Nicole Fortin - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Nicole Fortin
AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2021
This paper investigates the impact of gender differences in field of specialization on gender dis... more This paper investigates the impact of gender differences in field of specialization on gender disparities in job placement among recent economics PhD candidates. Women are underrepresented as assistant professors, especially at top-50 institutions, and overrepresented in nonresearch positions. Our decomposition results show that our variables account for 28 percent to 67 percent of the gender gap in placement outcomes. Fields of specialization account for the larger share (75 percent to 132 percent) of the explained differences for positions outside of top-50 institutions. For top-50 institutions, the ranking of the PhD institutions accounts for two-thirds of the explained placement differences.
Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 2015
This paper uses the Canadian Labour Force Survey to understand why the level and dispersion of wa... more This paper uses the Canadian Labour Force Survey to understand why the level and dispersion of wages have evolved differently across provinces from 1997 to 2013. The faster increase in the level of wages and the decline in wage dispersion in Newfoundland, Saskatchewan and Alberta are the starkest interprovincial differences. We find that they are accounted for by the growth in the extractive resources sectors, which benefited less‐educated and younger workers the most. Increases in minimum wages since 2005 are found to be the main reason why wages at the very bottom grew more than those in the middle of the distribution.
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1997
In this paper, the authors analyze the role of three institutional changes--the decline in the re... more In this paper, the authors analyze the role of three institutional changes--the decline in the real value of the minimum wage, deunionization, and economic deregulation--on the rise in wage inequality in the United States during the 1980s. They argue that about a third of the increase in male and female wage inequality can be traced to these institutional changes. Deunionization had a significant effect on the rise in inequality for men, while the minimum wage is what matters most for women. The authors find the direct impact of economic deregulation to be comparatively small.
Labour Economics, 2017
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research pu... more Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity
How much larger would the US economic pie be if labor market outcomes were more equitably distrib... more How much larger would the US economic pie be if labor market outcomes were more equitably distributed by race and ethnicity? Using data from the Current Population Survey (1990-2019), we estimate the improvements in labor contribution to aggregate output associated with making the outcomes for Black, Hispanic, and other minority groups at least as favorable as those for non-Hispanic white individuals in employment, hours worked, educational attainment, educational utilization, and earnings. We find significant economic gains, measured in trillions of dollars of GDP. Our results indicate that ensuring all Americans have an equitable opportunity to participate in the economy is an economically significant way to increase aggregate prosperity. I n 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The signing marked a shift in American law that was intended to
This paper investigates the impact of gender differences in field of specialization on gender dis... more This paper investigates the impact of gender differences in field of specialization on gender disparities in job placement among recent Economics Ph.D. candidates. Women are under-represented as assistant professors, especially at top 50 institutions, and over-represented in non-research positions. Our decomposition results show that our variables account for 28% to 67% of the gender gap in placement outcomes. Fields of specialization account for the larger share (75%-132%) of the explained differences for positions outside of the top 50 institutions. For top 50 institutions, the ranking of the Ph.D. institutions account for 2/3 of the explained placement differences.
Research in Labor Economics, 2016
This paper seeks to connect changes in the structure of wages at the occupation level to measures... more This paper seeks to connect changes in the structure of wages at the occupation level to measures of the task content of jobs. We first present a simple model where skills are used to produce tasks, and changes in task prices are the underlying source of change in occupational wages. Using Current Population Survey (CPS) wage data and task measures
Econometrics, 2018
This paper provides a detailed exposition of an extension of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition met... more This paper provides a detailed exposition of an extension of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method that can be applied to various distributional measures. The two-stage procedure first divides distributional changes into a wage structure effect and a composition effect using a reweighting method. Second, the two components are further divided into the contribution of each explanatory variable using recentered influence function (RIF) regressions. We illustrate the practical aspects of the procedure by analyzing how the polarization of U.S. male wages between the late 1980s and the mid 2010s was affected by factors such as de-unionization, education, occupations, and industry changes.
Labour Economics, 2016
• More than half of young adult immigrants obtain their highest degree in Canada. • Imputation me... more • More than half of young adult immigrants obtain their highest degree in Canada. • Imputation method underestimates Canadian education for young adult immigrants. • Country of highest education degree is the most important for immigrant earnings. • Actual location of study reduces wage penalties associated with countries of birth. • Portability of foreign human capital is heterogeneous across fields of study.
Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 2015
Using data from the Statistics Canada National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY),... more Using data from the Statistics Canada National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), this paper investigates the impact of school entry age on inattentive/hyperactive behaviours. We employ both a cross-provinces-time differences-indifferences approach, and a within-province regression discontinuity design. We find that being young in class causes greater inattentive/hyperactive behaviour, exacerbating any inattentive/hyperactive behavior exhibited prior to school entry. These results also also hold in sibling fixed effect models. Though we do not find gender differences in the effects, because boys are more likely to be inattentive/hyperactive at school entry, they are more affected. These effects persist into early adolescence. Sommaire. Nous utilisons les données de Enquête longitudinale nationale sur les enfants et les jeunes (ELNEJ) pour étudier l'impact de l'âge d'entrée à l'école sur les comportements d'inattention et d'hyperactivité. Nous tirons advantage des différences interprovinciales, qui varient dans le temps, dans le cadre d'une approche de différences-en-différences et nous utilisons aussi des régressions de discontinuité à l'interieur des provinces. Nos résultats démontrent qu'être relativement jeune dans la classe augmente les comportements inattentifs et hyperactifs, spécialement chez les jeunes déjà inattentifs/hyperactifs avant l'entrée à l'école. Ces résultats tiennent également dans des modèles à effets fixes familiaux. Bien que les effets ne soient pas différents entre garçons et filles, parce que les garçons sont plus susceptibles d'être inattentifs/hyperactifs avant d'entrer à l'école, ils sont aussi les plus touchés. Ces effets persistent en début d'adolescence.
This paper develops a bargaining model of wage and employment determination for the public sector... more This paper develops a bargaining model of wage and employment determination for the public sector. The solution to the model generates structural wage and employment equations that are estimated using data from New York State teacher-school district collective bargaining agreements. An advantage of this approach is that the major collective bargaining models (monopoly union, right to manage, efficient contracting, and inefficient contracting) are nested in the structural equations based on flexible functional forms and these models can be empirically tested as restrictions on estimated model parameters. The empirical results suggest that the allocation of resources generated by collective bargaining in New York State public schools is, by and large, not Pareto efficient. Furthermore, it is possible to estimate separate measures of union bargaining power over wages and employment. Empirically, it appears that union bargaining power over wages is around 0.53, while bargaining power ov...
the CEA 2011, the CIFAR SIIWB Workshop, the NBER Summer Institute 2013, and SOLE 2012 for helpful... more the CEA 2011, the CIFAR SIIWB Workshop, the NBER Summer Institute 2013, and SOLE 2012 for helpful comments on this and earlier versions of the manuscript. We thank ICPSR and MTF for allowing us to use the data, and the usual disclaimer applies. The authors are grateful for CIFAR's financial support. Fortin also acknowledges funding from SSHRC Grants #410-2011-0567. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of decomposition methods that have been developed ... more This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of decomposition methods that have been developed since the seminal work of Oaxaca and Blinder in the early 1970s. These methods are used to decompose the difference in a distributional statistic between two groups, or its change over time, into various explanatory factors. While the original work of Oaxaca and Blinder considered the case of the mean, our main focus is on other distributional statistics besides the mean such as quantiles, the Gini coefficient or the variance. We discuss the assumptions required for identifying the different elements of the decomposition, as well as various estimation methods proposed in the literature. We also illustrate how these methods work in practice by discussing existing applications and working through a set of empirical examples throughout the paper.
for helpful suggestions, comments, and discussions. The views expressed herein are those of the a... more for helpful suggestions, comments, and discussions. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.
This paper examines the link between population aging and the human capital investments of youth.... more This paper examines the link between population aging and the human capital investments of youth. The study proceeds in three steps. First, we estimate an updated version of the Card and
Econometrica, 2009
We propose a new regression method to estimate the impact of explanatory variables on quantiles o... more We propose a new regression method to estimate the impact of explanatory variables on quantiles of the unconditional (marginal) distribution of an outcome variable. The proposed method consists of running a regression of the (recentered) influence function (RIF) of the unconditional quantile on the explanatory variables. The influence function is a widely used tool in robust estimation that can easily be computed for each quantile of interest. We show how standard partial effects, as well as policy effects, can be estimated using our regression approach. We propose three different regression estimators based on a standard OLS regression (RIF-OLS), a logit regression (RIF-Logit), and a nonparametric logit regression (RIF-OLS). We also discuss how our approach can be generalized to other distributional statistics besides quantiles.
Econometrica, 1996
This paper presents a semiparametric procedure to analyze the effects of institutional and labor ... more This paper presents a semiparametric procedure to analyze the effects of institutional and labor market factors on recent changes in the U.S. distribution of wages. The effects of these factors are estimated by applying kernel density methods to appropriately weighted samples. The procedure provides a visually clear representation of where in the density of wages these various factors exert the greatest impact. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we find, as in previous research, that de-unionization and supply and demand shocks were important factors in explaining the rise in wage inequality from 1979 to 1988. We find also compelling visual and quantitative evidence that the decline in the real value of the minimum wage explains a substantial proportion of this increase in wage inequality, particularly for women. We conclude that labor market institutions are as important as supply and demand considerations in explaining changes in the U.S. distribution of wages from 1979 to 1988.
Canadian Public Policy, 2012
Considerable concern has recently been expressed worldwide about growing income inequality. Much ... more Considerable concern has recently been expressed worldwide about growing income inequality. Much of the discussion, though, has been in general terms and focused on the US experience. To understand whether and how Canada ought to respond to this development, we need to be clear on the facts. This paper documents Canadian patterns in income inequality and investigates the top 1 percent of earners—the group receiving the most attention. We summarize what is known about the causes of growing income inequality, including the role of gender wage differences. Finally, we outline policy options for reducing—or slowing the growth of—inequality.
Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d`Economique, 2001
Ce document est publié dans l'intention de rendre accessibles les résultats préliminaires de la r... more Ce document est publié dans l'intention de rendre accessibles les résultats préliminaires de la recherche effectuée au CIRANO, afin de susciter des échanges et des suggestions. Les idées et les opinions émises sont sous l'unique responsabilité des auteurs, et ne représentent pas nécessairement les positions du CIRANO ou de ses partenaires. This paper presents preliminary research carried out at CIRANO and aims at encouraging discussion and comment. The observations and viewpoints expressed are the sole responsibility of the authors. They do not necessarily represent positions of CIRANO or its partners.
AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2021
This paper investigates the impact of gender differences in field of specialization on gender dis... more This paper investigates the impact of gender differences in field of specialization on gender disparities in job placement among recent economics PhD candidates. Women are underrepresented as assistant professors, especially at top-50 institutions, and overrepresented in nonresearch positions. Our decomposition results show that our variables account for 28 percent to 67 percent of the gender gap in placement outcomes. Fields of specialization account for the larger share (75 percent to 132 percent) of the explained differences for positions outside of top-50 institutions. For top-50 institutions, the ranking of the PhD institutions accounts for two-thirds of the explained placement differences.
Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 2015
This paper uses the Canadian Labour Force Survey to understand why the level and dispersion of wa... more This paper uses the Canadian Labour Force Survey to understand why the level and dispersion of wages have evolved differently across provinces from 1997 to 2013. The faster increase in the level of wages and the decline in wage dispersion in Newfoundland, Saskatchewan and Alberta are the starkest interprovincial differences. We find that they are accounted for by the growth in the extractive resources sectors, which benefited less‐educated and younger workers the most. Increases in minimum wages since 2005 are found to be the main reason why wages at the very bottom grew more than those in the middle of the distribution.
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1997
In this paper, the authors analyze the role of three institutional changes--the decline in the re... more In this paper, the authors analyze the role of three institutional changes--the decline in the real value of the minimum wage, deunionization, and economic deregulation--on the rise in wage inequality in the United States during the 1980s. They argue that about a third of the increase in male and female wage inequality can be traced to these institutional changes. Deunionization had a significant effect on the rise in inequality for men, while the minimum wage is what matters most for women. The authors find the direct impact of economic deregulation to be comparatively small.
Labour Economics, 2017
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research pu... more Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity
How much larger would the US economic pie be if labor market outcomes were more equitably distrib... more How much larger would the US economic pie be if labor market outcomes were more equitably distributed by race and ethnicity? Using data from the Current Population Survey (1990-2019), we estimate the improvements in labor contribution to aggregate output associated with making the outcomes for Black, Hispanic, and other minority groups at least as favorable as those for non-Hispanic white individuals in employment, hours worked, educational attainment, educational utilization, and earnings. We find significant economic gains, measured in trillions of dollars of GDP. Our results indicate that ensuring all Americans have an equitable opportunity to participate in the economy is an economically significant way to increase aggregate prosperity. I n 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act, prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The signing marked a shift in American law that was intended to
This paper investigates the impact of gender differences in field of specialization on gender dis... more This paper investigates the impact of gender differences in field of specialization on gender disparities in job placement among recent Economics Ph.D. candidates. Women are under-represented as assistant professors, especially at top 50 institutions, and over-represented in non-research positions. Our decomposition results show that our variables account for 28% to 67% of the gender gap in placement outcomes. Fields of specialization account for the larger share (75%-132%) of the explained differences for positions outside of the top 50 institutions. For top 50 institutions, the ranking of the Ph.D. institutions account for 2/3 of the explained placement differences.
Research in Labor Economics, 2016
This paper seeks to connect changes in the structure of wages at the occupation level to measures... more This paper seeks to connect changes in the structure of wages at the occupation level to measures of the task content of jobs. We first present a simple model where skills are used to produce tasks, and changes in task prices are the underlying source of change in occupational wages. Using Current Population Survey (CPS) wage data and task measures
Econometrics, 2018
This paper provides a detailed exposition of an extension of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition met... more This paper provides a detailed exposition of an extension of the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method that can be applied to various distributional measures. The two-stage procedure first divides distributional changes into a wage structure effect and a composition effect using a reweighting method. Second, the two components are further divided into the contribution of each explanatory variable using recentered influence function (RIF) regressions. We illustrate the practical aspects of the procedure by analyzing how the polarization of U.S. male wages between the late 1980s and the mid 2010s was affected by factors such as de-unionization, education, occupations, and industry changes.
Labour Economics, 2016
• More than half of young adult immigrants obtain their highest degree in Canada. • Imputation me... more • More than half of young adult immigrants obtain their highest degree in Canada. • Imputation method underestimates Canadian education for young adult immigrants. • Country of highest education degree is the most important for immigrant earnings. • Actual location of study reduces wage penalties associated with countries of birth. • Portability of foreign human capital is heterogeneous across fields of study.
Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 2015
Using data from the Statistics Canada National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY),... more Using data from the Statistics Canada National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), this paper investigates the impact of school entry age on inattentive/hyperactive behaviours. We employ both a cross-provinces-time differences-indifferences approach, and a within-province regression discontinuity design. We find that being young in class causes greater inattentive/hyperactive behaviour, exacerbating any inattentive/hyperactive behavior exhibited prior to school entry. These results also also hold in sibling fixed effect models. Though we do not find gender differences in the effects, because boys are more likely to be inattentive/hyperactive at school entry, they are more affected. These effects persist into early adolescence. Sommaire. Nous utilisons les données de Enquête longitudinale nationale sur les enfants et les jeunes (ELNEJ) pour étudier l'impact de l'âge d'entrée à l'école sur les comportements d'inattention et d'hyperactivité. Nous tirons advantage des différences interprovinciales, qui varient dans le temps, dans le cadre d'une approche de différences-en-différences et nous utilisons aussi des régressions de discontinuité à l'interieur des provinces. Nos résultats démontrent qu'être relativement jeune dans la classe augmente les comportements inattentifs et hyperactifs, spécialement chez les jeunes déjà inattentifs/hyperactifs avant l'entrée à l'école. Ces résultats tiennent également dans des modèles à effets fixes familiaux. Bien que les effets ne soient pas différents entre garçons et filles, parce que les garçons sont plus susceptibles d'être inattentifs/hyperactifs avant d'entrer à l'école, ils sont aussi les plus touchés. Ces effets persistent en début d'adolescence.
This paper develops a bargaining model of wage and employment determination for the public sector... more This paper develops a bargaining model of wage and employment determination for the public sector. The solution to the model generates structural wage and employment equations that are estimated using data from New York State teacher-school district collective bargaining agreements. An advantage of this approach is that the major collective bargaining models (monopoly union, right to manage, efficient contracting, and inefficient contracting) are nested in the structural equations based on flexible functional forms and these models can be empirically tested as restrictions on estimated model parameters. The empirical results suggest that the allocation of resources generated by collective bargaining in New York State public schools is, by and large, not Pareto efficient. Furthermore, it is possible to estimate separate measures of union bargaining power over wages and employment. Empirically, it appears that union bargaining power over wages is around 0.53, while bargaining power ov...
the CEA 2011, the CIFAR SIIWB Workshop, the NBER Summer Institute 2013, and SOLE 2012 for helpful... more the CEA 2011, the CIFAR SIIWB Workshop, the NBER Summer Institute 2013, and SOLE 2012 for helpful comments on this and earlier versions of the manuscript. We thank ICPSR and MTF for allowing us to use the data, and the usual disclaimer applies. The authors are grateful for CIFAR's financial support. Fortin also acknowledges funding from SSHRC Grants #410-2011-0567. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of decomposition methods that have been developed ... more This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of decomposition methods that have been developed since the seminal work of Oaxaca and Blinder in the early 1970s. These methods are used to decompose the difference in a distributional statistic between two groups, or its change over time, into various explanatory factors. While the original work of Oaxaca and Blinder considered the case of the mean, our main focus is on other distributional statistics besides the mean such as quantiles, the Gini coefficient or the variance. We discuss the assumptions required for identifying the different elements of the decomposition, as well as various estimation methods proposed in the literature. We also illustrate how these methods work in practice by discussing existing applications and working through a set of empirical examples throughout the paper.
for helpful suggestions, comments, and discussions. The views expressed herein are those of the a... more for helpful suggestions, comments, and discussions. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.
This paper examines the link between population aging and the human capital investments of youth.... more This paper examines the link between population aging and the human capital investments of youth. The study proceeds in three steps. First, we estimate an updated version of the Card and
Econometrica, 2009
We propose a new regression method to estimate the impact of explanatory variables on quantiles o... more We propose a new regression method to estimate the impact of explanatory variables on quantiles of the unconditional (marginal) distribution of an outcome variable. The proposed method consists of running a regression of the (recentered) influence function (RIF) of the unconditional quantile on the explanatory variables. The influence function is a widely used tool in robust estimation that can easily be computed for each quantile of interest. We show how standard partial effects, as well as policy effects, can be estimated using our regression approach. We propose three different regression estimators based on a standard OLS regression (RIF-OLS), a logit regression (RIF-Logit), and a nonparametric logit regression (RIF-OLS). We also discuss how our approach can be generalized to other distributional statistics besides quantiles.
Econometrica, 1996
This paper presents a semiparametric procedure to analyze the effects of institutional and labor ... more This paper presents a semiparametric procedure to analyze the effects of institutional and labor market factors on recent changes in the U.S. distribution of wages. The effects of these factors are estimated by applying kernel density methods to appropriately weighted samples. The procedure provides a visually clear representation of where in the density of wages these various factors exert the greatest impact. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we find, as in previous research, that de-unionization and supply and demand shocks were important factors in explaining the rise in wage inequality from 1979 to 1988. We find also compelling visual and quantitative evidence that the decline in the real value of the minimum wage explains a substantial proportion of this increase in wage inequality, particularly for women. We conclude that labor market institutions are as important as supply and demand considerations in explaining changes in the U.S. distribution of wages from 1979 to 1988.
Canadian Public Policy, 2012
Considerable concern has recently been expressed worldwide about growing income inequality. Much ... more Considerable concern has recently been expressed worldwide about growing income inequality. Much of the discussion, though, has been in general terms and focused on the US experience. To understand whether and how Canada ought to respond to this development, we need to be clear on the facts. This paper documents Canadian patterns in income inequality and investigates the top 1 percent of earners—the group receiving the most attention. We summarize what is known about the causes of growing income inequality, including the role of gender wage differences. Finally, we outline policy options for reducing—or slowing the growth of—inequality.
Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d`Economique, 2001
Ce document est publié dans l'intention de rendre accessibles les résultats préliminaires de la r... more Ce document est publié dans l'intention de rendre accessibles les résultats préliminaires de la recherche effectuée au CIRANO, afin de susciter des échanges et des suggestions. Les idées et les opinions émises sont sous l'unique responsabilité des auteurs, et ne représentent pas nécessairement les positions du CIRANO ou de ses partenaires. This paper presents preliminary research carried out at CIRANO and aims at encouraging discussion and comment. The observations and viewpoints expressed are the sole responsibility of the authors. They do not necessarily represent positions of CIRANO or its partners.