Nimra Hanif - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Nimra Hanif

Global mass communication review, Mar 30, 2024

Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 2024

The steady rise of technological progress has affected the position of scientific achievements an... more The steady rise of technological progress has affected the position of scientific achievements and initiatives and the availability of previously unexplored research fields (Gorjian et al., 2021). Integrating AI with biotechnology is a relatively new development with revolutionary potential in healthcare and this happens because both artificial intelligence and biotechnology are growing and developing rapidly as separate academic disciplines. There is a growing demand for novel solutions to complicated and varied biological problems. AI technology allows for a deeper understanding, modeling, and manipulation of biological processes due to merging these two fields (C. Chen et al., 2022). The healthcare industry benefits significantly from the combination of biotechnology and AI. AI's powerful computational skills are used in the medical and scientific communities to develop cutting-edge diagnostic tools, individualized treatment regimens, and streamlined drug development processes. It is possible to analyze patient data, spot patterns, and predict the results of a disease using AI-based techniques, allowing for more prompt treatment and tailored strategies considering each patient's unique circumstances. By rapidly screening new medication candidates and forecasting their efficacy, artificial intelligence systems save time and money throughout the drug discovery process (Moor et al., 2023). Combining AI with biotech allows for the creation more efficient and cutting-edge methods for bioprocessing. Using machine learning algorithms in bioprocessing enables real-time monitoring and adjustment of variables, which in turn leads to cost savings, higher product quality, and more efficient use of resources. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems can also model and predict optimal bioprocessing conditions, which helps A B S T R A C T The recent advancements in biotechnology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have brought about an industry-transforming convergence with a huge potential to disrupt the healthcare sector. This review paper presents recent case studies on applications, benefits, and challenges in the healthcare industry by looking at the Biotechnology-AI Nexus. This article aims to create some background for further research, supplying information on the contemporary state of AI and biotechnology. Examples of areas covered in the study include drug development, genetics, proteomics, personalized medicine, and medical imaging. In addition, the latest breakthroughs and treatment techniques emerged from the fusion of AI with biotechnological methods such as CRISPR-Cas9 and gene-editing tools. The biotechnology artificial intelligence nexus has several applications. AI-enabled biotechnological breakthroughs may optimize workflow, make healthcare systems more efficient, and save costs in places that are not most needed. Furthermore, AI-powered analytics may illuminate complicated biological processes, creating data-centric choices that increase accuracy and personalization in healthcare. On the other hand, some impediments must be addressed before the Biotechnology-AI Nexus's actualization. Data privacy and security, ethical considerations, regulatory compliance, and cross-cutting teamwork are some of the issues that should be addressed. The possibility for AI and automation to disrupt the employment market also raises concerns regarding the displacement of workers and the need for re-skilling and up-skilling programs.

Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research, 2024

Neurological disorders have a consistent influence on individuals of all age groups worldwide. Ep... more Neurological disorders have a consistent influence on individuals of all age groups worldwide. Epilepsy is one of the significant neurological conditions. Various factors, including epilepsy-associated genes, genetic variables, environmental factors such as oxidative stress and depression, and inflammatory molecules, influence epileptic disease (Cárdenas-Rodríguez et al., 2020). Hereditary characteristics are commonly observed within families and account for the bulk of neurological disorders. Certain genetic illnesses are passed down from only one parent, whereas others may have many risk factors (Charzewska et al., 2023). Several neurological diseases are attributed to viral, fungal, and bacterial infections (Wang, 2023). Epilepsy is a neurological illness that results in seizures as a consequence of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain (Sumadewi, Harkitasari, & Tjandra, 2023). The prevalence of epilepsy is estimated to be 4-10 instances per 1000 individuals, with an annual incidence rate ranging from 50 to 120 cases per 100,000 population (Adamu, Chen, Li, & Xue, 2023). Globally, over 65 million individuals suffer from epilepsy. Most individuals with epilepsy reside in countries with low to intermediate income levels (Billakota, Devinsky, & Kim, 2020). The prevalence of epilepsy in Pakistan is approximately 10 cases per 1000 individuals. The cumulative impact on mental and physical well-being caused by the annual diagnosis of over 100,000 new instances of epilepsy is significant (Billakota et al., 2020). Various forms of epilepsy are characterized by distinct etiologies. Hyperhomocysteinemia has emerged as a significant causative factor in various neurological illnesses, such as epilepsy and stroke, as well as psychiatric A B S T R A C T Epilepsy is a prominent neurological disorder caused by a range of factors, including epilepsy-associated genes, hereditary variables, environmental factors such as oxidative stress and depression, and inflammatory molecules that influence it. Worldwide, more than 65 million individuals are afflicted by epilepsy. The majority of individuals with epilepsy live in nations with low to middle-income levels. In Pakistan, the incidence of epilepsy is at 10 cases per 1000 inhabitants. There are distinct classifications of epilepsy based on the frequency of seizures, which include generalized epilepsy, localized epilepsy, and epilepsy of uncertain origin. Based on the etiology of epilepsy, it is well acknowledged that this condition is characterized by a highly active network that originates from ionic transmission. Brain injury, including traumatic and ischemic injuries, leads to the production of inflammatory chemicals. The excessive production of inflammatory mediators leads to the impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which induces inflammation in both the central and peripheral regions, leading to epileptic diseases. Over a thousand genes are thought to be involved in developing epilepsy; the most extensively researched genes comprise GABRG2, SCN, CACN, KCN1A, MTHFR, MTTL1, and EFHC1 gene. Various therapeutic approaches have been devised to treat epilepsy, including neurosurgical interventions, antiepileptic medications, anticonvulsant pharmaceuticals, ketogenic dietary regimens, and herbal remedies. This review article provides a thorough analysis of epilepsy, encompassing its categorization, the inflammatory agents accountable for its onset, the genetic factors linked to its progression, and the current therapeutic approaches for this disease.

Cancer is a malignant disease in which the cell grows abnormally due to its uncontrolled division... more Cancer is a malignant disease in which the cell grows abnormally due to its uncontrolled division. It is one of the maladies with the highest prevalence rate globally. It is also one of the main causes of death in the world, despite the new technologies and treatments used. Cancer, as a disease, has been under treatment for so many years due to its high occurrence rate (Chandraprasad, Dey, & Swamy, 2022). Different techniques are used for its treatment as the research criteria expand to find the cure. Many medicines and several therapies are used, yet so many more are under experimentation for the treatment of cancer. These include the blend of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and some targeted drug delivery therapies (Jin, Wang, & Bernards, 2023). Proteomics and genomics play an important role in uncovering how to treat cancer. Great progress has been made to develop new technologies and different therapeutic agents to treat cancer (Kwon et al., 2021). One of these significant technologies to treat cancer is nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is a branch of biotechnology that deals with the study of performance and use of technology on a nano-scale. At the nano-scale, nanoparticles that are the size of 1nm to 1000nm are used. These nanoparticles are ultrafine, nano-sized particles with newfound optical, primary, and electronic-structural properties (R. Sharma, Sharma, & Kumar, 2022). Nanotechnology can provide an autoimmune alternative for the lives of cancer patients by improving their quality and expectancy (Sahu et al., 2021). Conventional chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy have failed to provide efficient cancer treatments, so nano-therapeutics play a pivotal role in enhancing cancer treatment (Bukhari, 2022). Nano-therapeutics are efficiently working as novel delivery systems for targeted drug delivery in cancer (L. Zhou et al., 2022).

Scientific Reports, Jan 16, 2024

There is no FDA-approved drug for neurological disorders like spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. CAG ... more There is no FDA-approved drug for neurological disorders like spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. CAG repeats mutation in the ATXN3 gene, causing spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 disease. Symptoms include sleep cycle disturbance, neurophysiological abnormalities, autonomic dysfunctions, and depression. This research focuses on drug discovery against ATXN3 using phytochemicals of different plants. Three phytochemical compounds (flavonoids, diterpenoids, and alkaloids) were used as potential drug candidates and screened against the ATXN3 protein. The 3D structure of ATXN3 protein and phytochemicals were retrieved and validation of the protein was 98.1% Rama favored. The protein binding sites were identified for the interaction by CASTp. ADMET was utilized for the pre-clinical analysis, including solubility, permeability, drug likeliness and toxicity, and chamanetin passed all the ADMET properties to become a lead drug candidate. Boiled egg analysis attested that the ligand could cross the gastrointestinal tract. Pharmacophore analysis showed that chamanetin has many hydrogen acceptors and donors which can form interaction bonds with the receptor proteins. Chamanetin passed all the screening analyses, having good absorption, no violation of Lipinski's rule, nontoxic properties, and good pharmacophore properties. Chamanetin was one of the lead compounds with a − 7.2 kcal/mol binding affinity after screening the phytochemicals. The stimulation of ATXN3 showed stability after 20 ns of interaction in an overall 50 ns MD simulation. Chamanetin (Flavonoid) was predicted to be highly active against ATXN3 with good drug-like properties. In-silico active drug against ATXN3 from a plant source and good pharmacokinetics parameters would be excellent drug therapy for SC3, such as flavonoids (Chamanetin). Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), or type 3 spinocerebellar ataxia, is most common in people of Japanese, European, and American ancestry 1. Recent systematic reviews estimate that 100 out of every 100,000 people have SCA. The neurodegenerative and dominantly inherited disease most prevalent in the world is spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, or SCA3. Expansion of CAG repeats encoding polyglutamine (polyQ) in the ATXN3 gene encoding the deubiquitinating enzyme 2. In both infected and normal individuals, the chromosomal location of this gene is the same, and they only differ in repeats. SCA arises when progressive degeneration occurs in the cerebellum and affects all interconnected brain regions 3. All the Diseases related to polyQ are age-relevant developing disorders that start in midlife and cause death after 15-30 years of occurrence 2. SCA3 clinical symptoms are the passive stance, limb ataxia, gait, dystonia, dysarthria, intentional tremor, bradykinesia, oculomotor disorders, pyramidal, sensory deficits, extrapyramidal dysfunctions, sleep disturbances, neurophysiological abnormalities, autonomic dysfunctions and depression 1. In neurons of the SCA3 and neurodegenerative diseases, ubiquitin-positive nuclear inclusions occur due to the common neuropathological hallmark. The polyQ is disease-related and plays an

Global mass communication review, Mar 30, 2024

Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 2024

The steady rise of technological progress has affected the position of scientific achievements an... more The steady rise of technological progress has affected the position of scientific achievements and initiatives and the availability of previously unexplored research fields (Gorjian et al., 2021). Integrating AI with biotechnology is a relatively new development with revolutionary potential in healthcare and this happens because both artificial intelligence and biotechnology are growing and developing rapidly as separate academic disciplines. There is a growing demand for novel solutions to complicated and varied biological problems. AI technology allows for a deeper understanding, modeling, and manipulation of biological processes due to merging these two fields (C. Chen et al., 2022). The healthcare industry benefits significantly from the combination of biotechnology and AI. AI's powerful computational skills are used in the medical and scientific communities to develop cutting-edge diagnostic tools, individualized treatment regimens, and streamlined drug development processes. It is possible to analyze patient data, spot patterns, and predict the results of a disease using AI-based techniques, allowing for more prompt treatment and tailored strategies considering each patient's unique circumstances. By rapidly screening new medication candidates and forecasting their efficacy, artificial intelligence systems save time and money throughout the drug discovery process (Moor et al., 2023). Combining AI with biotech allows for the creation more efficient and cutting-edge methods for bioprocessing. Using machine learning algorithms in bioprocessing enables real-time monitoring and adjustment of variables, which in turn leads to cost savings, higher product quality, and more efficient use of resources. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems can also model and predict optimal bioprocessing conditions, which helps A B S T R A C T The recent advancements in biotechnology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have brought about an industry-transforming convergence with a huge potential to disrupt the healthcare sector. This review paper presents recent case studies on applications, benefits, and challenges in the healthcare industry by looking at the Biotechnology-AI Nexus. This article aims to create some background for further research, supplying information on the contemporary state of AI and biotechnology. Examples of areas covered in the study include drug development, genetics, proteomics, personalized medicine, and medical imaging. In addition, the latest breakthroughs and treatment techniques emerged from the fusion of AI with biotechnological methods such as CRISPR-Cas9 and gene-editing tools. The biotechnology artificial intelligence nexus has several applications. AI-enabled biotechnological breakthroughs may optimize workflow, make healthcare systems more efficient, and save costs in places that are not most needed. Furthermore, AI-powered analytics may illuminate complicated biological processes, creating data-centric choices that increase accuracy and personalization in healthcare. On the other hand, some impediments must be addressed before the Biotechnology-AI Nexus's actualization. Data privacy and security, ethical considerations, regulatory compliance, and cross-cutting teamwork are some of the issues that should be addressed. The possibility for AI and automation to disrupt the employment market also raises concerns regarding the displacement of workers and the need for re-skilling and up-skilling programs.

Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research, 2024

Neurological disorders have a consistent influence on individuals of all age groups worldwide. Ep... more Neurological disorders have a consistent influence on individuals of all age groups worldwide. Epilepsy is one of the significant neurological conditions. Various factors, including epilepsy-associated genes, genetic variables, environmental factors such as oxidative stress and depression, and inflammatory molecules, influence epileptic disease (Cárdenas-Rodríguez et al., 2020). Hereditary characteristics are commonly observed within families and account for the bulk of neurological disorders. Certain genetic illnesses are passed down from only one parent, whereas others may have many risk factors (Charzewska et al., 2023). Several neurological diseases are attributed to viral, fungal, and bacterial infections (Wang, 2023). Epilepsy is a neurological illness that results in seizures as a consequence of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain (Sumadewi, Harkitasari, & Tjandra, 2023). The prevalence of epilepsy is estimated to be 4-10 instances per 1000 individuals, with an annual incidence rate ranging from 50 to 120 cases per 100,000 population (Adamu, Chen, Li, & Xue, 2023). Globally, over 65 million individuals suffer from epilepsy. Most individuals with epilepsy reside in countries with low to intermediate income levels (Billakota, Devinsky, & Kim, 2020). The prevalence of epilepsy in Pakistan is approximately 10 cases per 1000 individuals. The cumulative impact on mental and physical well-being caused by the annual diagnosis of over 100,000 new instances of epilepsy is significant (Billakota et al., 2020). Various forms of epilepsy are characterized by distinct etiologies. Hyperhomocysteinemia has emerged as a significant causative factor in various neurological illnesses, such as epilepsy and stroke, as well as psychiatric A B S T R A C T Epilepsy is a prominent neurological disorder caused by a range of factors, including epilepsy-associated genes, hereditary variables, environmental factors such as oxidative stress and depression, and inflammatory molecules that influence it. Worldwide, more than 65 million individuals are afflicted by epilepsy. The majority of individuals with epilepsy live in nations with low to middle-income levels. In Pakistan, the incidence of epilepsy is at 10 cases per 1000 inhabitants. There are distinct classifications of epilepsy based on the frequency of seizures, which include generalized epilepsy, localized epilepsy, and epilepsy of uncertain origin. Based on the etiology of epilepsy, it is well acknowledged that this condition is characterized by a highly active network that originates from ionic transmission. Brain injury, including traumatic and ischemic injuries, leads to the production of inflammatory chemicals. The excessive production of inflammatory mediators leads to the impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which induces inflammation in both the central and peripheral regions, leading to epileptic diseases. Over a thousand genes are thought to be involved in developing epilepsy; the most extensively researched genes comprise GABRG2, SCN, CACN, KCN1A, MTHFR, MTTL1, and EFHC1 gene. Various therapeutic approaches have been devised to treat epilepsy, including neurosurgical interventions, antiepileptic medications, anticonvulsant pharmaceuticals, ketogenic dietary regimens, and herbal remedies. This review article provides a thorough analysis of epilepsy, encompassing its categorization, the inflammatory agents accountable for its onset, the genetic factors linked to its progression, and the current therapeutic approaches for this disease.

Cancer is a malignant disease in which the cell grows abnormally due to its uncontrolled division... more Cancer is a malignant disease in which the cell grows abnormally due to its uncontrolled division. It is one of the maladies with the highest prevalence rate globally. It is also one of the main causes of death in the world, despite the new technologies and treatments used. Cancer, as a disease, has been under treatment for so many years due to its high occurrence rate (Chandraprasad, Dey, & Swamy, 2022). Different techniques are used for its treatment as the research criteria expand to find the cure. Many medicines and several therapies are used, yet so many more are under experimentation for the treatment of cancer. These include the blend of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and some targeted drug delivery therapies (Jin, Wang, & Bernards, 2023). Proteomics and genomics play an important role in uncovering how to treat cancer. Great progress has been made to develop new technologies and different therapeutic agents to treat cancer (Kwon et al., 2021). One of these significant technologies to treat cancer is nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is a branch of biotechnology that deals with the study of performance and use of technology on a nano-scale. At the nano-scale, nanoparticles that are the size of 1nm to 1000nm are used. These nanoparticles are ultrafine, nano-sized particles with newfound optical, primary, and electronic-structural properties (R. Sharma, Sharma, & Kumar, 2022). Nanotechnology can provide an autoimmune alternative for the lives of cancer patients by improving their quality and expectancy (Sahu et al., 2021). Conventional chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy have failed to provide efficient cancer treatments, so nano-therapeutics play a pivotal role in enhancing cancer treatment (Bukhari, 2022). Nano-therapeutics are efficiently working as novel delivery systems for targeted drug delivery in cancer (L. Zhou et al., 2022).

Scientific Reports, Jan 16, 2024

There is no FDA-approved drug for neurological disorders like spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. CAG ... more There is no FDA-approved drug for neurological disorders like spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. CAG repeats mutation in the ATXN3 gene, causing spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 disease. Symptoms include sleep cycle disturbance, neurophysiological abnormalities, autonomic dysfunctions, and depression. This research focuses on drug discovery against ATXN3 using phytochemicals of different plants. Three phytochemical compounds (flavonoids, diterpenoids, and alkaloids) were used as potential drug candidates and screened against the ATXN3 protein. The 3D structure of ATXN3 protein and phytochemicals were retrieved and validation of the protein was 98.1% Rama favored. The protein binding sites were identified for the interaction by CASTp. ADMET was utilized for the pre-clinical analysis, including solubility, permeability, drug likeliness and toxicity, and chamanetin passed all the ADMET properties to become a lead drug candidate. Boiled egg analysis attested that the ligand could cross the gastrointestinal tract. Pharmacophore analysis showed that chamanetin has many hydrogen acceptors and donors which can form interaction bonds with the receptor proteins. Chamanetin passed all the screening analyses, having good absorption, no violation of Lipinski's rule, nontoxic properties, and good pharmacophore properties. Chamanetin was one of the lead compounds with a − 7.2 kcal/mol binding affinity after screening the phytochemicals. The stimulation of ATXN3 showed stability after 20 ns of interaction in an overall 50 ns MD simulation. Chamanetin (Flavonoid) was predicted to be highly active against ATXN3 with good drug-like properties. In-silico active drug against ATXN3 from a plant source and good pharmacokinetics parameters would be excellent drug therapy for SC3, such as flavonoids (Chamanetin). Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), or type 3 spinocerebellar ataxia, is most common in people of Japanese, European, and American ancestry 1. Recent systematic reviews estimate that 100 out of every 100,000 people have SCA. The neurodegenerative and dominantly inherited disease most prevalent in the world is spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, or SCA3. Expansion of CAG repeats encoding polyglutamine (polyQ) in the ATXN3 gene encoding the deubiquitinating enzyme 2. In both infected and normal individuals, the chromosomal location of this gene is the same, and they only differ in repeats. SCA arises when progressive degeneration occurs in the cerebellum and affects all interconnected brain regions 3. All the Diseases related to polyQ are age-relevant developing disorders that start in midlife and cause death after 15-30 years of occurrence 2. SCA3 clinical symptoms are the passive stance, limb ataxia, gait, dystonia, dysarthria, intentional tremor, bradykinesia, oculomotor disorders, pyramidal, sensory deficits, extrapyramidal dysfunctions, sleep disturbances, neurophysiological abnormalities, autonomic dysfunctions and depression 1. In neurons of the SCA3 and neurodegenerative diseases, ubiquitin-positive nuclear inclusions occur due to the common neuropathological hallmark. The polyQ is disease-related and plays an