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Papers by Nnaemeka Onuekwusi
International Journal of Smart Sensor Technologies and Applications, 2020
This paper is a review on energy conservation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Due to the natu... more This paper is a review on energy conservation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Due to the nature of wireless sensor nodes in terms of deployment and their common usage in terrains with limited access, recharging or replacing sensor nodes batteries may be difficult. This paper examined various sources of energy in WSNs Battery, energy harvesting and energy transference. Also, various energy usage operations and energy wastage activities in WSNs were examined, and comparisons of different routing protocols based on network structure, energy dissipation, data communication cost, and entire energy usage in WSNs were itemized. The prospects of the machine learning (ML) approach in addressing energy constraint issues in WSNs were reviewed. This paper recommends a compound approach in routing decisions to maximize energy usage operation and minimize energy wastage activities, consideration for energy harvesting and transference mechanisms, and exploring the potentials in ML algorithms to resolve energy problem in wireless sensor networks.
Energy measurement and management are amongst the major grid challenges and research efforts have... more Energy measurement and management are amongst the major grid challenges and research efforts have been geared towards addressing them. The emergence of smart meters in consonance with the smart grid concept is as a result of these efforts. This paper explores the integration of Energy Management and Control System (EMCS) technologies into smart meters to mitigate energy wastages and ensure energy accountability. The integrated system presented in this paper leverages on the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) to provide a tripod communication between the meter, utility and the consumers. Results from the system prototype show that the system offers the consumer the opportunity to make personal energy budgets in line with the energy conservation, provides more consumption details than the traditional meters and provides for the utility a better management platform of the consumer component of the grid.
European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research
Many poultry farmers are performing diverse operations manually. They, therefore, experience a hu... more Many poultry farmers are performing diverse operations manually. They, therefore, experience a huge financial loss as a result of their inability to properly automate the monitoring and control of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, air quality, and to ensure an adequate supply of light and water. These factors adversely affect the chicks and lead to respiratory, digestive, and behavioural disorders. This affects the chicks’ food intake and leads to an increase in mortality rate and chances of diseases. Therefore, this paper seeks to address these factors by developing an embedded poultry farm. The system was developed using an advanced yet low-cost and low-power System-on-Chip offering WiFi baseband processor and a plethora of peripheral interfaces for the actuators and sensors while Arduino emulator in Proteus 8 was the tool used for the design simulation. The system when tested was able to sense environmental parameter status wirelessly and responds accordingly t...
The plethora of research and development efforts on Wireless Sensor Networks is an indication tha... more The plethora of research and development efforts on Wireless Sensor Networks is an indication that the technology has emerged an active research area in recent times. In this paper, a review of this intelligent technology is undertaken. Its working mechanisms, merits, challenges, transmission technologies, simulating tools and applications are considered. The paper concludes with a clear conviction that a sound knowledge of the basics of this technology is a sine qua non to research and development of the technology.
This paper describes the development of wireless sensor network prototype that gathers biometrica... more This paper describes the development of wireless sensor network prototype that gathers biometrical data and posture information from several wearable sensor networks and sends it in real-time to a personal computer where the information is monitored and stored. The wireless sensor network is based on a low power real-time MAC protocol that was designed and implemented in the MICAz platform. This paper also presents some analytical results and several experimental results regarding the behavior of the developed system.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology
Diversity combining is a technique in wireless network that uses multiple antenna system to impro... more Diversity combining is a technique in wireless network that uses multiple antenna system to improve the quality of radio signal. Mobile radio system suffers multipath propagation due to signal obstruction in the channel. A new hybridized diversity combining scheme consisting of Equal Gain Combining (EGC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) was proposed in this paper. Theperformance of the hybrid model was evaluated using Outage Probability (Pout) and Processing time (Pt) at different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Signal Paths (L=2,3) for 4-QAM and 8-QAM Modulation Schemes. A mathematical expression for the hybrid EGC-MRC was realized using the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the Nakagami fading channel. MATLAB R2015b software was used for the model simulation. The result shows that hybrid EGC-MRC outperforms the standalone EGC and MRC schemes by having lower Pout and Pt values. Hence, hybrid EGC-MRC exhibits enhanced potentials to mitigate multipath propagation at reduced system complexity.
International Journal of Electronics, Communications, and Measurement Engineering
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) in recent times have become a dominant technology in environmental... more Wireless sensor networks (WSN) in recent times have become a dominant technology in environmental monitoring and in early detection of conditions like fire outbreaks in order to save lives and properties. In this article, the design and development of a WSN fire detection system is presented. For accurate and reliable detection of fire, three sensors (i.e., MQ-2, DS18B20, and KY-026) are employed in addition to other WSN key components for the respective detection of gas, temperature, and infrared, which are major fire parameters. The system further has a battery monitoring scheme for the observation of the energy resource of the nodes and to ensure their viability. A developed graphic user interface is deployed for the remote monitoring of the entire system and its data. Results obtained from the different test conditions using combustible solid, inflammable liquid, and gas show that the system performed optimally. The developed system is recommended for residential and small offic...
Journal of Asian Scientific Research
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has become an active branch in the field of Communication Enginee... more Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has become an active branch in the field of Communication Engineering. Owing to energy demand of wireless sensor nodes and the entire network structure, different routing protocol had been developed to address the constraint on sensor nodes battery. Clustering Routing Protocol (CRP) being the most effective approach used could suffer a major drawback as nodes close to the Sink depletes their energy first, thereby resulting into energy hole whereby data routed to the Sink through the affected nodes become interrupted. This paper takes a sample of wireless sensor networks on selected perimeters and the possibility of energy hole on the sampled networks using a single and different hierarchical level metrics simulated in Matlab environment. The result revealed that nodes far away from the Sink still retain a large joules (J) of Energy above the mean energy residue values even though the structured network had failed. Hence, possible solutions to alleviate the challenges posed due to energy hole in similar networks are recommended. Contribution/ Originality: This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the existence of energy hole in WSNs by deploying sensor nodes on selected perimeters and modifying the existing energy models to present a logical analysis.
International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking
This article addresses the challenges of routing hole and network partitioning often experienced ... more This article addresses the challenges of routing hole and network partitioning often experienced in hierarchical wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This developed model classifies network nodes into sets for effective energy management and formulates two cluster networks namely: switching and non-switching networks. Both networks are considered homogeneous and static WSNs and adopted approaches of residual energy, multi-hop and minimal distance as routing decision parameters. The switching network in addition introduces an energy switching factor as a major decision parameter for the switching of cluster head roles amongst cluster nodes. Network simulation was done using Truetime 2.0 and energy dissipation of the respective nodes and cluster heads was observed against a threshold. Results showed the introduction of the energy switching factor gave a significant energy balancing effect as nodes exhibited uniform energy dissipation. Furthermore, the residual energies for most nodes were...
International Journal of Smart Sensor Technologies and Applications, 2020
This paper is a review on energy conservation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Due to the natu... more This paper is a review on energy conservation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Due to the nature of wireless sensor nodes in terms of deployment and their common usage in terrains with limited access, recharging or replacing sensor nodes batteries may be difficult. This paper examined various sources of energy in WSNs Battery, energy harvesting and energy transference. Also, various energy usage operations and energy wastage activities in WSNs were examined, and comparisons of different routing protocols based on network structure, energy dissipation, data communication cost, and entire energy usage in WSNs were itemized. The prospects of the machine learning (ML) approach in addressing energy constraint issues in WSNs were reviewed. This paper recommends a compound approach in routing decisions to maximize energy usage operation and minimize energy wastage activities, consideration for energy harvesting and transference mechanisms, and exploring the potentials in ML algorithms to resolve energy problem in wireless sensor networks.
Energy measurement and management are amongst the major grid challenges and research efforts have... more Energy measurement and management are amongst the major grid challenges and research efforts have been geared towards addressing them. The emergence of smart meters in consonance with the smart grid concept is as a result of these efforts. This paper explores the integration of Energy Management and Control System (EMCS) technologies into smart meters to mitigate energy wastages and ensure energy accountability. The integrated system presented in this paper leverages on the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) to provide a tripod communication between the meter, utility and the consumers. Results from the system prototype show that the system offers the consumer the opportunity to make personal energy budgets in line with the energy conservation, provides more consumption details than the traditional meters and provides for the utility a better management platform of the consumer component of the grid.
European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research
Many poultry farmers are performing diverse operations manually. They, therefore, experience a hu... more Many poultry farmers are performing diverse operations manually. They, therefore, experience a huge financial loss as a result of their inability to properly automate the monitoring and control of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, air quality, and to ensure an adequate supply of light and water. These factors adversely affect the chicks and lead to respiratory, digestive, and behavioural disorders. This affects the chicks’ food intake and leads to an increase in mortality rate and chances of diseases. Therefore, this paper seeks to address these factors by developing an embedded poultry farm. The system was developed using an advanced yet low-cost and low-power System-on-Chip offering WiFi baseband processor and a plethora of peripheral interfaces for the actuators and sensors while Arduino emulator in Proteus 8 was the tool used for the design simulation. The system when tested was able to sense environmental parameter status wirelessly and responds accordingly t...
The plethora of research and development efforts on Wireless Sensor Networks is an indication tha... more The plethora of research and development efforts on Wireless Sensor Networks is an indication that the technology has emerged an active research area in recent times. In this paper, a review of this intelligent technology is undertaken. Its working mechanisms, merits, challenges, transmission technologies, simulating tools and applications are considered. The paper concludes with a clear conviction that a sound knowledge of the basics of this technology is a sine qua non to research and development of the technology.
This paper describes the development of wireless sensor network prototype that gathers biometrica... more This paper describes the development of wireless sensor network prototype that gathers biometrical data and posture information from several wearable sensor networks and sends it in real-time to a personal computer where the information is monitored and stored. The wireless sensor network is based on a low power real-time MAC protocol that was designed and implemented in the MICAz platform. This paper also presents some analytical results and several experimental results regarding the behavior of the developed system.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology
Diversity combining is a technique in wireless network that uses multiple antenna system to impro... more Diversity combining is a technique in wireless network that uses multiple antenna system to improve the quality of radio signal. Mobile radio system suffers multipath propagation due to signal obstruction in the channel. A new hybridized diversity combining scheme consisting of Equal Gain Combining (EGC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) was proposed in this paper. Theperformance of the hybrid model was evaluated using Outage Probability (Pout) and Processing time (Pt) at different Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Signal Paths (L=2,3) for 4-QAM and 8-QAM Modulation Schemes. A mathematical expression for the hybrid EGC-MRC was realized using the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the Nakagami fading channel. MATLAB R2015b software was used for the model simulation. The result shows that hybrid EGC-MRC outperforms the standalone EGC and MRC schemes by having lower Pout and Pt values. Hence, hybrid EGC-MRC exhibits enhanced potentials to mitigate multipath propagation at reduced system complexity.
International Journal of Electronics, Communications, and Measurement Engineering
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) in recent times have become a dominant technology in environmental... more Wireless sensor networks (WSN) in recent times have become a dominant technology in environmental monitoring and in early detection of conditions like fire outbreaks in order to save lives and properties. In this article, the design and development of a WSN fire detection system is presented. For accurate and reliable detection of fire, three sensors (i.e., MQ-2, DS18B20, and KY-026) are employed in addition to other WSN key components for the respective detection of gas, temperature, and infrared, which are major fire parameters. The system further has a battery monitoring scheme for the observation of the energy resource of the nodes and to ensure their viability. A developed graphic user interface is deployed for the remote monitoring of the entire system and its data. Results obtained from the different test conditions using combustible solid, inflammable liquid, and gas show that the system performed optimally. The developed system is recommended for residential and small offic...
Journal of Asian Scientific Research
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has become an active branch in the field of Communication Enginee... more Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has become an active branch in the field of Communication Engineering. Owing to energy demand of wireless sensor nodes and the entire network structure, different routing protocol had been developed to address the constraint on sensor nodes battery. Clustering Routing Protocol (CRP) being the most effective approach used could suffer a major drawback as nodes close to the Sink depletes their energy first, thereby resulting into energy hole whereby data routed to the Sink through the affected nodes become interrupted. This paper takes a sample of wireless sensor networks on selected perimeters and the possibility of energy hole on the sampled networks using a single and different hierarchical level metrics simulated in Matlab environment. The result revealed that nodes far away from the Sink still retain a large joules (J) of Energy above the mean energy residue values even though the structured network had failed. Hence, possible solutions to alleviate the challenges posed due to energy hole in similar networks are recommended. Contribution/ Originality: This study is one of very few studies which have investigated the existence of energy hole in WSNs by deploying sensor nodes on selected perimeters and modifying the existing energy models to present a logical analysis.
International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking
This article addresses the challenges of routing hole and network partitioning often experienced ... more This article addresses the challenges of routing hole and network partitioning often experienced in hierarchical wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This developed model classifies network nodes into sets for effective energy management and formulates two cluster networks namely: switching and non-switching networks. Both networks are considered homogeneous and static WSNs and adopted approaches of residual energy, multi-hop and minimal distance as routing decision parameters. The switching network in addition introduces an energy switching factor as a major decision parameter for the switching of cluster head roles amongst cluster nodes. Network simulation was done using Truetime 2.0 and energy dissipation of the respective nodes and cluster heads was observed against a threshold. Results showed the introduction of the energy switching factor gave a significant energy balancing effect as nodes exhibited uniform energy dissipation. Furthermore, the residual energies for most nodes were...