models, and microscopic slides. At present, the virtual classroom is the only option for the anatomist, thereby omitting vital aspects of the hidden curriculum such as ethical-reasoning, empathy, respect, professionalism, interpersonal, and communication skills. As body donations dwindle, the era of teaching in a cadaverless environment is upon us. This marks the beginning of a paradigm shift in education and research for anatomists worldwide. Given the variable pathological-morphological presentation in COVID-19-related deaths, it is also likely that the autopsy component of anatomic pathology will be resuscitated to demystify the underlying mechanisms of the virus. Since COVID-19 may never disappear completely, we would like to recommend that international anatomical societies collectively reach out to statutory bodies to devise a standardized method of teaching anatomy, employing readily available cost-effective resources, in the face of pandemics. However, if anatomy as a discipline has survived a millennium, surely anatomists can fight the "scourges" that have plagued them as various perspectives have been bandied about to welcome in a new normal.

Research paper thumbnail of Dimensional Analysis of the Bicipital Groove and its associated pathology in a South African population

Journal of Orthopaedics, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Long head of biceps brachii tendon and transverse humeral ligament morphometry and their associated pathology

Folia Morphologica, 2015

As a dynamic stabilizer and flexor of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ), the long head of the biceps b... more As a dynamic stabilizer and flexor of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ), the long head of the biceps brachii tendon (LHBBT) is further stabilized by the retinacular activities of the transverse humeral ligament (THL). The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric dimensions of the LHBBT and THL which were obtained from a total of forty cadaveric upper limb specimens (n = 80; Females: 36, Males: 44; Right: 40, Left: 40), were bilaterally dissected and subjected to morphometric evaluation. Results (mm): (i) LHBBT

Research paper thumbnail of Enthesopathic patterns of two South African female cadavers

Folia Morphologica, 2017

Enthesopathy is considered to be an osseous phenomenon, either disease-specific or bone-site spec... more Enthesopathy is considered to be an osseous phenomenon, either disease-specific or bone-site specific, which occurs at the enthesis of bone. Upon routine cadaveric dissection of the glenohumeral region in two Caucasian females, enthesopathy of the right proximal humerus was observed unilaterally in both cases. Case 1 exhibited an inconsistent pattern of bony protuberances and crests dispersed across the lesser and greater tuberosities of the right humeral head. Varying degrees of ossification of the distal subscapularis muscle was also observed. Case 2 presented with a distinctively large enthesophyte that protruded supero-medially from the proximal right humerus. In addition, ossification of the distal-most aspect of the supraspinatus muscle was identified. Cases 1 and 2 were both reflective of osteophytic enthesopathy as proliferative change was clearly visible on the proximal aspect of each humerus. Whilst the presence of enthesopathies may be indicative of underlying pathology, it may prove beneficial to the field of bioarchaeology for the remodelling of lifestyles of ancient civilizations through the provision of current day variations as seen in these two case studies.

Research paper thumbnail of An arthroscopic evaluation of the anatomical “critical zone”

Folia Morphologica, 2017

Background: The "critical zone", a region of speculated vascularity, is situated approximately 10... more Background: The "critical zone", a region of speculated vascularity, is situated approximately 10 mm proximal to the insertion of the supraspinatus tendon. Despite its obvious role as an anatomical landmark demarcator, its patho-anatomic nature has been identified as the source of rotator cuff pathology. Although many studies have attempted to evaluate the vascularity of this region, the architecture regarding the exact length, width and shape of the critical zone, remains unreported. This study aimed to determine the shape and morphometry of the "critical zone" arthroscopically. Materials and methods: The sample series, which was comprised of 38 cases (n = 38) specific to pathological types, employed an anatomical investigation of the critical zone during routine real-time arthroscopy. Demographic representation: i) sex: 19 males, 19 females; ii) age range: 18-76 years; iii) race: white (n = 29), Indian (n = 7) and coloured (n = 2). Results: The incidence of shape and the mean lengths and widths of the critical zone were determined in accordance with the relevant demographic factors and patient history. Although the cresenteric shape was predominant, hemispheric and sail-shaped critical zones were also identified. The lengths and widths of the critical zone appeared markedly increased in male individuals. While the increase in age may account for the increased incidence of rotator cuff degeneration due to poor end-vascular supply, the additional factors of height and weight presented as major determinants of the increase in size of the critical zone. Conclusions: In addition, the comparisons of length and width with each other and shape yielded levels of significant difference, therefore indicating a directly proportional relationship between the length and width of the critical zone. This detailed understanding of the critical zone may prove beneficial for the success of post-operative rotator cuff healing.

Research paper thumbnail of Determination of the median nerve safe-zone in the carpal tunnel using the distal forearm bony prominences

Folia Morphologica, 2014

Background: The compression of the median nerve (MN) in the carpal tunnel (CT) is one of the most... more Background: The compression of the median nerve (MN) in the carpal tunnel (CT) is one of the most common aetiologies of entrapment neuropathy syndromes in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the palpable bony prominences of the distal forearm (radial styloid process [RSP] and ulnar styloid process [USP]) with MN in the CT, in order to determine a safe-zone of the MN during carpal tunnel procedures. Materials and methods: This study involved the bilateral dissection of the CT region of 30 adult cadaveric specimens (n = 60). Results: The mean distance between the RSP and USP was 49.34 mm. The mean distance of the MN from the RSP and the USP were 22.44 mm and 26.66 mm, respectively. The mean diameter of the MN within the CT deep to the flexor retinaculum was 5.93 mm. In addition, the MN was located postero-lateral and postero-medial to palmaris longus tendon (PLT) in 78.33% and 21.67% of specimens, respectively. Conclusions: This study found that the MN was located less than 60% of the RSP-USP distance from the RSP. Furthermore, the MN was mostly located postero-lateral to the PLT. Therefore, injection or surgical incision made at/medial to a point 60% of the RSP-USP distance from the RSP will be outside the safe-zone of the MN. The knowledge of this surface anatomical relationship of the MN may be useful during decompression for CT syndrome.

Research paper thumbnail of The variant course of the suprascapular artery

Folia Morphologica, 2014

The suprascapular artery (SSA) has been identified to be of clinical relevance in surgical interv... more The suprascapular artery (SSA) has been identified to be of clinical relevance in surgical intervention and fracture healing of the shoulder. Despite the classic description of its course and relation to the superior transverse scapular ligament, it is subject to much variation. The aims of this study were: (i) to describe the course of the SSA in relation to the superior transverse scapular ligament, (ii) to determine the prevalence of the course of the SSA in relation to the superior transverse scapular ligament, (iii) to determine the prevalence of the variant origin of the SSA in cases presenting with variant course of the latter, and (iv) to establish a difference in laterality and that between adults and foetuses. The course of the SSA was investigated through the macro-and microdissection of the antero-and postero-superior shoulder regions of 31 adult and 19 foetal cadaveric specimens (n = 100). The SSA was observed to pass inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament accompanied by the suprascapular nerve (20%), which corroborated the findings of previous studies. Subsequently, this variant course of the SSA also appeared to present with the variant origin of it in many instances (13%): from the 3 rd part of the subclavian artery (4%), 1 st part of the axillary artery (2%), 2 nd part of the axillary artery (5%) and SSA (2%). Injury to the SSA may cause more serious trauma than that of arteries which are isolated from the great vessels, therefore the recognition and knowledge of variation in the origin and course of the SSA is significant in the treatment of diseases in the shoulder and cervical regions. Furthermore, the accompaniment of the suprascapular nerve with the SSA at the suprascapular notch inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament may lead to neuropathy syndromes due to the pulsation of the artery against the nerve within the confined notch.

Research paper thumbnail of Deep Learning-Based Automatic Assessment of Lung Impairment in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Predicting Markers of Hypoxia With Computer Vision

Frontiers in Medicine

BackgroundHypoxia is a potentially life-threatening condition that can be seen in pneumonia patie... more BackgroundHypoxia is a potentially life-threatening condition that can be seen in pneumonia patients.ObjectiveWe aimed to develop and test an automatic assessment of lung impairment in COVID-19 associated pneumonia with machine learning regression models that predict markers of respiratory and cardiovascular functioning from radiograms and lung CT.Materials and MethodsWe enrolled a total of 605 COVID-19 cases admitted to Al Ain Hospital from 24 February to 1 July 2020 into the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: age ≥ 18 years; inpatient admission; PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2; lung CT available at PACS. We designed a CNN-based regression model to predict systemic oxygenation markers from lung CT and 2D diagnostic images of the chest. The 2D images generated by averaging CT scans were analogous to the frontal and lateral view radiograms. The functional (heart and breath rate, blood pressure) and biochemical findings (SpO2, HCO3-, K+, Na+, anion gap, C-reactive protein) ser...

Research paper thumbnail of Arterial Supply to the Rotator Cuff Muscles

International Journal of Morphology, 2014

NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial supply to the ro... more NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles.Int.

Research paper thumbnail of Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference of the Anatomical Society of Southern Africa (ASSA), 13–16 April 2014, Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Studies, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa

The acromial morphology and relative subacromial architecture in the KwaZulu- Natal population. T... more The acromial morphology and relative subacromial architecture in the KwaZulu- Natal population. The acromion is an osteological landmark forming the summit of the shoulder. It is the most studied scapular process due to the frequency of associated pathology. The aim of this study was to determine the acromial morphology and relative subacromial architecture within the KwaZulu-Natal population. The acromia of 120 dry scapulae and 31 cadaveric specimens were examined by palpation and visual evaluation (n5182). The classification scheme proposed by Bigliani et al. (1986) was adopted. Additionally, the morphometric architecture of the subacromial space of the dry scapulae was investigated (n5120). Statistical analysis comprised comparisons of laterality, age, sex, and race with respective parameters. Results obtained were as follows: (a) acromial shape classification: (i) Type 1 (flat inferior surface) 34.6%; (ii) Type 2 (curved inferior surface) 51.1%, and (iii) Type 3 (hooked inferior...

Research paper thumbnail of An evaluation of the position of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel using distal forearm bony prominences

Africa. An evaluation of the position of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel using distal forea... more Africa. An evaluation of the position of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel using distal forearm bony prominences.

Research paper thumbnail of Arterial Variations of the Subclavian-Axillary Arterial Tree: Its Association with the Supply of the Rotator Cuff Muscles Variaciones Arteriales del Árbol Arterial Subclavio-Axilar. Su Asociación con la Irrigación del Manguito de los Rotadores

International Journal of Morphology

NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial variations of th... more NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial variations of the subclavian-axillary arterial tree: Its association with the supply of the rotator cuff muscles. Int. J. Morphol., 32(4):1436-1443, 2014. SUMMARY: The subclavian-axillary arterial tree is responsible for the arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles as well as other shoulder muscles. This study comprised the bilateral dissection of the shoulder and upper arm region in thirty-one adult and nineteen fetal cadaveric specimens. The variable origins and branching patterns of the axillary, subscapular, circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal, posterior circumflex humeral and suprascapular arteries identified in this study corroborated the findings of previous studies. In addition, unique variations that are unreported in the literature were also observed. The precise anatomy of the arterial distribution to the rotator cuff muscles is important to the surgeon and radiologist. It will aid proper i...

Research paper thumbnail of Variations of the subclavian-axillary arterial tree: Its significance in the supply of the rotator cuff muscles

Africa. An evaluation of the position of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel using distal forea... more Africa. An evaluation of the position of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel using distal forearm bony prominences.

Research paper thumbnail of Arterial supply to rotator cuff muscles IJM

NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial supply to the ro... more NAIDOO, N.; LAZARUS, L.; DE GAMA, B. Z.; AJAYI, N. O. & SATYAPAL, K. S. Arterial supply to the rotator cuff muscles.Int.

Research paper thumbnail of An Osteometric Evaluation of the Jugular Foramen

International Journal of Morphology, 2015