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Papers by Nikhilesh Kumar

Research paper thumbnail of Seroprevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Diseases in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern India: A Five Year Retrospective Study

NATIONAL JOURNAL OF LABORATORY MEDICINE

Introduction: Although transfusion of blood and its components is life saving but it may also pos... more Introduction: Although transfusion of blood and its components is life saving but it may also pose a threat to life as with every unit of blood there is 1% chance of transfusion associated problems which include the transfusion of transmitted diseases as well. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Government of India) under The Drug and Cosmetic Act, 1945 (amended from time to time) mandates the screening of blood donations against five major infections- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Syphilis and Malaria. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) among blood donors in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective five year study from February 2016 to January 2021. The study was undertaken at TS Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The sample size included 5420 blood donors. The data concerning type of donors, gender and results of s...

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrum of Premalignant and Malignant Oral and Oropharyngeal Lesions in a Tertiary Care Hospital of the Indo-Gangetic Plain

Background: Cancer of the oral cavity accounts for the highest number of cases in men in India an... more Background: Cancer of the oral cavity accounts for the highest number of cases in men in India and is the second most common cancer in females in India. The burden of oral premalignant and malignant lesions is escalating in our nation. Aim: To assess the spectrum of oral and oropharyngeal premalignant and malignant lesions in our region based on histopathological findings. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of 91 biopsies of oral and oropharyngeal premalignant and malignant lesions was undertaken. The neoplasms were categorised on the basis of World Health Organization classification. Result: Out of a total of 147 cases of oral and oropharyngeal biopsies received over a four-year duration, 91 cases showed either premalignant, benign or malignant change. 36 lesions (24.48%) were premalignant and 47(31.9%) were malignant. Leukoplakia was the most common premalignant lesion and Well-differentiated Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion encountered in ...

Research paper thumbnail of The histomorphological pattern of various tonsillar lesions. A 3-year study in the tertiary care center

Tropical Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 2020

Introduction: Palatine tonsils are paired masses of lymphoid tissue, which act as an immunologicb... more Introduction: Palatine tonsils are paired masses of lymphoid tissue, which act as an immunologicbarrier against the entry of pathogenic agents into the respiratory and digestive tracts. Tonsillitis is acommon disease, especially among children. Chronic tonsillitis is a disease with repeated attacks ofacute tonsillitis or a sub-clinic form of a resistant or poorly treated infection. Aim: To determine theclinicopathological findings in various lesions of tonsillectomy in the palatine tonsil. Materials andmethods: This is a retrospective study where 105 (Unilateral-20, Bilateral) cases ofhistopathologically identified tonsillectomy specimens as well as 4 tonsillar biopsies were included.The available data for all the patients as regards age, sex, and clinical symptoms were collected.Sections were taken from tonsillectomy specimens from representative areas while tonsillar biopsieswere processed completely. Routine hematoxylin and eosin staining was done along with this specialstain- PA...

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrum of pap smear cytology in women presenting in a tertiary care center in north India-a two year study

IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research, 2021

Context: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in the world after breast cancer and is... more Context: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in the world after breast cancer and is the most common gynecological cancer in the developing countries. Pap Smear is a simple and cost effective screening tests for early diagnosis of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the spectrum of cervical pap smear cytology in a tertiary hospital. The reporting of the pap smear was based on 2014 Bethesda system Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective two year study done in a tertiary Hospital in TSM Hospital from June 2016 to June 2018. All Pap smears received from women were included in our study. Total of 450 pap smears were stained by conventional papanicolaou technique and reported by Bethesda system 2014. Results: Out of 450 cases, 411 cases (91.3%) were reported as negative for intraepithelial lesion/malignancy, 31 cases (6.9%) were showing epithelial cell abnormality and 8 cases (1.7%) were unsatisfactory. In negative fo...

Research paper thumbnail of Coronary Artery Disease, Platelet Volume Indices

Research paper thumbnail of Histomorphological spectrum of endometrial lesion in women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding: A 3-year study at a tertiary care center

Tropical Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 2018

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the most common presentation amongst the women o... more Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the most common presentation amongst the women of all age groups attending the gynecology Out Patient Department. Histopathological evaluation of the endometrial samples plays a significant role in the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding. Aim: To determine the various histomorphological patterns of the endometrium in women presenting with AUB. Material and Method: A retrospective analysis of 183 patients age ranged from 15 to 71 years, presenting with AUB was done who underwent endometrial sampling during a 3-year period from August 2015 to July 2018 in Department of Pathology at T.S Misra Medical College and hospital. Detailed clinical history like age, menstrual status including painful bleeding, heavy menstrual bleeding, periodicity & regularity of cycle were obtained from the case records. Patients were categorized into reproductive age group, perimenopausal and postmenopausal. Specimens were routinely processed and stained with Haematoxylin& Eosin stain and microscopic morphological evaluation was done. Results: The most common age group affected is perimnopausal presenting withAUB frequently seen in 41-50 years of age group (47.5%). The commonest Histomorphological pattern in these patients was proliferative endometrium (38.8%), secretory endometrium (16.3%), endometrial hyperplasia seen in 22 cases (12.0%), hormonal changes/Pill endometrium were seen in 6.0% of the cases and least number cases were of endometrial carcinoma forming 1.1% of the total cases taken in the study. Conclusion: In our study patients with AUB show variable pathology on endometrial biopsy as milder as inflammatory cause to as notorious as malignancy.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of anaemia in adolescents and young adult population in a tertiary care hospital of North India

Background: Anaemia is a very common health problem seen globally as well as in India, more preva... more Background: Anaemia is a very common health problem seen globally as well as in India, more prevalent in pre-school children and women of reproductive age group. Objective: In this study we have focussed on the prevalence of anaemia in young population excluding pregnant and lactating females to get an idea of severity, types and causes of anaemia in this most productive age in our region. Materials and Methods: The present study is done in T S Misra Medical College and Hospital, Amausi, Lucknow. It is a six months duration retrospective study done in the 15-30 years age group population. Haemoglobin estimation and General blood picture were noted to categorize anaemia. Results and Conclusion : A total of 2761 patients had undergone complete blood counts/ peripheral smear examination of which 1040 (37.66%) were found to be anaemic, categorized on the basis of WHO cut-off ranges for diagnosis and severity of anaemia. The prevalence was higher in female patients -40.17% (severe catego...

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical analysis and correlation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression status with clinicopathological parameters in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: An Indian perspective

Context: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) poses a major health problem and despite t... more Context: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) poses a major health problem and despite the advancements in its diagnosis and management the overall survival has not improved significantly. A search for newer diagnostic and prognostic markers along with fresh molecular targets is required for its prevention and cure. Aims: The study aims to study the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in HNSCCs and investigate its correlation with the clinicopathological profile of these cases. This study was performed to determine the significance of COX-2 expression in the Indian context. Settings and Design: This study incorporated 90 cases of HNSCCs; both prospectively and retrospectively in a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: Expression of COX-2 on immunohistochemistry (IHC) was evaluated in correlation with the histological grade, maximum tumor size, tumor depth, nodal status and lymphovascular/perineural invasion (lvi/pni). The study received a waiver from the instituti...

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrum of lesions of head and neck in a medical college of North India

Indian Journal of Pathology and Oncology

Head and neck lesions especially oral cancers and pre-cancerous lesions have a high prevalence in... more Head and neck lesions especially oral cancers and pre-cancerous lesions have a high prevalence in India, especially in states like Uttar Pradesh pertaining to use of Pan masala, smokeless tobacco and zarda in the population. The lesions are common in patients of all age groups.This histopathology based study was conducted for the assessment of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of head and neck in the region around North Indian city of Lucknow.This is a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology, T S Misra Medical college and Hospital, Amausi, Lucknow. The head and neck cases for time period of two years and eight months were retrieved from the histopathologic section of department. Thorough analysis of these specimens was done and data was compiled based on histomorphological diagnosis and other parameters like site of lesion, sex and age group.Study was done for 189 biopsies from head and neck region. Peak incidence of case was seen in 21-50 years age group, i...

Research paper thumbnail of Histomorphological features of benign soft tissue tumors in a medical college of North India

IP Journal of Diagnostic Pathology and Oncology

Introduction: Soft tissue tumors are tumors originating from non-epithelial tissues of the body a... more Introduction: Soft tissue tumors are tumors originating from non-epithelial tissues of the body and are seen in extra skeletal location. They do not include glia, reticulo-endothelial system and other supporting tissues of different parenchymal organs. Classification of soft tissue tumors has histogenetic basis, based on the adult tissue to which they bear a resemblance. Objective: To evaluate the histomorphological features of benign soft tissue tumors in the different age groups and gender as seen in a medical college of North India, giving clue about prevalence of disease morphology in particular region. Materials and Methods: This study was retrospective and was done in the department of Pathology, T. S. Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. All biopsies diagnosed as benign soft tissue tumors in our Pathology department during study period of two years and eight months were reviewed retrospectively in the present study. Results and Conclusion: Benign soft tissue tumors in our region have the peak age of incidence in the fourth decade of life. They are slightly more common in males with male: female ratio of 1.6:1. Commonest benign soft tissue tumor is lipomatous tumor. Extremities are the commonest site of these soft tissue tumors.

Research paper thumbnail of Histomorphological spectrum of neoplastic and non-neoplastic breast lesions –A two year study in a teaching hospital of North India

IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research

Introduction: Lump in the breast is commonly encountered in the surgical clinics. Timely and accu... more Introduction: Lump in the breast is commonly encountered in the surgical clinics. Timely and accurate diagnosis of a breast lump can, not only prevent anxiety but also early intervention can be life saving. In India, breast cancer form the second most common malignancy after cervical cancer. Objective: A retrospective study of 2 years duration was undertaken to determine the histopathological spectrum of breast lesions including both benign and malignant lesions. Materials and Methods: The study was undertaken to know the histological spectrum of breast diseases of TSM medical college and hospital from 20 September 2016 to 20 September 2018. A total of 114 breast tissues sent for histopathology were studied. Result: Out of 114 cases, benign lesions constituted 86% (98 cases) and malignant lesions constituted 14% (16 cases). The commonest benign lesion was Fibroadenoma (51% of all benign lesions) and the commonest malignant lesion was Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma (62% of all malignant lesions). Few uncommon lesions like Adenomyoepithelioma, flat duct aypia, atypical ductal hyperplasia and papillary carcinoma were detected. Conclusion: Benign breast diseases are the commonest breast diseases in which fbroadenoma is the most common variety. Invasive Ductal carcinoma is the most common histological type of malignant tumor.

Research paper thumbnail of Incidental Presentation of Microfilaria in Cytological Smears at Different Sites with Coexisting Unusual Pathology

Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Microfilaria is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. ... more Background: Microfilaria is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. Wuchereria bancrofti is the most common filarial infection. Despite its high incidence it is unusual to find microfilaria in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smear and body fluids. Out of these very few cases reported of coexisting microfilaria with neoplasm in the cytology. In literature however role of Microfilaria in tumorogenesis is controversial and not proven yet. The Aim of this study was showing importance of cytology (FNAC) in diagnosis of filariasis in lesions clinically anticipated to be of neoplastic /benign and to review the cytomorphology of bancroftian filaria and its association with neoplasm. Methods: This is a retrospective study carried out in department of Pathology in T. S. Misra medical College and Hospital, Lucknow. Cytological records from last one year from December 2016 to November 2017 were taken of FNAC from different swelling, body fluids and screen for filariasis and its association with neoplasm. Results: Out of 510 cases 17 cases showed microfilaria. Out of 17 cases 04 cases associated with malignant cells and remaining 13 cases with benign lesion. Conclusion: Despite high incidence of filariasis, microfilaria in FNAC is not a very common finding. As a consequence, careful screening of cytological smear can be definitive diagnosis of early, asymptomatic and clinically unanticipated cases of bancroftian filariasis.

Research paper thumbnail of Histopathological spectrum of neoplastic tumours of female reproductive system –A two year study in a rural tertiary care centre in India

IP Journal of Diagnostic Pathology and Oncology

Aim: This study summarises the frequency of occurrence of various neoplastic lesions (benign and ... more Aim: This study summarises the frequency of occurrence of various neoplastic lesions (benign and malignant) of the female reproductive system which includes uterus, cervix, ovaries, vagina, vulva and breasts in a rural tertiary care center in a period of two years. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study carried out in TSM medical college, Lucknow. Two hundred and twenty three formalin fixed surgical specimens of female reproductive system from Sep 2016 to Sep 2018 were subjected for histopathological examination under light microscopy. All neoplastic lesions were included and non-neoplastic lesions were excluded from the study. Result: A total of 223 cases representing various neoplastic lesions of female reproductive system were studied. Out of which 186 were benign and 37 were malignant. Among total neoplasms 71 cases were from breast, 12 cases were from cervix, 102 were from uterus, 37 cases were from ovaries and 1 case from vulva. Out of benign, majority were from uterus 98 cases (all leiomyomas). Out of malignant, maximum cases were of Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma breast (10 cases) followed by cervical cancer (8 cases) and then carcinoma ovary (5 cases) followed by carcinoma endometrium (4 cases). Conclusion: Benign tumour, leiomyoma is the commonest neoplasm in female reproductive system. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma breast is the commonest malignant tumour followed by cervical carcinoma.

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrum of lymphadenopathy on fine needle aspiration cytology-A 3 year retrospective study in a tertiary care centre

IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research

Introduction: Lymphadenopathy is seen commonly in patients attending the medical outpatient depar... more Introduction: Lymphadenopathy is seen commonly in patients attending the medical outpatient departments. FNAC is an easy and rapid diagnostic test. FNAC gives early direction to treatment protocol to be followed. Aim: To study the different cytological spectrum associated with various lymphadenopathy and different lesions with respect to age and sex. Materials and Methods: In our study, all cases of peripheral lymphadenopathies who had come to the cytology department for FNAC over a period of 3 years from 1st July 2015 to 1st July 2018 were included. It was a retrospective study. Results: During a course of threeyears a total of 100 cases were received and were studied. Of these 6 cases were inconclusive due to unsatisfactory and haemorragicsmears; 83 cases were benign and 11 cases were neoplastic. The ages of patients were from 6 months to 65 years. Males were 54 and females were 46 in number. Reactive (27 cases), granulomatous (30 cases), Tuberculosis (4 cases), suppurative (14 cases), necrotic (5 cases), lymph node with filariasis (2 cases), metastasis (8 cases), lymphomas (3 cases). Conclusion: FNAC is an easy, quick and good test to offer rapid diagnosis for lymphadenopathies and guide towards appropriate and timely treatment without the need of biopsy. Keywords: FNAC, Lymphadenopathy, Benign, Neoplastic, Reactive, Granulomatous, Metastasis.

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrum of skin lesions including skin adnexal tumors in a North Indian tertiary care hospital

IP Journal of Diagnostic Pathology and Oncology

Aims: This study was undertaken in a tertiary care hospital in North Indian state of Uttar Prades... more Aims: This study was undertaken in a tertiary care hospital in North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh to evaluate the pattern of skin diseases and various skin neoplasms in biopsy specimens. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 109 skin biopsies was undertaken. The neoplasms were categorised as per International Classification of World Health Organization. Results: Keratinous cyst (59 cases) was the most common non-neoplastic skin lesion and it represented 79.7% of nonneoplastic skin lesions. The most common neoplastic skin lesions were soft tissue tumors of vascular origin encompassing pyogenic granuloma which was 34.2% of skin tumors. Commonest malignant neoplasm was squamous cell carcinoma which is categorized under classification of keratinocytic tumors of skin. Conclusion: Histopathological examination is essential for the diagnosis and classification of various skin lesions including skin tumors which helps in proper treatment of the patient.

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical Analysis & Correlation of EGFR and Ki-67 Expression Status with Clinicopathological Parameters in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: An Indian Perspective

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research

Research paper thumbnail of Correlation of Platelet Volume Indices (Pvi) with Spectrum of Coronary Artery Disease: A Prospective Study in Indian Scenario

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences

BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease is new epidemic of the current millennium and is the leading c... more BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease is new epidemic of the current millennium and is the leading cause of death worldwide. Platelet size reflects its activity and have definitive role in causing its pathogenesis and its complications as larger platelets are metabolically and enzymatically more active. The aim of this study was to study Platelet Volume Indices (PVI) in the spectrum of coronary artery diseases. METHOD AND MATERIALS In this prospective study, 230 cases were studied. Group I-100 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or unstable angina (UA). Group II-100 patients had stable coronary artery disease. Group III-30 healthy and age matched controls from health checkup with no history of heart disease and normal electrocardiogram. The anticoagulated peripheral blood sample were collected from each patient and analysed in a 3-part semiautomated haematology analyser and PVI were tabulated.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of manual Mycobacterium growth indicator tube for isolation and susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for implementation in low and medium volume laboratories

Medical Journal Armed Forces India

Research paper thumbnail of Clear Cell Myoepithelioma - A Rare Presentation in Nasal Cavity

Otolaryngology - Open Journal, 2016

Myoepitheliomas are predominantly tumors of salivary glands constituting less than 1% of all sali... more Myoepitheliomas are predominantly tumors of salivary glands constituting less than 1% of all salivary gland tumors. A 65 year old women presented with bleeding unilateral mass for 03 months. Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) revealed a heterogeneously enhancing mass lesion arising from right anterior ethmoid air cells and filling the right nasal cavity entirely. Endoscope guided endoscopic biopsy was performed. Histopathological examination showed a well circumscribed tumour arranged in small glands and sheets. Tumor cell were immunopositive for S100 (Ib), Cytokeratin (CK) and Vimetin (focally) while negative for chromogranin, synaptophysin, CD 10 and Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA). MIB-Labelling Index was <5%. With these features a diagnosis of clear cell myoepithelioma was made. Nasal myoepithelioma is an extremely rare low-grade neoplasm. Nasal myoepitheliomas are composed of myoepithelial cells with solid, myxoid or reticular patterns of growth. The cells themselves may be clear-cell type, spindle-shaped, plasmacytoid and epithetlioid. In all reported cases of myoepithelioma, surgery was the mainstay treatment. Partial maxillectomy via a lateral rhinotomy approach, Caldwell-Luc procedure has been recommended for patients who were suspected to have a low-grade sarcomatous neoplasm. Only five cases have been reported in sinonasal region. We report the second case to be managed endoscopically. We report an extremely rare benign tumor of nasal cavity (clear cell myoepithelioma) which was managed endoscopically with recurrence within 6 months. The recurrence was also managed endoscopically. This case highlights the varied malignancies which may be encountered in sinonasal region.

Research paper thumbnail of Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in carcinoma gallbladder: A prospective study in Indian scenario

Journal of cancer research and therapeutics

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis and complete surgical resec... more Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis and complete surgical resection offering the only cure. Increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression has been noted in various cancers including GBC. Several studies across the world have examined the expression of EGFR in GBC. This study has been done to see the EGFR expression in GBC in Indian context. Fifty cases of GBC were evaluated histopathologically using hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Immunohistochemical assessment of EGFR expression was done, and scoring was done as per Kaufman et al. Data were collected, tabulated, and analyzed statistically by SPSS 16.0 version (Chicago, Inc., USA) software. Of 50 cases, 44 revealed EGFR over-expression while 6 were negative. Of the 44 cases, 10 had weak EGFR immunostaining intensity (1+), 26 had moderate (2+), and 8 showed strong EGFR immunostaining (3+). We found that most of the cases showing weak EGFR immunostaining intensity (1+) were well...

Research paper thumbnail of Seroprevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Diseases in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern India: A Five Year Retrospective Study

NATIONAL JOURNAL OF LABORATORY MEDICINE

Introduction: Although transfusion of blood and its components is life saving but it may also pos... more Introduction: Although transfusion of blood and its components is life saving but it may also pose a threat to life as with every unit of blood there is 1% chance of transfusion associated problems which include the transfusion of transmitted diseases as well. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Government of India) under The Drug and Cosmetic Act, 1945 (amended from time to time) mandates the screening of blood donations against five major infections- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Syphilis and Malaria. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) among blood donors in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective five year study from February 2016 to January 2021. The study was undertaken at TS Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The sample size included 5420 blood donors. The data concerning type of donors, gender and results of s...

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrum of Premalignant and Malignant Oral and Oropharyngeal Lesions in a Tertiary Care Hospital of the Indo-Gangetic Plain

Background: Cancer of the oral cavity accounts for the highest number of cases in men in India an... more Background: Cancer of the oral cavity accounts for the highest number of cases in men in India and is the second most common cancer in females in India. The burden of oral premalignant and malignant lesions is escalating in our nation. Aim: To assess the spectrum of oral and oropharyngeal premalignant and malignant lesions in our region based on histopathological findings. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of 91 biopsies of oral and oropharyngeal premalignant and malignant lesions was undertaken. The neoplasms were categorised on the basis of World Health Organization classification. Result: Out of a total of 147 cases of oral and oropharyngeal biopsies received over a four-year duration, 91 cases showed either premalignant, benign or malignant change. 36 lesions (24.48%) were premalignant and 47(31.9%) were malignant. Leukoplakia was the most common premalignant lesion and Well-differentiated Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion encountered in ...

Research paper thumbnail of The histomorphological pattern of various tonsillar lesions. A 3-year study in the tertiary care center

Tropical Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 2020

Introduction: Palatine tonsils are paired masses of lymphoid tissue, which act as an immunologicb... more Introduction: Palatine tonsils are paired masses of lymphoid tissue, which act as an immunologicbarrier against the entry of pathogenic agents into the respiratory and digestive tracts. Tonsillitis is acommon disease, especially among children. Chronic tonsillitis is a disease with repeated attacks ofacute tonsillitis or a sub-clinic form of a resistant or poorly treated infection. Aim: To determine theclinicopathological findings in various lesions of tonsillectomy in the palatine tonsil. Materials andmethods: This is a retrospective study where 105 (Unilateral-20, Bilateral) cases ofhistopathologically identified tonsillectomy specimens as well as 4 tonsillar biopsies were included.The available data for all the patients as regards age, sex, and clinical symptoms were collected.Sections were taken from tonsillectomy specimens from representative areas while tonsillar biopsieswere processed completely. Routine hematoxylin and eosin staining was done along with this specialstain- PA...

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrum of pap smear cytology in women presenting in a tertiary care center in north India-a two year study

IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research, 2021

Context: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in the world after breast cancer and is... more Context: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in the world after breast cancer and is the most common gynecological cancer in the developing countries. Pap Smear is a simple and cost effective screening tests for early diagnosis of premalignant and malignant cervical lesions. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the spectrum of cervical pap smear cytology in a tertiary hospital. The reporting of the pap smear was based on 2014 Bethesda system Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective two year study done in a tertiary Hospital in TSM Hospital from June 2016 to June 2018. All Pap smears received from women were included in our study. Total of 450 pap smears were stained by conventional papanicolaou technique and reported by Bethesda system 2014. Results: Out of 450 cases, 411 cases (91.3%) were reported as negative for intraepithelial lesion/malignancy, 31 cases (6.9%) were showing epithelial cell abnormality and 8 cases (1.7%) were unsatisfactory. In negative fo...

Research paper thumbnail of Coronary Artery Disease, Platelet Volume Indices

Research paper thumbnail of Histomorphological spectrum of endometrial lesion in women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding: A 3-year study at a tertiary care center

Tropical Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 2018

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the most common presentation amongst the women o... more Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the most common presentation amongst the women of all age groups attending the gynecology Out Patient Department. Histopathological evaluation of the endometrial samples plays a significant role in the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding. Aim: To determine the various histomorphological patterns of the endometrium in women presenting with AUB. Material and Method: A retrospective analysis of 183 patients age ranged from 15 to 71 years, presenting with AUB was done who underwent endometrial sampling during a 3-year period from August 2015 to July 2018 in Department of Pathology at T.S Misra Medical College and hospital. Detailed clinical history like age, menstrual status including painful bleeding, heavy menstrual bleeding, periodicity & regularity of cycle were obtained from the case records. Patients were categorized into reproductive age group, perimenopausal and postmenopausal. Specimens were routinely processed and stained with Haematoxylin& Eosin stain and microscopic morphological evaluation was done. Results: The most common age group affected is perimnopausal presenting withAUB frequently seen in 41-50 years of age group (47.5%). The commonest Histomorphological pattern in these patients was proliferative endometrium (38.8%), secretory endometrium (16.3%), endometrial hyperplasia seen in 22 cases (12.0%), hormonal changes/Pill endometrium were seen in 6.0% of the cases and least number cases were of endometrial carcinoma forming 1.1% of the total cases taken in the study. Conclusion: In our study patients with AUB show variable pathology on endometrial biopsy as milder as inflammatory cause to as notorious as malignancy.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of anaemia in adolescents and young adult population in a tertiary care hospital of North India

Background: Anaemia is a very common health problem seen globally as well as in India, more preva... more Background: Anaemia is a very common health problem seen globally as well as in India, more prevalent in pre-school children and women of reproductive age group. Objective: In this study we have focussed on the prevalence of anaemia in young population excluding pregnant and lactating females to get an idea of severity, types and causes of anaemia in this most productive age in our region. Materials and Methods: The present study is done in T S Misra Medical College and Hospital, Amausi, Lucknow. It is a six months duration retrospective study done in the 15-30 years age group population. Haemoglobin estimation and General blood picture were noted to categorize anaemia. Results and Conclusion : A total of 2761 patients had undergone complete blood counts/ peripheral smear examination of which 1040 (37.66%) were found to be anaemic, categorized on the basis of WHO cut-off ranges for diagnosis and severity of anaemia. The prevalence was higher in female patients -40.17% (severe catego...

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical analysis and correlation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression status with clinicopathological parameters in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: An Indian perspective

Context: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) poses a major health problem and despite t... more Context: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) poses a major health problem and despite the advancements in its diagnosis and management the overall survival has not improved significantly. A search for newer diagnostic and prognostic markers along with fresh molecular targets is required for its prevention and cure. Aims: The study aims to study the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in HNSCCs and investigate its correlation with the clinicopathological profile of these cases. This study was performed to determine the significance of COX-2 expression in the Indian context. Settings and Design: This study incorporated 90 cases of HNSCCs; both prospectively and retrospectively in a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: Expression of COX-2 on immunohistochemistry (IHC) was evaluated in correlation with the histological grade, maximum tumor size, tumor depth, nodal status and lymphovascular/perineural invasion (lvi/pni). The study received a waiver from the instituti...

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrum of lesions of head and neck in a medical college of North India

Indian Journal of Pathology and Oncology

Head and neck lesions especially oral cancers and pre-cancerous lesions have a high prevalence in... more Head and neck lesions especially oral cancers and pre-cancerous lesions have a high prevalence in India, especially in states like Uttar Pradesh pertaining to use of Pan masala, smokeless tobacco and zarda in the population. The lesions are common in patients of all age groups.This histopathology based study was conducted for the assessment of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of head and neck in the region around North Indian city of Lucknow.This is a retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology, T S Misra Medical college and Hospital, Amausi, Lucknow. The head and neck cases for time period of two years and eight months were retrieved from the histopathologic section of department. Thorough analysis of these specimens was done and data was compiled based on histomorphological diagnosis and other parameters like site of lesion, sex and age group.Study was done for 189 biopsies from head and neck region. Peak incidence of case was seen in 21-50 years age group, i...

Research paper thumbnail of Histomorphological features of benign soft tissue tumors in a medical college of North India

IP Journal of Diagnostic Pathology and Oncology

Introduction: Soft tissue tumors are tumors originating from non-epithelial tissues of the body a... more Introduction: Soft tissue tumors are tumors originating from non-epithelial tissues of the body and are seen in extra skeletal location. They do not include glia, reticulo-endothelial system and other supporting tissues of different parenchymal organs. Classification of soft tissue tumors has histogenetic basis, based on the adult tissue to which they bear a resemblance. Objective: To evaluate the histomorphological features of benign soft tissue tumors in the different age groups and gender as seen in a medical college of North India, giving clue about prevalence of disease morphology in particular region. Materials and Methods: This study was retrospective and was done in the department of Pathology, T. S. Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. All biopsies diagnosed as benign soft tissue tumors in our Pathology department during study period of two years and eight months were reviewed retrospectively in the present study. Results and Conclusion: Benign soft tissue tumors in our region have the peak age of incidence in the fourth decade of life. They are slightly more common in males with male: female ratio of 1.6:1. Commonest benign soft tissue tumor is lipomatous tumor. Extremities are the commonest site of these soft tissue tumors.

Research paper thumbnail of Histomorphological spectrum of neoplastic and non-neoplastic breast lesions –A two year study in a teaching hospital of North India

IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research

Introduction: Lump in the breast is commonly encountered in the surgical clinics. Timely and accu... more Introduction: Lump in the breast is commonly encountered in the surgical clinics. Timely and accurate diagnosis of a breast lump can, not only prevent anxiety but also early intervention can be life saving. In India, breast cancer form the second most common malignancy after cervical cancer. Objective: A retrospective study of 2 years duration was undertaken to determine the histopathological spectrum of breast lesions including both benign and malignant lesions. Materials and Methods: The study was undertaken to know the histological spectrum of breast diseases of TSM medical college and hospital from 20 September 2016 to 20 September 2018. A total of 114 breast tissues sent for histopathology were studied. Result: Out of 114 cases, benign lesions constituted 86% (98 cases) and malignant lesions constituted 14% (16 cases). The commonest benign lesion was Fibroadenoma (51% of all benign lesions) and the commonest malignant lesion was Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma (62% of all malignant lesions). Few uncommon lesions like Adenomyoepithelioma, flat duct aypia, atypical ductal hyperplasia and papillary carcinoma were detected. Conclusion: Benign breast diseases are the commonest breast diseases in which fbroadenoma is the most common variety. Invasive Ductal carcinoma is the most common histological type of malignant tumor.

Research paper thumbnail of Incidental Presentation of Microfilaria in Cytological Smears at Different Sites with Coexisting Unusual Pathology

Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Background: Microfilaria is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. ... more Background: Microfilaria is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. Wuchereria bancrofti is the most common filarial infection. Despite its high incidence it is unusual to find microfilaria in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) smear and body fluids. Out of these very few cases reported of coexisting microfilaria with neoplasm in the cytology. In literature however role of Microfilaria in tumorogenesis is controversial and not proven yet. The Aim of this study was showing importance of cytology (FNAC) in diagnosis of filariasis in lesions clinically anticipated to be of neoplastic /benign and to review the cytomorphology of bancroftian filaria and its association with neoplasm. Methods: This is a retrospective study carried out in department of Pathology in T. S. Misra medical College and Hospital, Lucknow. Cytological records from last one year from December 2016 to November 2017 were taken of FNAC from different swelling, body fluids and screen for filariasis and its association with neoplasm. Results: Out of 510 cases 17 cases showed microfilaria. Out of 17 cases 04 cases associated with malignant cells and remaining 13 cases with benign lesion. Conclusion: Despite high incidence of filariasis, microfilaria in FNAC is not a very common finding. As a consequence, careful screening of cytological smear can be definitive diagnosis of early, asymptomatic and clinically unanticipated cases of bancroftian filariasis.

Research paper thumbnail of Histopathological spectrum of neoplastic tumours of female reproductive system –A two year study in a rural tertiary care centre in India

IP Journal of Diagnostic Pathology and Oncology

Aim: This study summarises the frequency of occurrence of various neoplastic lesions (benign and ... more Aim: This study summarises the frequency of occurrence of various neoplastic lesions (benign and malignant) of the female reproductive system which includes uterus, cervix, ovaries, vagina, vulva and breasts in a rural tertiary care center in a period of two years. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study carried out in TSM medical college, Lucknow. Two hundred and twenty three formalin fixed surgical specimens of female reproductive system from Sep 2016 to Sep 2018 were subjected for histopathological examination under light microscopy. All neoplastic lesions were included and non-neoplastic lesions were excluded from the study. Result: A total of 223 cases representing various neoplastic lesions of female reproductive system were studied. Out of which 186 were benign and 37 were malignant. Among total neoplasms 71 cases were from breast, 12 cases were from cervix, 102 were from uterus, 37 cases were from ovaries and 1 case from vulva. Out of benign, majority were from uterus 98 cases (all leiomyomas). Out of malignant, maximum cases were of Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma breast (10 cases) followed by cervical cancer (8 cases) and then carcinoma ovary (5 cases) followed by carcinoma endometrium (4 cases). Conclusion: Benign tumour, leiomyoma is the commonest neoplasm in female reproductive system. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma breast is the commonest malignant tumour followed by cervical carcinoma.

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrum of lymphadenopathy on fine needle aspiration cytology-A 3 year retrospective study in a tertiary care centre

IP Archives of Cytology and Histopathology Research

Introduction: Lymphadenopathy is seen commonly in patients attending the medical outpatient depar... more Introduction: Lymphadenopathy is seen commonly in patients attending the medical outpatient departments. FNAC is an easy and rapid diagnostic test. FNAC gives early direction to treatment protocol to be followed. Aim: To study the different cytological spectrum associated with various lymphadenopathy and different lesions with respect to age and sex. Materials and Methods: In our study, all cases of peripheral lymphadenopathies who had come to the cytology department for FNAC over a period of 3 years from 1st July 2015 to 1st July 2018 were included. It was a retrospective study. Results: During a course of threeyears a total of 100 cases were received and were studied. Of these 6 cases were inconclusive due to unsatisfactory and haemorragicsmears; 83 cases were benign and 11 cases were neoplastic. The ages of patients were from 6 months to 65 years. Males were 54 and females were 46 in number. Reactive (27 cases), granulomatous (30 cases), Tuberculosis (4 cases), suppurative (14 cases), necrotic (5 cases), lymph node with filariasis (2 cases), metastasis (8 cases), lymphomas (3 cases). Conclusion: FNAC is an easy, quick and good test to offer rapid diagnosis for lymphadenopathies and guide towards appropriate and timely treatment without the need of biopsy. Keywords: FNAC, Lymphadenopathy, Benign, Neoplastic, Reactive, Granulomatous, Metastasis.

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrum of skin lesions including skin adnexal tumors in a North Indian tertiary care hospital

IP Journal of Diagnostic Pathology and Oncology

Aims: This study was undertaken in a tertiary care hospital in North Indian state of Uttar Prades... more Aims: This study was undertaken in a tertiary care hospital in North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh to evaluate the pattern of skin diseases and various skin neoplasms in biopsy specimens. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 109 skin biopsies was undertaken. The neoplasms were categorised as per International Classification of World Health Organization. Results: Keratinous cyst (59 cases) was the most common non-neoplastic skin lesion and it represented 79.7% of nonneoplastic skin lesions. The most common neoplastic skin lesions were soft tissue tumors of vascular origin encompassing pyogenic granuloma which was 34.2% of skin tumors. Commonest malignant neoplasm was squamous cell carcinoma which is categorized under classification of keratinocytic tumors of skin. Conclusion: Histopathological examination is essential for the diagnosis and classification of various skin lesions including skin tumors which helps in proper treatment of the patient.

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical Analysis & Correlation of EGFR and Ki-67 Expression Status with Clinicopathological Parameters in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: An Indian Perspective

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research

Research paper thumbnail of Correlation of Platelet Volume Indices (Pvi) with Spectrum of Coronary Artery Disease: A Prospective Study in Indian Scenario

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences

BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease is new epidemic of the current millennium and is the leading c... more BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease is new epidemic of the current millennium and is the leading cause of death worldwide. Platelet size reflects its activity and have definitive role in causing its pathogenesis and its complications as larger platelets are metabolically and enzymatically more active. The aim of this study was to study Platelet Volume Indices (PVI) in the spectrum of coronary artery diseases. METHOD AND MATERIALS In this prospective study, 230 cases were studied. Group I-100 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or unstable angina (UA). Group II-100 patients had stable coronary artery disease. Group III-30 healthy and age matched controls from health checkup with no history of heart disease and normal electrocardiogram. The anticoagulated peripheral blood sample were collected from each patient and analysed in a 3-part semiautomated haematology analyser and PVI were tabulated.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of manual Mycobacterium growth indicator tube for isolation and susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for implementation in low and medium volume laboratories

Medical Journal Armed Forces India

Research paper thumbnail of Clear Cell Myoepithelioma - A Rare Presentation in Nasal Cavity

Otolaryngology - Open Journal, 2016

Myoepitheliomas are predominantly tumors of salivary glands constituting less than 1% of all sali... more Myoepitheliomas are predominantly tumors of salivary glands constituting less than 1% of all salivary gland tumors. A 65 year old women presented with bleeding unilateral mass for 03 months. Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) revealed a heterogeneously enhancing mass lesion arising from right anterior ethmoid air cells and filling the right nasal cavity entirely. Endoscope guided endoscopic biopsy was performed. Histopathological examination showed a well circumscribed tumour arranged in small glands and sheets. Tumor cell were immunopositive for S100 (Ib), Cytokeratin (CK) and Vimetin (focally) while negative for chromogranin, synaptophysin, CD 10 and Smooth Muscle Actin (SMA). MIB-Labelling Index was <5%. With these features a diagnosis of clear cell myoepithelioma was made. Nasal myoepithelioma is an extremely rare low-grade neoplasm. Nasal myoepitheliomas are composed of myoepithelial cells with solid, myxoid or reticular patterns of growth. The cells themselves may be clear-cell type, spindle-shaped, plasmacytoid and epithetlioid. In all reported cases of myoepithelioma, surgery was the mainstay treatment. Partial maxillectomy via a lateral rhinotomy approach, Caldwell-Luc procedure has been recommended for patients who were suspected to have a low-grade sarcomatous neoplasm. Only five cases have been reported in sinonasal region. We report the second case to be managed endoscopically. We report an extremely rare benign tumor of nasal cavity (clear cell myoepithelioma) which was managed endoscopically with recurrence within 6 months. The recurrence was also managed endoscopically. This case highlights the varied malignancies which may be encountered in sinonasal region.

Research paper thumbnail of Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in carcinoma gallbladder: A prospective study in Indian scenario

Journal of cancer research and therapeutics

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis and complete surgical resec... more Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis and complete surgical resection offering the only cure. Increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression has been noted in various cancers including GBC. Several studies across the world have examined the expression of EGFR in GBC. This study has been done to see the EGFR expression in GBC in Indian context. Fifty cases of GBC were evaluated histopathologically using hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Immunohistochemical assessment of EGFR expression was done, and scoring was done as per Kaufman et al. Data were collected, tabulated, and analyzed statistically by SPSS 16.0 version (Chicago, Inc., USA) software. Of 50 cases, 44 revealed EGFR over-expression while 6 were negative. Of the 44 cases, 10 had weak EGFR immunostaining intensity (1+), 26 had moderate (2+), and 8 showed strong EGFR immunostaining (3+). We found that most of the cases showing weak EGFR immunostaining intensity (1+) were well...