Nirmal Shah - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Nirmal Shah

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021

A UV-visible spectrophotometric method for quantifying tacrolimus in nanoparticles has been devel... more A UV-visible spectrophotometric method for quantifying tacrolimus in nanoparticles has been developed and validated, and it is accurate, simple, reproducible, and affordable. For drug analysis, optimal conditions have been identified. 291 nm was discovered to be the maximum wavelength (max). In the range of 0.2-1.8 mg/ml, the response was linear (r2 = 0.9989). The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations for precision studies were found to be less than 2%, indicating that the procedure is precise.

Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles obtained on hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactant... more Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles obtained on hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactants, with or without incorporation of cholesterol or other lipids. They are vesicular systems similar to liposomes that can be used as carriers of amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are promising vehicle for drug delivery and being non-ionic, it is less toxic and improves the therapeutic index of drug by restricting its action to target cells. This systemic review article deals with preparation methods, characterizations, factors affecting release kinetic, advantages, and applications of niosomes.

Among different extended release systems mucoadhesive microspheres offer better retention and con... more Among different extended release systems mucoadhesive microspheres offer better retention and controlled release in the stomach. Simvastatin is an important for treatment for hyperlipidemi as (hypercholesterolemia). To overcome inherent drawbacks associated with conventional dosage forms of simvastatin, an attempt is being made to develop an alternative drug delivery system in the form of mucoadhesive microspheres. The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate mucoadhesive microspheres of Simvastatin. In the present study, 27 Formulations with variable Drug: polymer ratio, concentrations of polymers (ethylcellulose, Carbopol) and variable speed of stirring (rpm) were prepared and evaluated for percentage yield, particle size, percentage entrapment efficiency, In vitro release studies, mucoadhesion, SEM and Stability study. Compatibility studies by FTIR proved that there was no interaction between simvastatin and the polymers used. The mean particle size of microsp...

Emulgel is one of the recent technologies in NDDS used for dual control release of emulsion and g... more Emulgel is one of the recent technologies in NDDS used for dual control release of emulsion and gel for topical use. Gel formulations generally provide faster drug release compared with conventional ointments and creams. Spironolactone is a well-known therapeutic agent that is used mainly for its diuretic ability. Recently, it gained a lot of attention for treating alopecia due to its potent anti-androgenic properties. The aim and objective of the study is to formulate spironolactone loaded emulgel for topical application. Emulgel of spironolactone, consist of carbopol-947 or carbopol-974 or HPMCk15 or xanthan gum as a gelling agents for gel formulation and tween 20, span 20, light, PEG400, light liquid paraffin for emulsion formulation. Emulgel was formulated by emulsion incorporated in gel. Spironolactone loaded emulgel was formulated by using o/w emulsion because of lower solubility in water. Mentha oil was used as a penetration enhancer in emulgel formulation. Optimization of sp...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021

Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin, is a globular protein that in humans is encod... more Serum albumin, often referred to simply as albumin, is a globular protein that in humans is encoded by the ALB gene. Albumin is a multifaceted, highly soluble, stable, nontoxic, non-poisonous, biocompatible and biodegradable plasma protein. Albumin has been widely studied as a protein carrier for drug delivery. Because of its versatile nature, it can also be used for the delivery of the hormones, metals and fatty acids by binding to its specific binding sites. Various studies revealed that albumin can be used to increase the circulating half-life and bioavailability of drug molecules which are smaller than the renal filtration threshold and are rapidly lost from the circulation leading to limiting therapeutic potential. This review article presents advantages, disadvantages, functions, importance, different nanoparticles that can be crowned with an albumin and the special features of albumin as a drug carrier, and how the understanding of these features is currently being employed t...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021

Central nervous system (CNS) disorder is the world’s leading cause of disability and account of m... more Central nervous system (CNS) disorder is the world’s leading cause of disability and account of more hospitalizations. Central nervous system disorders are a group of neurological disorder that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord. Depression (major depressive disorder or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. The aim of treatment is release of neurotrophic proteins in the brain that can help to rebuild the hippocampus that has been reduced due to depression and to optimize patients’ physical, psychological and social functioning. This review presents a brief summary on psychological implications of living with depression, pathogenesis, diagnosis, causes, sign and symptoms and treatments associated with depression.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory Papulo-squamous disease that generally appears as patches of raised ... more Psoriasis is an inflammatory Papulo-squamous disease that generally appears as patches of raised red skin covered by a flaky white build up in many different forms. It is the result of overreaction of the immune system which gives faulty signals resulting in acceleration of the growth cycle in skin cells which pile up on the surface where the body cannot shed them fast enough. Psoriasis is a disorder in which factors in immune system, enzyme and other biochemical substances that regulate skin cell division become impaired, probably because of one or more genetic defects, this cause rapid keratinocytes proliferation and inflammation. Thus the immune system is somehow triggered, which in turn speeds up the growth cycle of skin cells. A normal skin cell matures in 28 to 30 days & is shed from the skin’s surface unnoticed. But a psoriatic skin cell takes only 3 to 4 days to mature and more to the surface, and the cells pile up & form the elevated red lesions. More than 7 million in U.S....

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015

Objective: Raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX) is widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis, but du... more Objective: Raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX) is widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis, but due to its extensive first pass metabolism bioavailability of RLX is remaining only 2%. In addition of that being from BCS class II, RLX has poor water solubility. Therefore the objective of present research work was to enhance solubility and dissolution rate of RLX by formulating inclusion complex with β cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a carrier. Methods: Inclusion complex was prepared by various methods like physical mixture, co-precipitation method and kneading method using different drug to carrier ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3). Results: Inclusion complex prepared with co-precipitation method had shown 5.5 fold improvements in water solubility and significant increment in dissolution rate when compared with plain RLX. Optimized formulation was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy studies for t...

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 2022

Aim/ Background: Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic agent, is used in the treatment of psycho... more Aim/ Background: Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic agent, is used in the treatment of psychotic disorders due to its lower Extra Pyramidal side Effects (EPS) than conventional antipsychotics. Materials and Methods: The objective of the present investigation is to study the effect of formulation variables using 32 factorial design; on preparation of nanoparticles to provide sustained drug release for a prolonged period of time; enhancing therapeutic efficacy by reducing dose dependent side effects. Study include formulation of nanoparticles by the nanoprecipitation method and optimization of the formulation parameters such as Amount of Polymer and Surfactant concentration as independent variables and Particle size and % entrapment efficiency as dependent variables using design of experiment; a statistical tool. Results: Optimized formulation of nanoparticles was characterized for various physicochemical parameters. The particle size was found to be 213.3 nm with 82.89% drug entr...

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are a colloidal carrier system for controlled drug delivery. The... more Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are a colloidal carrier system for controlled drug delivery. The purpose of this work was to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of poorly water soluble drug Irbesartan (IRB). The SLNs were prepared using stearic acid as a lipid by solvent injection method by applying 3 2 full factorial designs. Two variables, polyvinyl alcohol concentration and amount of lipid were found to have significant effect on the entrapment efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL) and in vitro drug release of the SLNs. The optimized batch was also evaluated for its particle size, zeta potential and surface morphology. In addition, optimized formulation was also compared for in vitro drug release with drug solution. The results indicated the sustained release properties of prepared SLNs. Thus, the IRB loaded SLNs would be useful for delivering a poorly water soluble IRB which may beneficial in improving bioavailability and antihypertensive efficacy.

Lornoxicam is a BCS class-II non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of oxicam class that ex... more Lornoxicam is a BCS class-II non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of oxicam class that exhibits analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of study was to enhance the solubility of lornoxicam using different solubility enhancement techniques. Three approaches viz; hydrotropy, cosolvency and mixed solvency techniques were carried out to enhance the solubility of lornoxicam. Many hydrotropes like sodium acetate, sodium salicylate, sodium ascorbate, sodium citrate, sodium benzoate, urea and nicotinamide in different molar concentration and cosolvents like polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol and glycerin in different percentage were used to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drug. In addition to that, a mixed solvency technique was also adopted to study maximum solubility of drug. A 7.25 fold and 26 fold increase in solubility of drug was observed compared to water by using 2M nicotinamide and 40% PEG 600, respectively. Similarly, A 358 fold ...

Oral controlled release dosage forms face several physiological restriction like inability to ret... more Oral controlled release dosage forms face several physiological restriction like inability to retain and position the controlled drug delivery system within the targeted region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to fluctuation in gastric emptying. This results in nonuniform absorption pattern, inadequate medication release and shorter residence time of the dosage form in the stomach. As the fallout of this episode there is inadequate absorption of the drug having absorption window predominantly, in the upper area of GIT. These contemplations have provoked to the development of oral controlled release dosage forms with gastroretentive properties. Microballoons (Hollow microspheres) hold certification as one of the potential approaches for gastric retention. Microballoons are spherical empty particles without core and can remain in the gastric region for delayed periods. They significantly increase the gastric residence time of medication, thereby enhance bioavailability, improve...

Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in using nanotechnology for cancer thera... more Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in using nanotechnology for cancer therapy. The development of smart targeted nanoparticles that can deliver drug at a sustained rate directly targeted to cancer cell may provide better efficacy and lower toxicity for treating primary and advance metastatic tumor. Recently, Chitosan nanoparticles have been intensively investigated as a novel drug carrier due to their extensive advantages, such as good biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxic properties. The rational of this study was to prepare cyclophosphamide loaded folate-chitosan conjugated nanoparticles (FA-CS NPs) for improving tumor-targeted drug delivery. The Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic cross linking method which improve the efficiency of anticancer drug delivery and folic acid (FA) was conjugated with CS NPs by electrostatic interaction between cationic amino group of Chitosan and anionic carboxyl group of FA. The processing parameters involv...

The demand for mouth dissolving tablets has been growing, during the last decade especi... more The demand for mouth dissolving tablets has been growing, during the last decade especially for geriatric and pediatric patients because of swallowing difficulties. The purpose of this research was to mask the intensely bitter taste of Ondansetron HCl and to formulate an orodispersible of the taste-masked drug. Taste masking was done by complexing Ondansetron HCl with different resins like Tulsion 335, Indion 254, Kyron T 134, and Doshion P 514 in different ratio 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 (% w/w) with solvent evaporation method and evaluated by physical and chemical method. Further DRC formulated as oral dispersible tablets and evaluated for patient palatability & disintegration time.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021

Microsponge is developing field of technology which can achieve goal of site specific as well as ... more Microsponge is developing field of technology which can achieve goal of site specific as well as controlled drug delivery. Physicochemical properties of microsponge like Particle size, particle size distribution, porosity, surface morphology plays a major role in selection of type of dosage form and route of administration for delivery of drug. Microsponge is also emerged as novel tool for delivering of drug by topical route. Topical route is having added advantage of formulation flexibility, greater patient compliance, improved safety and efficacy of formulation and aesthetic properties. Rheumatoid Arthritis is immunomodulatory disease which requires long term treatment for management of disease. Available oral formulation may cause liver toxicity upon long term use. Topical route can be suitable alternate route for delivery of drug with enhanced stability of drug, reduced side effects, and reduced frequency of administration. Due to porous and spongy structure of Microsponge, it h...

The objective of present review is to utilize potential of Nanostructured lipid carriers as an ef... more The objective of present review is to utilize potential of Nanostructured lipid carriers as an effective novel carrier system. Being a popularity of oral route, it is used more predominantly for administration of variety of drugs. However, oral route is having certain issues regarding instability of certain drugs in upper gastro intestinal tract, poor solubility, first pass metabolism, fluctuation in blood plasma and inappropriate bioavailability with conventional dosage form. Therefore, there is a need for development of some novel carrier that can deliver the drug moiety efficiently with optimum therapeutic response. Since few years, Nanostructured lipid carriers are gaining attention of researchers towards suitable oral application of drug molecules. Nanostructured lipid carriers are superior then solid lipid nanoparticles with regards of drug entrapment and drug expulsion during storage period. This review shows some findings of Nanostructured lipid carriers of some drugs for im...

The objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate microspheres dosage form with Ram... more The objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate microspheres dosage form with Ramipril as the model drug. Ramipril is ideally suited to be formulated in an extended release drug delivery system to improve its patient compliance by bringing down its frequency of administration. Microspheres were prepared by non-aqueous emulsification-solvent evaporation technique using different combination of Ethyl cellulose and/or Eudragit L100 a polymers. The major advantage of the preparation technique includes short processing time, ambient temperature processing, and high encapsulation efficiency along with being economical. The mixing ratio of components in the organic phase affected the size distribution, drug content, percentage yield and release profile of microspheres. Best results were obtained at the ratio of drug: polymer (1:1). The microspheres formed were additionally found to be floating over gastric juice for > 8 hours. The developed Floating microspheres of Ramip...

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 2022

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021