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Research paper thumbnail of “To Study the Early Clinical, Immunological and Virological Profile of Hiv Patients on Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy”

Introduction: HIV/AIDS progressively weakens immune system and make it susceptible to life threat... more Introduction: HIV/AIDS progressively weakens immune system and make it susceptible to life threatening opportunistic infections, neurological disorders or certain unusual malignancies. Second-line ART is the next regimen used in sequence immediately after first-line therapy has failed. Hence, the criteria to switch to second line ART includes immunological and/or virological and/or clinical failure. Manipur is one of the high prevalence states for HIV infection in India. There is so far very little study and data regarding patients in the early phase of second line ART from this part of the country. The present study describes the clinical and immunological outcomes of PLHIV on PI-based second-line ART regimens in northeastern India thereby identifying the need of change to third line ART, at an early stage. In addition, it determined the WHO clinical staging, CD4 counts and plasma viral load of patients on second line ART at 0 and 6 months and to assess the adherence of patients on second line ART. Methods: This hospital based longitudinal study enrolled 73 HIV positive patients on second line ART, admitted in Medicine ward, attending Medicine OPD, Center of Excellence (Coe)ART Centre, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur (RIMS) from January 2021 to October 2022. Blood samples were sent for CD4 count, and plasma viral load at baseline and after 6 months on second line ART. Results: The mean age group was 38.37±9.93 years, majority were males (n=56, 76%), the most common complaints were fever (27.40%), diarrhoea (20.55%) and the common source of infection was heterosexual and IVDU 38% and 32% respectively. The most common regime used was TDF+3TC+DTG (52%, 38). There was improvement in mean BMI {from 21.20(+1.69) to 22.3±1.58 kg/m 2 }, mean CD4 cell count (from 266 cells/mm 3 to 440 cells/mm 3), reduction in viral load from172, 892.7(+189,040.8) to 7349.65(+22,526.4), at end of 6 months. Viral components in

Research paper thumbnail of To Study the Hematological Profile in Patients with Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Manipur

International journal of advanced research, Oct 30, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Articular Manifestations in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients and its Association with Liver Fibrosis: A Cross-sectional Study from Rural Indian State of Manipur

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, Dec 31, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of To Determine the Zinc Level and Its Correlation with CD4 Count Before and After Zinc Supplementation in Hiv Infected Patients

International Journal of Advanced Research

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a state of profound immunodeficienc... more Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a state of profound immunodeficiency. Zinc is a known to maintain a healthy immune system. Low levels of zinc in plasma predict a threefold increase in mortality related to HIV, while adequate levels of the zinc in the blood have been associated with a slow disease progression, decrease in viral load and HIV RNA, increase in CD4 count, a decrease in the risk for diarrhea, bacterial and opportunistic infections.Zinc deficiency which is common among the HIV infected persons, is overlooked So, we conducted this study to analyze the level of serum zinc level in HIV infected patients and to find out correlation between serum zinc level and CD4 count before and after 6 months of zinc supplementation. Methods: This study enrolled 54 HIV infected patients above 18 years of age who visited the Medicine outpatient department or the ART Centeror admitted to the medicine ward, Regional institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphalfor ...

Research paper thumbnail of A cross-sectional study of impact of dyslipidemia in stroke

International Journal of Advances in Medicine, Oct 21, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study of the Utility of Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test in Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in People Living with HIV in Second Highest HIV Prevalent State in India

International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences, 2021

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) is diff... more Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) is difficult to diagnose due to fewer organisms in sputum and extrapulmonary samples. Sputum culture takes 4 to 8 weeks for growth of the mycobacteria. Delayed treatment for TB in PLHIV leads to increased mortality. This study evaluated cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) as a diagnostic tool for diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) in PLHIV in the second most HIV prevalent state in India and for comparing its efficacy between Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) staining sputum smear–positive and sputum smear–negative TB. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in RIMS, Imphal, with 167 PLHIV patients, age 15 years or older, having signs and symptoms of TB. Appropriate samples for sputum microscopy and CBNAAT were sent. Conclusion The overall sensitivity of sputum smear for acid-fast bacillus (AFB) was found to be 30.71% and that of CBNAAT was 38.57%. Sensit...

Research paper thumbnail of To Study the Association between Serum Vitamin D Level and Disease Activity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown e... more Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown etiology affecting approximately 1% of the world population,0.75% in India and 0.2% in Manipur. The hallmark swelling, bony erosions and synovial thickening reflect the underlying inflammatory and auto immune processes of RA.Deficiency of vitamin D is studied for its involvement in the pathogenesis of RA, as well as for correlating with disease activity of RA.Therefore,we conducted this study to derive the correlation between serum vitamin D level and RA disease activity specifically from the cohort population of Manipur,India. Methods:Rheumatoid arthritis patients who were attending Medicine OPD,Rheumatology OPD or admitted inthe General Medicine wards at Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur from 2017 to 2019. Total 52 diagnosed cases of RA(2010 ACR-EULAR criteria) were included andserum vitamin D and other related blood investigations were studied. Results:Vita...

Research paper thumbnail of A cross-sectional study of chronic liver disease patients complicating to hepatic osteodystrophy

International Journal of Advances in Medicine, 2020

Background: Hepatic osteodystrophy encompasses the spectrum of metabolic bone diseases in chronic... more Background: Hepatic osteodystrophy encompasses the spectrum of metabolic bone diseases in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients. CLD causing changes in BMD is well known. Although BMD evaluation in CLD cirrhosis are recommended by societies of British and American gastroenterology ,very less number of literature exist from India and none from the North-eastern region of India. Aim of the study to determine the association and severity of bone mineral density changes in patients with CLD and to correlate it with different aetiologies and severity of CLD.Methods: This cross-sectional study which included 79 patients with CLD was conducted in RIMS, Manipur from September 2017 to August 2019. All CLD patients of age 18-60 years were included. DEXA scan and other related blood investigations were performed.Results: Chronic alcohol intake (56.9%), viral infection (20.3%) and mixed (17.7%) were the main aetiology of CLD in our study. Seventy three (92.4%) of the total 79 patients had low BM...

Research paper thumbnail of Hepatic Pseudolesion due to “Vein of Sappey” in Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, 2017

One of the common causes of superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is malignancy of the lung. The inva... more One of the common causes of superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is malignancy of the lung. The invasion of SVC leads to opening of the various venous channels for continuation of the blood flow from upper extremity and proximal trunk and finally draining into right atrium. Vein of Sappey is one of these channels and it causes focal striking enhancement in segment IV of the liver on arterial phase of contrast computed tomography (CT). This enhancement causes diagnostic difficulty and unnecessary biopsy due to misinterpretation of it as a secondary from lung cancer. Awareness and accurate diagnosis can avoid further examination in such patients. It can also provide an idea of a more proximal major thoracic vessel obstruction if first detected on CT of the abdomen (contrast).

Research paper thumbnail of Hematological Profile of HIV-Infected Patients on First-Line Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Correlation With CD4 Count

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a state of profound immunodeficiency... more Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a state of profound immunodeficiency. Disorders of hematopoietic system are a common but often overlooked complication of HIV infection. This can manifest at any stage of the disease but more commonly in the advanced stage with low CD4 count. Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality in HIV patients and prevalence ranges from 1.3 to 95%. As HIV disease progresses, the prevalence and severity of anemia also increase. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess the hematological parameters of HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at different treatment durations with the hope to improve the HAART outcome in HIV patients and its correlation with CD4 count. Methods This prospective longitudinal study enrolled 134 HIV-infected patients admitted to or attending the OPD in the Department of Medicine or Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Center (Center of Excellence), Regional Institute of Medica...

Research paper thumbnail of A Study of Clearance of Infection in HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis after Amphotericin-Based Induction and Fluconazole-Based Consolidation Therapy

International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences

Introduction India has third largest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population in the world. ... more Introduction India has third largest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population in the world. Average HIV prevalence was 0.22% (range, 0.16–0.30%) in 2017, and Manipur is one of the five states with the highest prevalence of HIV. Cryptococcal meningitis being one of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining illnesses is the second most common cause of opportunistic neuro-infection and usually occurs in advanced HIV disease when the cluster of differentiation 4 glycoprotein (CD4+) count is usually less than 100 cells/µL. Treatment includes amphotericin-B induction therapy for 2 weeks followed by fluconazole consolidation therapy for 8 weeks as per National AIDS Control Organisation guidelines. There is not much data on how much infection is cleared off after induction and consolidation treatment. So, this study was conducted to know the clearance of Cryptococci in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after induction and consolidation treatment in people living with HIV (PLHIV)-a...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Study on Bone Mineral Densitometry in People Living with HIV with or without Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a disease that affects millions of people glob... more Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a disease that affects millions of people globally and affects almost all the body systems including bone metabolism. Derangement of bone mineral density (BMD) in HIV patients is well established in international literature but least studied in India. Therefore, this study aims to determine the association between BMD change and HIV infection with or without antiretroviral therapy (ART) and compare the different regimens of ART. Materials and Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine and ART Center of Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, India. A total of 50 HIV patients were screened by a central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) examination for measuring BMD. Correlation of BMD with a CD4 count, and different ART regimens were also studied. Results In our study, majority of the patients (29 [58%]) had low BMD. Of the 29 patients, 18 (36%) had osteopenia and 11 (22%) had osteopor...

Research paper thumbnail of A study of magnitude and correlates of altered bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of central rural India

International Journal of Advances in Medicine

Background: Diabetes mellitus is fast becoming the epidemic of the 21st century. It is a metaboli... more Background: Diabetes mellitus is fast becoming the epidemic of the 21st century. It is a metabolic disease that affects multiple organ system in the body including bone metabolism and bone mass. There is high prevalence of decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients leading to osteoporosis, osteopenia and fracture. The aim of the present study was to find the magnitude and correlates of altered BMD in T2DM patients of central rural India.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at a tertiary care teaching hospital in central rural India from 2014 to 2016. It comprises of 200 T2DM patients with aged ≥35 years. Bone mineral density measurements were done by using peripheral dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).Results: Mean age of study subjects was 56.13±11.12 years with 43.5% males and 56.5% females. Our study results showed the magnitude of decreased BMD was 82%. 53% of the study subjects were osteoporotic and 29% were osteopenic. ...

Research paper thumbnail of “To Study the Early Clinical, Immunological and Virological Profile of Hiv Patients on Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy”

Introduction: HIV/AIDS progressively weakens immune system and make it susceptible to life threat... more Introduction: HIV/AIDS progressively weakens immune system and make it susceptible to life threatening opportunistic infections, neurological disorders or certain unusual malignancies. Second-line ART is the next regimen used in sequence immediately after first-line therapy has failed. Hence, the criteria to switch to second line ART includes immunological and/or virological and/or clinical failure. Manipur is one of the high prevalence states for HIV infection in India. There is so far very little study and data regarding patients in the early phase of second line ART from this part of the country. The present study describes the clinical and immunological outcomes of PLHIV on PI-based second-line ART regimens in northeastern India thereby identifying the need of change to third line ART, at an early stage. In addition, it determined the WHO clinical staging, CD4 counts and plasma viral load of patients on second line ART at 0 and 6 months and to assess the adherence of patients on second line ART. Methods: This hospital based longitudinal study enrolled 73 HIV positive patients on second line ART, admitted in Medicine ward, attending Medicine OPD, Center of Excellence (Coe)ART Centre, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur (RIMS) from January 2021 to October 2022. Blood samples were sent for CD4 count, and plasma viral load at baseline and after 6 months on second line ART. Results: The mean age group was 38.37±9.93 years, majority were males (n=56, 76%), the most common complaints were fever (27.40%), diarrhoea (20.55%) and the common source of infection was heterosexual and IVDU 38% and 32% respectively. The most common regime used was TDF+3TC+DTG (52%, 38). There was improvement in mean BMI {from 21.20(+1.69) to 22.3±1.58 kg/m 2 }, mean CD4 cell count (from 266 cells/mm 3 to 440 cells/mm 3), reduction in viral load from172, 892.7(+189,040.8) to 7349.65(+22,526.4), at end of 6 months. Viral components in

Research paper thumbnail of To Study the Hematological Profile in Patients with Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Manipur

International journal of advanced research, Oct 30, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Articular Manifestations in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients and its Association with Liver Fibrosis: A Cross-sectional Study from Rural Indian State of Manipur

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, Dec 31, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of To Determine the Zinc Level and Its Correlation with CD4 Count Before and After Zinc Supplementation in Hiv Infected Patients

International Journal of Advanced Research

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a state of profound immunodeficienc... more Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a state of profound immunodeficiency. Zinc is a known to maintain a healthy immune system. Low levels of zinc in plasma predict a threefold increase in mortality related to HIV, while adequate levels of the zinc in the blood have been associated with a slow disease progression, decrease in viral load and HIV RNA, increase in CD4 count, a decrease in the risk for diarrhea, bacterial and opportunistic infections.Zinc deficiency which is common among the HIV infected persons, is overlooked So, we conducted this study to analyze the level of serum zinc level in HIV infected patients and to find out correlation between serum zinc level and CD4 count before and after 6 months of zinc supplementation. Methods: This study enrolled 54 HIV infected patients above 18 years of age who visited the Medicine outpatient department or the ART Centeror admitted to the medicine ward, Regional institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphalfor ...

Research paper thumbnail of A cross-sectional study of impact of dyslipidemia in stroke

International Journal of Advances in Medicine, Oct 21, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study of the Utility of Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test in Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in People Living with HIV in Second Highest HIV Prevalent State in India

International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences, 2021

Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) is diff... more Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) is difficult to diagnose due to fewer organisms in sputum and extrapulmonary samples. Sputum culture takes 4 to 8 weeks for growth of the mycobacteria. Delayed treatment for TB in PLHIV leads to increased mortality. This study evaluated cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) as a diagnostic tool for diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) in PLHIV in the second most HIV prevalent state in India and for comparing its efficacy between Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) staining sputum smear–positive and sputum smear–negative TB. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in RIMS, Imphal, with 167 PLHIV patients, age 15 years or older, having signs and symptoms of TB. Appropriate samples for sputum microscopy and CBNAAT were sent. Conclusion The overall sensitivity of sputum smear for acid-fast bacillus (AFB) was found to be 30.71% and that of CBNAAT was 38.57%. Sensit...

Research paper thumbnail of To Study the Association between Serum Vitamin D Level and Disease Activity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown e... more Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown etiology affecting approximately 1% of the world population,0.75% in India and 0.2% in Manipur. The hallmark swelling, bony erosions and synovial thickening reflect the underlying inflammatory and auto immune processes of RA.Deficiency of vitamin D is studied for its involvement in the pathogenesis of RA, as well as for correlating with disease activity of RA.Therefore,we conducted this study to derive the correlation between serum vitamin D level and RA disease activity specifically from the cohort population of Manipur,India. Methods:Rheumatoid arthritis patients who were attending Medicine OPD,Rheumatology OPD or admitted inthe General Medicine wards at Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur from 2017 to 2019. Total 52 diagnosed cases of RA(2010 ACR-EULAR criteria) were included andserum vitamin D and other related blood investigations were studied. Results:Vita...

Research paper thumbnail of A cross-sectional study of chronic liver disease patients complicating to hepatic osteodystrophy

International Journal of Advances in Medicine, 2020

Background: Hepatic osteodystrophy encompasses the spectrum of metabolic bone diseases in chronic... more Background: Hepatic osteodystrophy encompasses the spectrum of metabolic bone diseases in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients. CLD causing changes in BMD is well known. Although BMD evaluation in CLD cirrhosis are recommended by societies of British and American gastroenterology ,very less number of literature exist from India and none from the North-eastern region of India. Aim of the study to determine the association and severity of bone mineral density changes in patients with CLD and to correlate it with different aetiologies and severity of CLD.Methods: This cross-sectional study which included 79 patients with CLD was conducted in RIMS, Manipur from September 2017 to August 2019. All CLD patients of age 18-60 years were included. DEXA scan and other related blood investigations were performed.Results: Chronic alcohol intake (56.9%), viral infection (20.3%) and mixed (17.7%) were the main aetiology of CLD in our study. Seventy three (92.4%) of the total 79 patients had low BM...

Research paper thumbnail of Hepatic Pseudolesion due to “Vein of Sappey” in Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, 2017

One of the common causes of superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is malignancy of the lung. The inva... more One of the common causes of superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is malignancy of the lung. The invasion of SVC leads to opening of the various venous channels for continuation of the blood flow from upper extremity and proximal trunk and finally draining into right atrium. Vein of Sappey is one of these channels and it causes focal striking enhancement in segment IV of the liver on arterial phase of contrast computed tomography (CT). This enhancement causes diagnostic difficulty and unnecessary biopsy due to misinterpretation of it as a secondary from lung cancer. Awareness and accurate diagnosis can avoid further examination in such patients. It can also provide an idea of a more proximal major thoracic vessel obstruction if first detected on CT of the abdomen (contrast).

Research paper thumbnail of Hematological Profile of HIV-Infected Patients on First-Line Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Correlation With CD4 Count

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a state of profound immunodeficiency... more Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a state of profound immunodeficiency. Disorders of hematopoietic system are a common but often overlooked complication of HIV infection. This can manifest at any stage of the disease but more commonly in the advanced stage with low CD4 count. Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality in HIV patients and prevalence ranges from 1.3 to 95%. As HIV disease progresses, the prevalence and severity of anemia also increase. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess the hematological parameters of HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at different treatment durations with the hope to improve the HAART outcome in HIV patients and its correlation with CD4 count. Methods This prospective longitudinal study enrolled 134 HIV-infected patients admitted to or attending the OPD in the Department of Medicine or Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Center (Center of Excellence), Regional Institute of Medica...

Research paper thumbnail of A Study of Clearance of Infection in HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis after Amphotericin-Based Induction and Fluconazole-Based Consolidation Therapy

International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences

Introduction India has third largest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population in the world. ... more Introduction India has third largest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population in the world. Average HIV prevalence was 0.22% (range, 0.16–0.30%) in 2017, and Manipur is one of the five states with the highest prevalence of HIV. Cryptococcal meningitis being one of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining illnesses is the second most common cause of opportunistic neuro-infection and usually occurs in advanced HIV disease when the cluster of differentiation 4 glycoprotein (CD4+) count is usually less than 100 cells/µL. Treatment includes amphotericin-B induction therapy for 2 weeks followed by fluconazole consolidation therapy for 8 weeks as per National AIDS Control Organisation guidelines. There is not much data on how much infection is cleared off after induction and consolidation treatment. So, this study was conducted to know the clearance of Cryptococci in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after induction and consolidation treatment in people living with HIV (PLHIV)-a...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Study on Bone Mineral Densitometry in People Living with HIV with or without Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a disease that affects millions of people glob... more Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a disease that affects millions of people globally and affects almost all the body systems including bone metabolism. Derangement of bone mineral density (BMD) in HIV patients is well established in international literature but least studied in India. Therefore, this study aims to determine the association between BMD change and HIV infection with or without antiretroviral therapy (ART) and compare the different regimens of ART. Materials and Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine and ART Center of Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, India. A total of 50 HIV patients were screened by a central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) examination for measuring BMD. Correlation of BMD with a CD4 count, and different ART regimens were also studied. Results In our study, majority of the patients (29 [58%]) had low BMD. Of the 29 patients, 18 (36%) had osteopenia and 11 (22%) had osteopor...

Research paper thumbnail of A study of magnitude and correlates of altered bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of central rural India

International Journal of Advances in Medicine

Background: Diabetes mellitus is fast becoming the epidemic of the 21st century. It is a metaboli... more Background: Diabetes mellitus is fast becoming the epidemic of the 21st century. It is a metabolic disease that affects multiple organ system in the body including bone metabolism and bone mass. There is high prevalence of decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients leading to osteoporosis, osteopenia and fracture. The aim of the present study was to find the magnitude and correlates of altered BMD in T2DM patients of central rural India.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at a tertiary care teaching hospital in central rural India from 2014 to 2016. It comprises of 200 T2DM patients with aged ≥35 years. Bone mineral density measurements were done by using peripheral dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).Results: Mean age of study subjects was 56.13±11.12 years with 43.5% males and 56.5% females. Our study results showed the magnitude of decreased BMD was 82%. 53% of the study subjects were osteoporotic and 29% were osteopenic. ...