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Papers by Nicolai Burzlaff
Dalton Transactions
A carboxyl-decorated bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid and carbonyl complexes derived thereof are repo... more A carboxyl-decorated bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid and carbonyl complexes derived thereof are reported. The peripheral carboxyl functionalities increase their solubility in water and especially in PBS buffer.
Organometallics, 2013
The new compound 4-ferrocenyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (4; fcdmpzH) has been synthesized from 4-iodo-... more The new compound 4-ferrocenyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (4; fcdmpzH) has been synthesized from 4-iodo-3,5-dimethyl-1-tritylpyrazole (2) via a Negishi type cross-coupling reaction and subsequent deprotection of the intermediate 4-ferrocenyl-3,5-dimethyl-1-tritylpyrazole (3; fcdmpzTrt). Reaction of the pyrazole 4 with dichloromethane, base, and phase transfer catalyst results in the chelating N,N ligand bis(4-ferrocenyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane (5; bfcdmpzm). Bis(4-ferrocenyl-3,5dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)ketone (6; bfcdmpzk) is obtained by reacting 4 with NEt 3 and triphosgene. The N,N,O heteroscorpionate ligand bis(4ferrocenyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (7; H[bfcdmpza]) can be accessed by reacting pyrazole 4 with dibromoacetic acid, KOtBu, and phase transfer catalyst and subsequent acidic workup. The heteroscorpionate ligand H[bfcdmpza] (7) is suitable to bind metal ions in a κ 3 coordination mode, as could be proven by the formation of a the bis-ligand complex [Fe(bfcdmpza) 2 ] (8). The molecular structures of 3, 5, 6, and 8 have been obtained by single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The electrochemical properties of the four ferrocenyl-substituted compounds 3−6 have been studied by cyclic voltammetric measurements and discussed as well.
Biological transition metal-sulfur sites are known for almost all so-called essential transition ... more Biological transition metal-sulfur sites are known for almost all so-called essential transition metal ions. Metalloenzymes based on such metal-sulfur sites catalyze some red-hot chemical reactions and a better understanding of the related processes might therefore solve existential problems of mankind in future. Enzymes with metal-sulfur sites promising such an impact are for example nitrogenases with P-cluster and a [Mo-7Fe-9S-C]-homocitrate catalytic site or carbon monoxide dehydrogenases and hydrogenases with NiFeS sites, just to name a few examples. Therefore, the 20th volume of the ‘Metal Ions in Life Sciences’ series edited by ‘the Sigels’ (Astrid Sigel, Eva Freisinger, Roland K.O. Sigel) is dedicated to sulfur and metal-sulfur sites and covers many aspects and a tremendous amount of information one could hardly extract and compile oneself in 12 chapters. Thus, this 20th volume certainly fills a gap in the metal ions in life science field and answers several questions a lectu...
Polyhedron, 2017
The reaction of bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (Hbdmpza) with metal(II) acetates M(OAc)... more The reaction of bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (Hbdmpza) with metal(II) acetates M(OAc) 2 (M = Mn, Co and Fe) yields a series of homoleptic first row transition metal complexes: [Mn(bdmpza) 2 ] (1), [Co(bdmpza) 2 ] (2) and [Fe(bdmpza) 2 ] (3). Subsequent oxidation results in the formation of the trivalent complexes [Mn(bdmpza) 2 ]BF 4 (4), [Co(bdmpza) 2 ]BF 4 (5) and [Fe(bdmpza) 2 ]BF 4 (6). An unidentate binding of the carboxylate donor and thus κ 3 coordination of the ligand was determined by IR spectroscopy and singlecrystal X-ray diffraction experiments, which also confirm the formation of the homoleptic complexes and the preservation of the geometry during oxidation. Furthermore, the magnetic measurements exhibit that all complexes are in high-spin state with exception of the low-spin complex [Co(bdmpza) 2 ]BF 4 (5). The high-spin complex [Mn(bdmpza) 2 ]BF 4 (4) displays a Jahn-Teller distortion. In addition, the divalent and trivalent complexes show promising spectroscopic and electrochemical properties regarding their suitability as potential redox mediators for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, 2008
The 2-His-1-carboxylate triad is a common metal binding motif in non-heme iron oxygenases and zin... more The 2-His-1-carboxylate triad is a common metal binding motif in non-heme iron oxygenases and zinc proteases such as the gluzincins. Tripodal N,N,O-ligands allow to mimic this binding motif in coordination chemistry. Here, we report on a library of achiral, chiral and enantiopure heteroscorpionate ligands including several bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acids and 3,3-bis(imidazol-2-yl)propionic acid. Model complexes thereof with zinc as well as ferrous
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2015
The construction of software systems from pre-existing, independently developed software componen... more The construction of software systems from pre-existing, independently developed software components will only occur when application builders can adapt software components to suit their needs. We propose that software components provide two interfaces { one for behavior and one for adapting that behavior as needed. The ADAPT framework presented in this paper supports both component designers in creating components that can easily be adapted, and application builders in adapting software components. The motivating example, using JavaBeans, shows how adaptation, not customization, is the key to component-based software.
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 2003
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2009
The tripodal N,N,O ligands 3,3-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)propionic acid (Hbdmpzp) (1) and 3,3-... more The tripodal N,N,O ligands 3,3-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)propionic acid (Hbdmpzp) (1) and 3,3-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)propionic acid (Hbpzp) (2) form the “missing link” between the well-known bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acids and related ligands with a longer “carboxylate arm”. To illustrate the reactivity of this ligand, manganese and rhenium complexes bearing the ligand bdmpzp are reported. The complexes are compared to related compounds bearing other tripod ligands such as
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2005
The new facially coordinating tripod ligand 3,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)propionate (bmip) has b... more The new facially coordinating tripod ligand 3,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)propionate (bmip) has been studied. A synthetic route to sodium 3,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)propionate (Na[bmip], 2a) and its hydrochloride (Hbmip AE 2HCl, 2b) is reported. The electronic properties of Hbmip were calculated by DFT methods and are compared to those of structurally similar bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acids. The ligand was applied in the synthesis of the two tricarbonyl complexes [Re(bmip)(CO) 3 ] (3) and [Mn(bmip)(CO) 3 ] (4). Methyl 3,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)propionate (bmipme) (1), which is the precursor of Hbmip, and the complexes [Re(bmip)(CO) 3 ] (3) and [Mn(bmip)(CO) 3 ] (4) were characterised by single crystal X-ray analysis.
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2006
Heterocyclic carbene complexes are accessible from p-donor-substituted allenylidene complexes, [(... more Heterocyclic carbene complexes are accessible from p-donor-substituted allenylidene complexes, [(CO) 5 Cr@C@C@C(NMe 2)Ph] (1) and [(CO) 5 Cr@C@C@C(O-endo-Bornyl)OEt] (4), and various dinucleophiles by 1,2,3-diheterocyclization. The reaction of 1 with 1,2dimethylhydrazine gives the 1,2-dimethylpyrazolylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr=C-C(H)=C(Ph)-NMe-NMe] (2) in high yield in addition to small amounts of the a,b-unsaturated carbene complex [(CO) 5 Cr@C(NMe 2)-C(H)@C(NMe 2)Ph] (3). The analogous reaction of 4 with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine affords the 1,2-dimethylpyrazolylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr=C-C(H)=C(O-endo-Bornyl)-NMe-NMe] (5) and, via displacement of the C c-bound ethoxy substituent, the hydrazinoallenylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr@C@C@C(O-endo-Bornyl){NMe-N(H)Me}] (6). Treatment of 6 with catalytic amounts of acids induces cyclization to 5. On addition of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine to 1 the zwitterionic pyrazolium-5-ylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr-C=C(H)-C(Ph)=N-NMe 2 ] (7) is formed. The reaction of 1 with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane affords a octahydro-benzo[1,4]diazepinylidene complex (10) and, via intermolecular substitution, a binuclear bisallenylidene complex (11). Thiazepinylidene complexes (12-14), containing 7-membered N/S-heterocyclic carbene ligands, are formed highly selectively in the reaction of 1 with 2-aminoethanethiol or related cysteine derivatives by a substitution/cyclization sequence. The analogous reaction of 1 with homocysteine methylester yields a thiazocanylidene complex (15). All new heterocyclic carbene ligands are strong donors exhibiting r-donor/ p-acceptor ratios similar to those of the known imidazolylidene complexes. On photolysis of 2 and 12 in the presence of triphenylphosphine, the corresponding cis-carbene tetracarbonyl triphenylphosphine complexes (16 and 17) are formed. The solid state structure of complexes 2, 7, 14, 15, and 16 is established by X-ray structural analysis.
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2003
Displacement of tetrahydrofuran in [(CO) 5 M(THF)] (M 0/Cr, W) by the anion [C Å/C Ã/C(Ä/X)Y] ((X... more Displacement of tetrahydrofuran in [(CO) 5 M(THF)] (M 0/Cr, W) by the anion [C Å/C Ã/C(Ä/X)Y] ((X 0/O; NR; Y 0/NR ? 2 , Ph) followed by alkylation of the resulting metalate with [R ƒ 3 O]BF 4 (R ƒ0/Me, Et) offers a convenient and versatile route to p-donorsubstituted allenylidene complexes, [(CO) 5 M Ä/C Ä/C Ä/C(XR ƒ)Y]. Allenylidene complexes in which the terminal carbon atom of the allenylidene ligand constitutes part of a heterocycle are likewise accessible by this reaction sequence. Reaction of [(CO) 5 M(THF)] with Li[C Å/C Ã/C(Ä/NMe)Ph] (and subsequent protonation of the metalate afford [(CO) 5 M Ä/C Ä/C Ä/C(NMeH)Ph] in high yield. As indicated by the spectroscopic data of the compounds and the X-ray analyses of three representative examples, these allenylidene complexes are best described as hybrids of allenylidene and zwitterionic alkynyl complexes with delocalisation of the electron pair at nitrogen towards the metal center. Dimethylamine reacts with the amino(phenyl)allenylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr Ä/C Ä/C Ä/ C(NMe 2)Ph] (7a) by addition of the amine across the C a Ä/C b bond to give selectively the E-alkenyl(amino)carbene complex [(CO) 5 Cr Ä/C(NMe 2) Ã/CH Ä/C(NMe 2)Ph] (12). In contrast, the reaction of dimethylamine with the amino(methoxy)allenylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr Ä/C Ä/C Ä/C(NMe 2)OMe] (1a) proceeds by addition of the amine to the C g atom and subsequent elimination of methanol to give the substitution product [(CO) 5 Cr Ä/C Ä/C Ä/C(NMe 2) 2 ] (13). Triphenylphosphane neither adds to the C a nor the C g atom of 7a but upon irradiation displaces a CO ligand to form a cis-allenylidene(tetracarbonyl)phosphane complex 15.
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 1998
Bimetallic Zr–Re complexes with bridging C5H4PPh2 ligands (henceforth abbreviated as Cp′) are acc... more Bimetallic Zr–Re complexes with bridging C5H4PPh2 ligands (henceforth abbreviated as Cp′) are accessible from the mononuclear zirconocene dichloride Cp′2ZrCl2 (1) and reactive rhenium complexes. The attempted synthesis of a cationic complex from 1 and [Re(CO)3(NCMe)3]BF4 resulted in the formation of the zirconium-free compound [ReCl(CO)3(C10H10(PPh2)2)] (2). 2 is apparently formed by cleavage of the Cp′–Zr bonds followed by intramolecular Diels–Alder addition.
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2001
The coordination of the ligands bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bdmpza) and bis(pyrazol-1-y... more The coordination of the ligands bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bdmpza) and bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bpza) to Group VII metal carbonyls has been investigated. The compounds [LM(CO) 3 ], where M = Mn, Re and L=bpza, bdmpza (2a-3b), have been synthesised. The new complexes [(bdmpza)Mn(CO) 3 ] (2b), [(bpza)Re(CO) 3 ] (3a) and [(bdmpza)Re(CO) 3 ] (3b), and bis(pyrazol-1yl)acetic acid (1a) have been characterised by single-crystal X-ray analyses. Based on IR-spectroscopic and structural data the electronic properties of these ligands are compared with those of Tp, Tp Me2 , Cp and Cp*. The reaction of [(bdmpza)Re(CO) 3 ] (3b) with NOBF 4 afforded [(bdmpza)Re(CO) 2 (NO)]BF 4 (4).
Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2010
Synthesis of a triazole-based N,O ligand, 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate (ta) is described. The coor... more Synthesis of a triazole-based N,O ligand, 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate (ta) is described. The coordination of this new ligand is studied by the reaction of K[ta] (3) with zinc(II), manganese(II), cobalt(II), iron(II), and magnesium(II). The ligand favors the formation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) apart from magnesium(II). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses reveal MOF structures for [Mn(ta)2]n (4), [Fe(ta)2]n (5), [Co(ta)2(H2O)2]n (6), and [Zn(ta)2]n (7).
Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2009
The ligand bis (1-methylimidazol-2-yl) ketone (bik)(1) was applied in the synthesis of mononuclea... more The ligand bis (1-methylimidazol-2-yl) ketone (bik)(1) was applied in the synthesis of mononuclear manganese (II) complexes. The complexes [Mn (bik) 2Cl2](2),[Mn (bik) 2 (OH2) Br] Br× H2O (3b) and [Mn (bik) 3](ClO4)(4) were characterised by X-ray ...
Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2002
The coordination of the ligands bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bpza) and bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)... more The coordination of the ligands bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bpza) and bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bdmpza) to rhenium(VII) was investigated. The compounds [(bpza)ReO 3 ] and [(bdmpza)ReO 3 ] were synthesised by reaction of bpza and bdmpza with perrhenic acid with the loss of one water molecule. The new complex [(bdmpza)ReO 3 ] was characterised by single-crystal X-ray analysis. It has a monomeric structure with a distorted octahedron for the [N,N,O]ReO 3 central core.
Inorganic Chemistry, 1997
Ionic ruthenium thioether complexes [Cp(LL′)Ru(SRR′)]PF 6 (LL′) Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2 (1), Ph 2 PC 2 H... more Ionic ruthenium thioether complexes [Cp(LL′)Ru(SRR′)]PF 6 (LL′) Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2 (1), Ph 2 PC 2 H 4 PPh 2 (2), (Ph 3 P, CO) (3), Me 2 PC 2 H 4 PPh 2 (4), (S,S)-Ph 2 PCHMeCHMePPh 2 (5), SRR′) MeSPh (a), MeS-i-Pr (b), MeSBz (c), i-PrSBz (d), EtSBz (e), MeSCy (f), SC 4 H 8 (g)) were synthesized from the corresponding chloro complexes [Cp-(LL′)RuCl] and thioethers. 5a crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 (No. 19), with a) 11.269(3) Å, b) 15.104(2) Å, c) 23.177(4) Å, and Z) 4. 5b crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group P2 1 (No. 4), with a) 10.539(5) Å, b) 16.216(9) Å, c) 11.011(8) Å,) 106.04(2)°, and Z) 2. A similar ligand exchange reaction yielded the analogous sulfoxide complexes [Cp(LL′)Ru(S(O)RR′)]PF 6 (6-10). 10a crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 (No. 19), with a) 14.1664(13) Å, b) 15.792-(2) Å, c) 17.641(2) Å, and Z) 4. 10b‚0.93CH 2 Cl 2 crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 (No. 19), with a) 12.069(2) Å, b) 17.379(2) Å, c) 19.760(5) Å, and Z) 4. The thioether complexes can also be directly converted to sulfoxide complexes with the strong oxygen transfer reagent dimethyldioxirane (DMD). No crossover products are formed when mixtures of two thioether complexes (e.g., 1a/2c or 1c/2a) are treated with DMD, demonstrating that no Ru-S bond cleavage is involved. Moderate diastereoselectivities are observed for the oxygen transfer to chiral, racemic thioether complexes 3 (8-28%) and 4 (34-60%). Oxidation of the (S,S)-CHIRAPHOS complexes 5, however, is highly stereoselective (de) 46-98%). Treatment of the sulfoxide complexes 10 with sodium iodide removes the chiral, nonracemic sulfoxides from the metal with retention of the configuration at sulfur.
Inorganic Chemistry, 2003
The molecular structure of the previously reported species "[Fe(bdtbpza)Cl]" has been revealed by... more The molecular structure of the previously reported species "[Fe(bdtbpza)Cl]" has been revealed by X-ray structure determination to be a ferrous dimer [Fe(bdtbpza)Cl] 2 (2c) [bdtbpza) bis(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate]. The syntheses of ferrous 2:1 complexes [Fe(bpza) 2 ] (3a) and [Fe(bdtbpza) 2 ] (3c) as well as ferric 1:1 complexes [NEt 4 ]-[Fe(bpza)Cl 3 ] (4a) and [NEt 4 ][Fe(bdmpza)Cl 3 ] (4b) [bpza) bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate, bdmpza) bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate] are reported. Complexes 3a, previously reported [Fe(bdmpza) 2 ] (3b), and 3c are high-spin. No spin crossover to the low-spin state was observed in the temperature range of 5−350 K. 4a and 4b are synthesized in one step and in high yield from [NEt 4 ] 2 [Cl 3 FeOFeCl 3 ]. 4a and 4b are iron(III) high-spin complexes. Crystallographic information: 2c (C 24 H 39 ClFeN 4 O 2 ‚CH 2 Cl 2 ‚CH 3 CN) is triclinic, P1 h, a) 12.171(16) Å, b) 12.851(14) Å, c) 13.390-(13) Å, R) 98.61(9)°,) 113.51(11)°, γ) 108.10(5)°, Z) 2; 3a (C 8 H 7 Fe 0.5 N 4 O 2) is monoclinic, P2 1 /n, a) 7.4784(19) Å, b) 7.604(3) Å, c) 16.196(4) Å,) 95.397(9)°, Z) 4; 3c (C 24 H 39 Fe 0.5 N 4 O 2) is monoclinic, P2 1 /n, a) 9.939(6) Å, b) 18.161(10) Å, c) 13.722(8) Å,) 97.67(7)°, Z) 4; 4b (C 20 H 35 Cl 3 FeN 5 O 2) is monoclinic, C2/c, a) 30.45(6) Å, b) 12.33(2) Å, c) 16.17(3) Å,) 118.47(5)°, Z) 8.
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2012
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 1998
Chiral racemic rhenium thiolate complexes [CpRe-SCH 2 CH 2 NHAc (8), SCH 2 CH 2 C(O)OH (9). A mil... more Chiral racemic rhenium thiolate complexes [CpRe-SCH 2 CH 2 NHAc (8), SCH 2 CH 2 C(O)OH (9). A milder synthesis using hydrated sodium carbonate as a base (NO)(PPh 3)(SR)] were obtained under either acidic or basic conditions. Thus, when [CpRe(NO)(PPh 3)(CH 3)] (1) was provided 8 and compounds with SR = SCH 2 CH 2 C(O)OMe (10), SCH 2 CH 2 C(O)NHCH 2 Ph (11) in high yields. Using treated with etheral HBF 4 and HSR the thiolate complexes [CpRe(NO)(PPh 3)(SR)] [SR = SCH 2 (2-furyl) (2), SCH 2 C-similar methods, thiolate complexes of (R)-N-acetylcysteine (13), its methyl ester (14), (R)-N-phthaloylcysteine (16), and (O)OEt (3)] were obtained after chromatographic workup. Ligand exchange reactions between [CpRe(NO)(PPh 3)-N-[(S)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl]-S-proline (Captopril) (17) were obtained as diastereomeric pairs. The formation of (OC 4 H 8)]BF 4 (4) and sodium thiolates yielded analogous complexes with SR = SH (5), SCH 2 CH 2 Ph (6), SCH 2 CH=CH 2 13 was preceded by the O-bonded isomer 12 which slowly rearranges in solution. 13 can be converted under acidic (7). SR groups which tolerate strongly alkaline conditions may be introduced by treatment of 4 with HSR in the conditions into its methyl (14) or ethyl (15) esters. The diastereomers of 16 were separated by crystallization, and presence of sodium ethoxide as demonstrated by the highyield synthesis of 2 as well as of complexes with SR = the structure of the (R,R)-isomer 16a determined. Thiolate ligands have some remarkable properties which conditions. Treatment of the racemic methylrhenium complex 1 [13] with a twofold excess of etheral HBF 4 and 2-(mer-are exploited by nature in a number of important metalloenzymes. [2] SR groups being soft donors bind strongly to captomethyl)furan or ethyl mercaptoacetate followed by chromatography over silica gave the corresponding rhenium most of the transition metal ions. Due to their high polarizability and π-donor capacity, [3] they are able to stabilize thiolate complexes 2 and 3 in fair to good yields (Eq. 1). various oxidation states of the metal and to promote the formation of clusters [2] [4] which can function as electron reservoirs for redox processes. Enzymatic reactions which lead to the transformation of coordinated thiolate ligands seem to be comparatively rare. One of the few prominent examples is the penicillin biosynthesis [5] whose first step involves the oxidative dehydrogenation of an iron-coordinated, cysteine-containing tripeptide to a thioaldehyde intermediate. [6] We have recently described a similar oxidative route for the synthesis of stable thioaldehyde complexes of ruthenium [7] [8] and rhenium. [9] In order to further exploit the characteristic reactivity of coordinated thioaldehydes in Since the strongly acidic conditions of this route may not nucleophilic additions and cycloadditions [8] [10] [11] [12] we debe compatible with a number of functional groups, a syncided to investigate thiolate complexes bearing various thesis based on a nucleophilic substitution at rhenium was functional groups on the SR ligand. sought. The tetrahydrofuran complex [CpRe(NO)(P-Results Ph 3)(OC 4 H 8)]BF 4 (4) which is easily obtained through acid cleavage of 1 [14] seemed to be an appropriate starting mate-Achiral Thiolates rial. Although 4 was noted to be labile [14] it has found only Two synthetic strategies were chosen in which the rhesporadic use in ligand exchange reactions. [15] When 4 was nium-sulfur bond is formed under either acidic [8] or basic treated with isolated sodium thiolates in THF/ethanol, the
Dalton Transactions
A carboxyl-decorated bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid and carbonyl complexes derived thereof are repo... more A carboxyl-decorated bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid and carbonyl complexes derived thereof are reported. The peripheral carboxyl functionalities increase their solubility in water and especially in PBS buffer.
Organometallics, 2013
The new compound 4-ferrocenyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (4; fcdmpzH) has been synthesized from 4-iodo-... more The new compound 4-ferrocenyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (4; fcdmpzH) has been synthesized from 4-iodo-3,5-dimethyl-1-tritylpyrazole (2) via a Negishi type cross-coupling reaction and subsequent deprotection of the intermediate 4-ferrocenyl-3,5-dimethyl-1-tritylpyrazole (3; fcdmpzTrt). Reaction of the pyrazole 4 with dichloromethane, base, and phase transfer catalyst results in the chelating N,N ligand bis(4-ferrocenyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane (5; bfcdmpzm). Bis(4-ferrocenyl-3,5dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)ketone (6; bfcdmpzk) is obtained by reacting 4 with NEt 3 and triphosgene. The N,N,O heteroscorpionate ligand bis(4ferrocenyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (7; H[bfcdmpza]) can be accessed by reacting pyrazole 4 with dibromoacetic acid, KOtBu, and phase transfer catalyst and subsequent acidic workup. The heteroscorpionate ligand H[bfcdmpza] (7) is suitable to bind metal ions in a κ 3 coordination mode, as could be proven by the formation of a the bis-ligand complex [Fe(bfcdmpza) 2 ] (8). The molecular structures of 3, 5, 6, and 8 have been obtained by single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The electrochemical properties of the four ferrocenyl-substituted compounds 3−6 have been studied by cyclic voltammetric measurements and discussed as well.
Biological transition metal-sulfur sites are known for almost all so-called essential transition ... more Biological transition metal-sulfur sites are known for almost all so-called essential transition metal ions. Metalloenzymes based on such metal-sulfur sites catalyze some red-hot chemical reactions and a better understanding of the related processes might therefore solve existential problems of mankind in future. Enzymes with metal-sulfur sites promising such an impact are for example nitrogenases with P-cluster and a [Mo-7Fe-9S-C]-homocitrate catalytic site or carbon monoxide dehydrogenases and hydrogenases with NiFeS sites, just to name a few examples. Therefore, the 20th volume of the ‘Metal Ions in Life Sciences’ series edited by ‘the Sigels’ (Astrid Sigel, Eva Freisinger, Roland K.O. Sigel) is dedicated to sulfur and metal-sulfur sites and covers many aspects and a tremendous amount of information one could hardly extract and compile oneself in 12 chapters. Thus, this 20th volume certainly fills a gap in the metal ions in life science field and answers several questions a lectu...
Polyhedron, 2017
The reaction of bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (Hbdmpza) with metal(II) acetates M(OAc)... more The reaction of bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetic acid (Hbdmpza) with metal(II) acetates M(OAc) 2 (M = Mn, Co and Fe) yields a series of homoleptic first row transition metal complexes: [Mn(bdmpza) 2 ] (1), [Co(bdmpza) 2 ] (2) and [Fe(bdmpza) 2 ] (3). Subsequent oxidation results in the formation of the trivalent complexes [Mn(bdmpza) 2 ]BF 4 (4), [Co(bdmpza) 2 ]BF 4 (5) and [Fe(bdmpza) 2 ]BF 4 (6). An unidentate binding of the carboxylate donor and thus κ 3 coordination of the ligand was determined by IR spectroscopy and singlecrystal X-ray diffraction experiments, which also confirm the formation of the homoleptic complexes and the preservation of the geometry during oxidation. Furthermore, the magnetic measurements exhibit that all complexes are in high-spin state with exception of the low-spin complex [Co(bdmpza) 2 ]BF 4 (5). The high-spin complex [Mn(bdmpza) 2 ]BF 4 (4) displays a Jahn-Teller distortion. In addition, the divalent and trivalent complexes show promising spectroscopic and electrochemical properties regarding their suitability as potential redox mediators for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, 2008
The 2-His-1-carboxylate triad is a common metal binding motif in non-heme iron oxygenases and zin... more The 2-His-1-carboxylate triad is a common metal binding motif in non-heme iron oxygenases and zinc proteases such as the gluzincins. Tripodal N,N,O-ligands allow to mimic this binding motif in coordination chemistry. Here, we report on a library of achiral, chiral and enantiopure heteroscorpionate ligands including several bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acids and 3,3-bis(imidazol-2-yl)propionic acid. Model complexes thereof with zinc as well as ferrous
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2015
The construction of software systems from pre-existing, independently developed software componen... more The construction of software systems from pre-existing, independently developed software components will only occur when application builders can adapt software components to suit their needs. We propose that software components provide two interfaces { one for behavior and one for adapting that behavior as needed. The ADAPT framework presented in this paper supports both component designers in creating components that can easily be adapted, and application builders in adapting software components. The motivating example, using JavaBeans, shows how adaptation, not customization, is the key to component-based software.
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 2003
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2009
The tripodal N,N,O ligands 3,3-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)propionic acid (Hbdmpzp) (1) and 3,3-... more The tripodal N,N,O ligands 3,3-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)propionic acid (Hbdmpzp) (1) and 3,3-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)propionic acid (Hbpzp) (2) form the “missing link” between the well-known bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acids and related ligands with a longer “carboxylate arm”. To illustrate the reactivity of this ligand, manganese and rhenium complexes bearing the ligand bdmpzp are reported. The complexes are compared to related compounds bearing other tripod ligands such as
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2005
The new facially coordinating tripod ligand 3,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)propionate (bmip) has b... more The new facially coordinating tripod ligand 3,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)propionate (bmip) has been studied. A synthetic route to sodium 3,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)propionate (Na[bmip], 2a) and its hydrochloride (Hbmip AE 2HCl, 2b) is reported. The electronic properties of Hbmip were calculated by DFT methods and are compared to those of structurally similar bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetic acids. The ligand was applied in the synthesis of the two tricarbonyl complexes [Re(bmip)(CO) 3 ] (3) and [Mn(bmip)(CO) 3 ] (4). Methyl 3,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)propionate (bmipme) (1), which is the precursor of Hbmip, and the complexes [Re(bmip)(CO) 3 ] (3) and [Mn(bmip)(CO) 3 ] (4) were characterised by single crystal X-ray analysis.
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2006
Heterocyclic carbene complexes are accessible from p-donor-substituted allenylidene complexes, [(... more Heterocyclic carbene complexes are accessible from p-donor-substituted allenylidene complexes, [(CO) 5 Cr@C@C@C(NMe 2)Ph] (1) and [(CO) 5 Cr@C@C@C(O-endo-Bornyl)OEt] (4), and various dinucleophiles by 1,2,3-diheterocyclization. The reaction of 1 with 1,2dimethylhydrazine gives the 1,2-dimethylpyrazolylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr=C-C(H)=C(Ph)-NMe-NMe] (2) in high yield in addition to small amounts of the a,b-unsaturated carbene complex [(CO) 5 Cr@C(NMe 2)-C(H)@C(NMe 2)Ph] (3). The analogous reaction of 4 with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine affords the 1,2-dimethylpyrazolylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr=C-C(H)=C(O-endo-Bornyl)-NMe-NMe] (5) and, via displacement of the C c-bound ethoxy substituent, the hydrazinoallenylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr@C@C@C(O-endo-Bornyl){NMe-N(H)Me}] (6). Treatment of 6 with catalytic amounts of acids induces cyclization to 5. On addition of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine to 1 the zwitterionic pyrazolium-5-ylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr-C=C(H)-C(Ph)=N-NMe 2 ] (7) is formed. The reaction of 1 with 1,2-diaminocyclohexane affords a octahydro-benzo[1,4]diazepinylidene complex (10) and, via intermolecular substitution, a binuclear bisallenylidene complex (11). Thiazepinylidene complexes (12-14), containing 7-membered N/S-heterocyclic carbene ligands, are formed highly selectively in the reaction of 1 with 2-aminoethanethiol or related cysteine derivatives by a substitution/cyclization sequence. The analogous reaction of 1 with homocysteine methylester yields a thiazocanylidene complex (15). All new heterocyclic carbene ligands are strong donors exhibiting r-donor/ p-acceptor ratios similar to those of the known imidazolylidene complexes. On photolysis of 2 and 12 in the presence of triphenylphosphine, the corresponding cis-carbene tetracarbonyl triphenylphosphine complexes (16 and 17) are formed. The solid state structure of complexes 2, 7, 14, 15, and 16 is established by X-ray structural analysis.
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2003
Displacement of tetrahydrofuran in [(CO) 5 M(THF)] (M 0/Cr, W) by the anion [C Å/C Ã/C(Ä/X)Y] ((X... more Displacement of tetrahydrofuran in [(CO) 5 M(THF)] (M 0/Cr, W) by the anion [C Å/C Ã/C(Ä/X)Y] ((X 0/O; NR; Y 0/NR ? 2 , Ph) followed by alkylation of the resulting metalate with [R ƒ 3 O]BF 4 (R ƒ0/Me, Et) offers a convenient and versatile route to p-donorsubstituted allenylidene complexes, [(CO) 5 M Ä/C Ä/C Ä/C(XR ƒ)Y]. Allenylidene complexes in which the terminal carbon atom of the allenylidene ligand constitutes part of a heterocycle are likewise accessible by this reaction sequence. Reaction of [(CO) 5 M(THF)] with Li[C Å/C Ã/C(Ä/NMe)Ph] (and subsequent protonation of the metalate afford [(CO) 5 M Ä/C Ä/C Ä/C(NMeH)Ph] in high yield. As indicated by the spectroscopic data of the compounds and the X-ray analyses of three representative examples, these allenylidene complexes are best described as hybrids of allenylidene and zwitterionic alkynyl complexes with delocalisation of the electron pair at nitrogen towards the metal center. Dimethylamine reacts with the amino(phenyl)allenylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr Ä/C Ä/C Ä/ C(NMe 2)Ph] (7a) by addition of the amine across the C a Ä/C b bond to give selectively the E-alkenyl(amino)carbene complex [(CO) 5 Cr Ä/C(NMe 2) Ã/CH Ä/C(NMe 2)Ph] (12). In contrast, the reaction of dimethylamine with the amino(methoxy)allenylidene complex [(CO) 5 Cr Ä/C Ä/C Ä/C(NMe 2)OMe] (1a) proceeds by addition of the amine to the C g atom and subsequent elimination of methanol to give the substitution product [(CO) 5 Cr Ä/C Ä/C Ä/C(NMe 2) 2 ] (13). Triphenylphosphane neither adds to the C a nor the C g atom of 7a but upon irradiation displaces a CO ligand to form a cis-allenylidene(tetracarbonyl)phosphane complex 15.
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 1998
Bimetallic Zr–Re complexes with bridging C5H4PPh2 ligands (henceforth abbreviated as Cp′) are acc... more Bimetallic Zr–Re complexes with bridging C5H4PPh2 ligands (henceforth abbreviated as Cp′) are accessible from the mononuclear zirconocene dichloride Cp′2ZrCl2 (1) and reactive rhenium complexes. The attempted synthesis of a cationic complex from 1 and [Re(CO)3(NCMe)3]BF4 resulted in the formation of the zirconium-free compound [ReCl(CO)3(C10H10(PPh2)2)] (2). 2 is apparently formed by cleavage of the Cp′–Zr bonds followed by intramolecular Diels–Alder addition.
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 2001
The coordination of the ligands bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bdmpza) and bis(pyrazol-1-y... more The coordination of the ligands bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bdmpza) and bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bpza) to Group VII metal carbonyls has been investigated. The compounds [LM(CO) 3 ], where M = Mn, Re and L=bpza, bdmpza (2a-3b), have been synthesised. The new complexes [(bdmpza)Mn(CO) 3 ] (2b), [(bpza)Re(CO) 3 ] (3a) and [(bdmpza)Re(CO) 3 ] (3b), and bis(pyrazol-1yl)acetic acid (1a) have been characterised by single-crystal X-ray analyses. Based on IR-spectroscopic and structural data the electronic properties of these ligands are compared with those of Tp, Tp Me2 , Cp and Cp*. The reaction of [(bdmpza)Re(CO) 3 ] (3b) with NOBF 4 afforded [(bdmpza)Re(CO) 2 (NO)]BF 4 (4).
Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2010
Synthesis of a triazole-based N,O ligand, 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate (ta) is described. The coor... more Synthesis of a triazole-based N,O ligand, 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate (ta) is described. The coordination of this new ligand is studied by the reaction of K[ta] (3) with zinc(II), manganese(II), cobalt(II), iron(II), and magnesium(II). The ligand favors the formation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) apart from magnesium(II). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses reveal MOF structures for [Mn(ta)2]n (4), [Fe(ta)2]n (5), [Co(ta)2(H2O)2]n (6), and [Zn(ta)2]n (7).
Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2009
The ligand bis (1-methylimidazol-2-yl) ketone (bik)(1) was applied in the synthesis of mononuclea... more The ligand bis (1-methylimidazol-2-yl) ketone (bik)(1) was applied in the synthesis of mononuclear manganese (II) complexes. The complexes [Mn (bik) 2Cl2](2),[Mn (bik) 2 (OH2) Br] Br× H2O (3b) and [Mn (bik) 3](ClO4)(4) were characterised by X-ray ...
Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2002
The coordination of the ligands bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bpza) and bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)... more The coordination of the ligands bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bpza) and bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate (bdmpza) to rhenium(VII) was investigated. The compounds [(bpza)ReO 3 ] and [(bdmpza)ReO 3 ] were synthesised by reaction of bpza and bdmpza with perrhenic acid with the loss of one water molecule. The new complex [(bdmpza)ReO 3 ] was characterised by single-crystal X-ray analysis. It has a monomeric structure with a distorted octahedron for the [N,N,O]ReO 3 central core.
Inorganic Chemistry, 1997
Ionic ruthenium thioether complexes [Cp(LL′)Ru(SRR′)]PF 6 (LL′) Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2 (1), Ph 2 PC 2 H... more Ionic ruthenium thioether complexes [Cp(LL′)Ru(SRR′)]PF 6 (LL′) Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2 (1), Ph 2 PC 2 H 4 PPh 2 (2), (Ph 3 P, CO) (3), Me 2 PC 2 H 4 PPh 2 (4), (S,S)-Ph 2 PCHMeCHMePPh 2 (5), SRR′) MeSPh (a), MeS-i-Pr (b), MeSBz (c), i-PrSBz (d), EtSBz (e), MeSCy (f), SC 4 H 8 (g)) were synthesized from the corresponding chloro complexes [Cp-(LL′)RuCl] and thioethers. 5a crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 (No. 19), with a) 11.269(3) Å, b) 15.104(2) Å, c) 23.177(4) Å, and Z) 4. 5b crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group P2 1 (No. 4), with a) 10.539(5) Å, b) 16.216(9) Å, c) 11.011(8) Å,) 106.04(2)°, and Z) 2. A similar ligand exchange reaction yielded the analogous sulfoxide complexes [Cp(LL′)Ru(S(O)RR′)]PF 6 (6-10). 10a crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 (No. 19), with a) 14.1664(13) Å, b) 15.792-(2) Å, c) 17.641(2) Å, and Z) 4. 10b‚0.93CH 2 Cl 2 crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 (No. 19), with a) 12.069(2) Å, b) 17.379(2) Å, c) 19.760(5) Å, and Z) 4. The thioether complexes can also be directly converted to sulfoxide complexes with the strong oxygen transfer reagent dimethyldioxirane (DMD). No crossover products are formed when mixtures of two thioether complexes (e.g., 1a/2c or 1c/2a) are treated with DMD, demonstrating that no Ru-S bond cleavage is involved. Moderate diastereoselectivities are observed for the oxygen transfer to chiral, racemic thioether complexes 3 (8-28%) and 4 (34-60%). Oxidation of the (S,S)-CHIRAPHOS complexes 5, however, is highly stereoselective (de) 46-98%). Treatment of the sulfoxide complexes 10 with sodium iodide removes the chiral, nonracemic sulfoxides from the metal with retention of the configuration at sulfur.
Inorganic Chemistry, 2003
The molecular structure of the previously reported species "[Fe(bdtbpza)Cl]" has been revealed by... more The molecular structure of the previously reported species "[Fe(bdtbpza)Cl]" has been revealed by X-ray structure determination to be a ferrous dimer [Fe(bdtbpza)Cl] 2 (2c) [bdtbpza) bis(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate]. The syntheses of ferrous 2:1 complexes [Fe(bpza) 2 ] (3a) and [Fe(bdtbpza) 2 ] (3c) as well as ferric 1:1 complexes [NEt 4 ]-[Fe(bpza)Cl 3 ] (4a) and [NEt 4 ][Fe(bdmpza)Cl 3 ] (4b) [bpza) bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate, bdmpza) bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate] are reported. Complexes 3a, previously reported [Fe(bdmpza) 2 ] (3b), and 3c are high-spin. No spin crossover to the low-spin state was observed in the temperature range of 5−350 K. 4a and 4b are synthesized in one step and in high yield from [NEt 4 ] 2 [Cl 3 FeOFeCl 3 ]. 4a and 4b are iron(III) high-spin complexes. Crystallographic information: 2c (C 24 H 39 ClFeN 4 O 2 ‚CH 2 Cl 2 ‚CH 3 CN) is triclinic, P1 h, a) 12.171(16) Å, b) 12.851(14) Å, c) 13.390-(13) Å, R) 98.61(9)°,) 113.51(11)°, γ) 108.10(5)°, Z) 2; 3a (C 8 H 7 Fe 0.5 N 4 O 2) is monoclinic, P2 1 /n, a) 7.4784(19) Å, b) 7.604(3) Å, c) 16.196(4) Å,) 95.397(9)°, Z) 4; 3c (C 24 H 39 Fe 0.5 N 4 O 2) is monoclinic, P2 1 /n, a) 9.939(6) Å, b) 18.161(10) Å, c) 13.722(8) Å,) 97.67(7)°, Z) 4; 4b (C 20 H 35 Cl 3 FeN 5 O 2) is monoclinic, C2/c, a) 30.45(6) Å, b) 12.33(2) Å, c) 16.17(3) Å,) 118.47(5)°, Z) 8.
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2012
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 1998
Chiral racemic rhenium thiolate complexes [CpRe-SCH 2 CH 2 NHAc (8), SCH 2 CH 2 C(O)OH (9). A mil... more Chiral racemic rhenium thiolate complexes [CpRe-SCH 2 CH 2 NHAc (8), SCH 2 CH 2 C(O)OH (9). A milder synthesis using hydrated sodium carbonate as a base (NO)(PPh 3)(SR)] were obtained under either acidic or basic conditions. Thus, when [CpRe(NO)(PPh 3)(CH 3)] (1) was provided 8 and compounds with SR = SCH 2 CH 2 C(O)OMe (10), SCH 2 CH 2 C(O)NHCH 2 Ph (11) in high yields. Using treated with etheral HBF 4 and HSR the thiolate complexes [CpRe(NO)(PPh 3)(SR)] [SR = SCH 2 (2-furyl) (2), SCH 2 C-similar methods, thiolate complexes of (R)-N-acetylcysteine (13), its methyl ester (14), (R)-N-phthaloylcysteine (16), and (O)OEt (3)] were obtained after chromatographic workup. Ligand exchange reactions between [CpRe(NO)(PPh 3)-N-[(S)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl]-S-proline (Captopril) (17) were obtained as diastereomeric pairs. The formation of (OC 4 H 8)]BF 4 (4) and sodium thiolates yielded analogous complexes with SR = SH (5), SCH 2 CH 2 Ph (6), SCH 2 CH=CH 2 13 was preceded by the O-bonded isomer 12 which slowly rearranges in solution. 13 can be converted under acidic (7). SR groups which tolerate strongly alkaline conditions may be introduced by treatment of 4 with HSR in the conditions into its methyl (14) or ethyl (15) esters. The diastereomers of 16 were separated by crystallization, and presence of sodium ethoxide as demonstrated by the highyield synthesis of 2 as well as of complexes with SR = the structure of the (R,R)-isomer 16a determined. Thiolate ligands have some remarkable properties which conditions. Treatment of the racemic methylrhenium complex 1 [13] with a twofold excess of etheral HBF 4 and 2-(mer-are exploited by nature in a number of important metalloenzymes. [2] SR groups being soft donors bind strongly to captomethyl)furan or ethyl mercaptoacetate followed by chromatography over silica gave the corresponding rhenium most of the transition metal ions. Due to their high polarizability and π-donor capacity, [3] they are able to stabilize thiolate complexes 2 and 3 in fair to good yields (Eq. 1). various oxidation states of the metal and to promote the formation of clusters [2] [4] which can function as electron reservoirs for redox processes. Enzymatic reactions which lead to the transformation of coordinated thiolate ligands seem to be comparatively rare. One of the few prominent examples is the penicillin biosynthesis [5] whose first step involves the oxidative dehydrogenation of an iron-coordinated, cysteine-containing tripeptide to a thioaldehyde intermediate. [6] We have recently described a similar oxidative route for the synthesis of stable thioaldehyde complexes of ruthenium [7] [8] and rhenium. [9] In order to further exploit the characteristic reactivity of coordinated thioaldehydes in Since the strongly acidic conditions of this route may not nucleophilic additions and cycloadditions [8] [10] [11] [12] we debe compatible with a number of functional groups, a syncided to investigate thiolate complexes bearing various thesis based on a nucleophilic substitution at rhenium was functional groups on the SR ligand. sought. The tetrahydrofuran complex [CpRe(NO)(P-Results Ph 3)(OC 4 H 8)]BF 4 (4) which is easily obtained through acid cleavage of 1 [14] seemed to be an appropriate starting mate-Achiral Thiolates rial. Although 4 was noted to be labile [14] it has found only Two synthetic strategies were chosen in which the rhesporadic use in ligand exchange reactions. [15] When 4 was nium-sulfur bond is formed under either acidic [8] or basic treated with isolated sodium thiolates in THF/ethanol, the