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Papers by Nico Schoemaker
Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde, Jan 15, 2006
Veterinary Quarterly, 1996
Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 2005
Journal of The American Animal Hospital Association, 2007
A protocol was developed to compare the ultrasonographic characteristics of the adrenal glands of... more A protocol was developed to compare the ultrasonographic characteristics of the adrenal glands of 21 healthy ferrets and 37 ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism. By using specific landmarks, the adrenal glands were imaged in 97% of the cases. The adrenal glands of ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism had a significantly increased thickness, with changes in shape, structure, and echogenicity compared to the adrenal glands
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
A 6-year-old, castrated male ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented with progressive neurol... more A 6-year-old, castrated male ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented with progressive neurological signs consisting of a right-sided head tilt and ataxia. Neurological examination revealed hemiparesis and absence of proprioception on the right side, consistent with central vestibular syndrome. Measurement of blood glucose excluded hypoglycemia due to insulinoma. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed the presence of an intracranial mass, consistent with either granuloma or neoplasia. Palliative treatment with prednisolone yielded no improvement. At postmortem examination, a final diagnosis of a choroid plexus papilloma originating from the fourth ventricle was made. This is the first report of such a tumor in a ferret.
Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde, 2004
American journal of veterinary research, 2002
To determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and alpha-melanocyte st... more To determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and alpha-melanocyte stimulating-hormone (alpha-MSH) in healthy ferrets and ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism. 16 healthy, neutered, privately owned ferrets, 28 healthy laboratory ferrets (21 sexually intact and 7 neutered), and 28 ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism. Healthy ferrets were used for determination of reference plasma concentrations of ACTH and a-MSH. Diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was made on the basis of history, clinical signs, urinary corticoid-to-creatinine ratios, ultrasonography of the adrenal glands, and macroscopic or microscopic evaluation of the adrenal glands. Blood samples were collected during isoflurane anesthesia. Plasma concentrations of ACTH and alpha-MSH were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma concentrations of ACTH in 23 healthy neutered ferrets during the breeding season ranged from 4 to 145 ng/L (median, 50 ng/L). Plasma concentrations of alpha-MSH in 44 healthy neutered o...
Veterinary Radiology <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Ultrasound, 2004
Veterinary Dermatology, 2009
A 4-year-old rabbit was presented with a chronic exfoliative dermatitis and patchy alopecia. Gene... more A 4-year-old rabbit was presented with a chronic exfoliative dermatitis and patchy alopecia. General physical examination revealed no abnormalities. Skin scrapings and fungal culture were negative. A blood sample was obtained for a complete blood cell count and biochemical profile, and yielded results that were within normal limits. Radiographic examination of the thorax excluded the presence of a thymoma. Histopathology of the skin showed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, absence of sebaceous glands and mural lymphocytic folliculitis, consistent with sebaceous adenitis. Oral treatment was started with ciclosporin dissolved in a medium-chain triglyceride solution (Miglyol 812), combined with essential fatty acids and topical propylene glycol sprays. Within 2 months of treatment, complete regression of skin lesions and regrowth of hair was observed. Serum chemistry values including kidney and liver function tests remained within reference range during the course of treatment. Histopathological examination of control biopsies of the skin showed presence of normal sebaceous glands and active hair follicles. Treatment was changed to a different pharmaceutical formulation of ciclosporin without Miglyol and deterioration of clinical signs was noticed. Using pure Miglyol 812, however, resulted in a gradual improvement of 60%. A nearly complete response was again observed after re-administration of the combination ciclosporin/Miglyol. It is hypothesized that sebaceous adenitis in the rabbit is most likely due to an autoimmune reaction directed at the sebaceous glands and a defect in lipid metabolism. The outcome indicates that a combination of ciclosporin and Miglyol 812 is a promising new treatment for sebaceous adenitis in rabbits.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 2011
Molecular Immunology, 2009
Journal of Small Animal Practice, 1998
Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 2005
Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 2008
… Annual Meet Assoc Ex Mammal Vet, 2006
Avian Pathology, 1998
This report describes the nodular lesions found on a young, male European goshawk (Accipiter gent... more This report describes the nodular lesions found on a young, male European goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) which were found to be poxvirus lesions in conjunction with a Staphylococcus aureus infection. Treatment consisted of surgical removal of the two lesions and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The diagnosis of a poxvirus infection was suspected by histology and confirmed with transmission electron microscopy. To our knowledge the goshawk has been reported as being susceptible to avipoxvirus infections, but no clinical reports have been published concerning this species.
Avian Pathology, 1997
This paper describes a salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) and a blue and gold macaw (A... more This paper describes a salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) and a blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) of one owner, both presented with polyuria/polydipsia and weight loss. A tentative diagnosis of hypervitaminosis D(3) was based on the condition of hypercalcaemia, radiological findings and dietary history. On postmortem examination of the cockatoo, metastatic calcifications in the kidneys, lungs and proventriculus were seen. The diet was found to be oversupplemented with vitamin and mineral mixtures. The dietary concentrations of vitamins D(3) and A were over 20-fold higher than the recommended levels. The diet also contained more calcium than is recommended. Although macaws are considered to be more susceptible to hypervitaminosis D(3) than other psittacines, the cockatoo had more severe signs and died.
Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde, Jan 15, 2006
Veterinary Quarterly, 1996
Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 2005
Journal of The American Animal Hospital Association, 2007
A protocol was developed to compare the ultrasonographic characteristics of the adrenal glands of... more A protocol was developed to compare the ultrasonographic characteristics of the adrenal glands of 21 healthy ferrets and 37 ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism. By using specific landmarks, the adrenal glands were imaged in 97% of the cases. The adrenal glands of ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism had a significantly increased thickness, with changes in shape, structure, and echogenicity compared to the adrenal glands
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
A 6-year-old, castrated male ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented with progressive neurol... more A 6-year-old, castrated male ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented with progressive neurological signs consisting of a right-sided head tilt and ataxia. Neurological examination revealed hemiparesis and absence of proprioception on the right side, consistent with central vestibular syndrome. Measurement of blood glucose excluded hypoglycemia due to insulinoma. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed the presence of an intracranial mass, consistent with either granuloma or neoplasia. Palliative treatment with prednisolone yielded no improvement. At postmortem examination, a final diagnosis of a choroid plexus papilloma originating from the fourth ventricle was made. This is the first report of such a tumor in a ferret.
Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde, 2004
American journal of veterinary research, 2002
To determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and alpha-melanocyte st... more To determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and alpha-melanocyte stimulating-hormone (alpha-MSH) in healthy ferrets and ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism. 16 healthy, neutered, privately owned ferrets, 28 healthy laboratory ferrets (21 sexually intact and 7 neutered), and 28 ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism. Healthy ferrets were used for determination of reference plasma concentrations of ACTH and a-MSH. Diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was made on the basis of history, clinical signs, urinary corticoid-to-creatinine ratios, ultrasonography of the adrenal glands, and macroscopic or microscopic evaluation of the adrenal glands. Blood samples were collected during isoflurane anesthesia. Plasma concentrations of ACTH and alpha-MSH were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma concentrations of ACTH in 23 healthy neutered ferrets during the breeding season ranged from 4 to 145 ng/L (median, 50 ng/L). Plasma concentrations of alpha-MSH in 44 healthy neutered o...
Veterinary Radiology <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Ultrasound, 2004
Veterinary Dermatology, 2009
A 4-year-old rabbit was presented with a chronic exfoliative dermatitis and patchy alopecia. Gene... more A 4-year-old rabbit was presented with a chronic exfoliative dermatitis and patchy alopecia. General physical examination revealed no abnormalities. Skin scrapings and fungal culture were negative. A blood sample was obtained for a complete blood cell count and biochemical profile, and yielded results that were within normal limits. Radiographic examination of the thorax excluded the presence of a thymoma. Histopathology of the skin showed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, absence of sebaceous glands and mural lymphocytic folliculitis, consistent with sebaceous adenitis. Oral treatment was started with ciclosporin dissolved in a medium-chain triglyceride solution (Miglyol 812), combined with essential fatty acids and topical propylene glycol sprays. Within 2 months of treatment, complete regression of skin lesions and regrowth of hair was observed. Serum chemistry values including kidney and liver function tests remained within reference range during the course of treatment. Histopathological examination of control biopsies of the skin showed presence of normal sebaceous glands and active hair follicles. Treatment was changed to a different pharmaceutical formulation of ciclosporin without Miglyol and deterioration of clinical signs was noticed. Using pure Miglyol 812, however, resulted in a gradual improvement of 60%. A nearly complete response was again observed after re-administration of the combination ciclosporin/Miglyol. It is hypothesized that sebaceous adenitis in the rabbit is most likely due to an autoimmune reaction directed at the sebaceous glands and a defect in lipid metabolism. The outcome indicates that a combination of ciclosporin and Miglyol 812 is a promising new treatment for sebaceous adenitis in rabbits.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 2011
Molecular Immunology, 2009
Journal of Small Animal Practice, 1998
Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, 2005
Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 2008
… Annual Meet Assoc Ex Mammal Vet, 2006
Avian Pathology, 1998
This report describes the nodular lesions found on a young, male European goshawk (Accipiter gent... more This report describes the nodular lesions found on a young, male European goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) which were found to be poxvirus lesions in conjunction with a Staphylococcus aureus infection. Treatment consisted of surgical removal of the two lesions and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The diagnosis of a poxvirus infection was suspected by histology and confirmed with transmission electron microscopy. To our knowledge the goshawk has been reported as being susceptible to avipoxvirus infections, but no clinical reports have been published concerning this species.
Avian Pathology, 1997
This paper describes a salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) and a blue and gold macaw (A... more This paper describes a salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) and a blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) of one owner, both presented with polyuria/polydipsia and weight loss. A tentative diagnosis of hypervitaminosis D(3) was based on the condition of hypercalcaemia, radiological findings and dietary history. On postmortem examination of the cockatoo, metastatic calcifications in the kidneys, lungs and proventriculus were seen. The diet was found to be oversupplemented with vitamin and mineral mixtures. The dietary concentrations of vitamins D(3) and A were over 20-fold higher than the recommended levels. The diet also contained more calcium than is recommended. Although macaws are considered to be more susceptible to hypervitaminosis D(3) than other psittacines, the cockatoo had more severe signs and died.