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Papers by Norazlina Khamis

Environmental conditions and air quality monitoring have become crucial today due to the undeniab... more Environmental conditions and air quality monitoring have become crucial today due to the undeniable changes of the climate and accelerated urbanization. To efficiently monitor environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and the levels of pollutants, such as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air, and to collect data covering vast geographical areas, the development of cheap energy-autonomous sensors for large scale deployment and fine-grained data acquisition is required. Rapid advances in electronics and communication technologies along with the emergence of paradigms such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have led to the development of low-cost sensor devices that can operate unattended for long periods of time and communicate using wired or wireless connections through the Internet. We investigate the energy efficiency of an environmental monitoring system based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons that operate in the IoT environment. The beacons developed measure the temperature, the relative humidity, the light intensity, and the CO 2 and VOC levels in the air. Based on our analysis we have developed efficient sleep scheduling algorithms that allow the sensor nodes developed to operate autonomously without requiring the replacement of the power supply. The experimental results show that low-power sensors communicating using BLE technology can operate autonomously (from the energy perspective) in applications that monitor the environment or the air quality in indoor or outdoor settings.

Object oriented (OO) programming is one of the most popular programming paradigms nowadays. It is... more Object oriented (OO) programming is one of the most popular programming paradigms nowadays. It is not surprising that most of Computer Sciences degree programs offer OO courses as part of their curriculum. One of the biggest challenges for educators who teach programming courses is deciding how to assess each student’s programming skills. How do we assess whether the students have acquired the right OO skills after they have completed their OO courses? None of the current assessment techniques would be able to provide this answer. It appears reasonable that a better understanding of how to assess OO skills is needed by developing a new approach of assessment. It is even important in the context of Malaysia where there is currently a growing concern over the level of competency of Malaysian IT graduates in programming. This paper will discuss the issues and problems with current OO programming assessment methods used in Malaysian universities. In this research, surveys were conducted...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series

Kota Kinabalu (KK) is one of the pilot cities to implement smart city infrastructure in Malaysia.... more Kota Kinabalu (KK) is one of the pilot cities to implement smart city infrastructure in Malaysia. Given this privilege, lots of apps are needed to enable the city folks taking advantage of the highspeed bandwidth infrastructure. One of it is moving towards smart environment and smart government through supporting the green environment and cashless payment system for parking purposes. This paper describes the effort on the development of an apps, JumPark Bah! as an alternative to the current coupon-based parking system handled by the local authorities, Kota Kinabalu City Hall (KKCH). The current approach is quite cumbersome for KK city folks as they need to have a valid parking coupon displayed on the dashboard to park their car around KK city area. They must be able to correctly estimate the parking time or else summon will be issued if the parking time is exceeded. As for the KKCH, they need to assign many parking attendants for checking and validating the parking session. Thus, Ju...

Reuse of software artefacts such as requirements is an indispensable activity in software develop... more Reuse of software artefacts such as requirements is an indispensable activity in software development. However, practitioners reuse requirements opportunistically without proper planning. Software product line engineering (SPLE) comprises of two main processes known as domain engineering and application engineering. During the domain engineering process, a solid foundation is laid for designing reusable structure, which helps in delineating requirements artefacts and systematic planning for future reuse. Whereas, during application engineering process, systematic reuse of software artefacts is realized taking advantage of the benefits of reuse are utilized in application engineering phase through derivation of various reusable structure initially built in domain application. This paper presents evaluation of systematic requirements reuse framework (RP-SPF) from an experiment in academic setting. The findings of the evaluation show that the RP-SPF approach is more efficient and effective compared to conventional (Ad hoc) of reusing and documenting requirements.

Received Dec 16, 2020 Revised May 25, 2021 Accepted Jun 16, 2021 Satisfying user experience (UX) ... more Received Dec 16, 2020 Revised May 25, 2021 Accepted Jun 16, 2021 Satisfying user experience (UX) is one of the major goals for any application. A good UX will contribute to the higher rate adoption of the application itself. With the emergence of IoT, the concept of smart campus is widely being researched and developed. Smart campus initiative is relatively important as the campus can be considered as a small town by utilizing the same IT infrastructure as smart city. Bus tracking system is one of the initiatives in smart campus environment. One of the main issues is to assess the usability of this apps before it can be deployed widely in campus. This paper will discuss the user experiences evaluation using MeCUE technique on UMS HopIn! a bus tracking apps an initiative towards implementation of smart campus in Universiti Malaysia Sabah. The app gives user the real time location of campus buses and the estimated time of arrival (ETA) for each of the buses. Based on user evaluation i...

The technological advancements of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the recent past have facilitate... more The technological advancements of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the recent past have facilitated immense progress towards mitigation of environmental pollution through smart transportation systems and solutions. In particular, communication to the commuters about the traffic ahead or occurrences of congestion has been envisioned to play a major role in outsmarting traffic through mobile applications giving rise to the emergence of the Internet of Mobile Things (IoMT). However, the existing mobile applications that serve as traffic reporting solutions still face major issues such as fixed route suggestions, longer delays during busy hours or emergencies, inefficient prompting of road accidents and heavy traffic en route to a particular destination. This research aims at providing solutions for notifying the commuters with updates on the traffic based upon the Air Quality Index (AQI) of the routes towards the destination and also about the approach of emergency vehicles. The cross-p...

T-way testing (or interaction testing) is a common test planning method used to sample a complete... more T-way testing (or interaction testing) is a common test planning method used to sample a complete or exhaustive test suite systematically.In t-way testing, it is assumed that interaction only occurs between t numbers of parameters (where t is the interaction strength). Therefore, all t-way strategies generate the t-way test suite with the intention to cover every possible combination produces by the interacting parameters (or also known as tuples). However, for some systems under test(SUT), there are some combinations that are known to produce invalid outputs or eventrigger unwanted errors. Additionally, there are also some known combinations that are impossible to occur due to requirements set to the system. As such, these combinations (termed constraints) have to be excluded from the final test suite. Whilemany t-way strategies have been proposed in literature for the past 20 years (e.g. GTWay, MIPOG, TConfig and TCG), only IPOG and PICT strategies have been known to support constraints in variable strength test suite generation. However, as t-way test suite generation process is an NP-hard problem, no single strategy can claim dominance over the others. Motivated by the challenges, this paper proposes a new strategy named General Variable Strength with Constraints (GVS_CONST) that support variable strength interaction with constraints consideration. Empirical evidence demonstrates that in most cases GVS_CONST outperforms other competing strategies in term of test suite size.

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2018

The vision of ubiquitous computing is based on the fact that future computers will merge up with ... more The vision of ubiquitous computing is based on the fact that future computers will merge up with the surrounding environment in IoT domain. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are two important cornerstones for pervasive computing as they combine the physical and virtual world, thereby bridging the gap between cyber space and physical world of real things. RFID enables the identification and detection of entities while WSN are used to sense the condition of the environment or object. The integration of RFID and WSN have paved way for the existence of RSN (RFID Sensor Networks), thereby providing extended capabilities, scalability, portability, lower cost and novel perspective towards a broad range of applications. This paper presents a brief introduction about the evolution of RSN, major issues in RSN and energy management with regards to Energy Harvesting (EH), energy request and transfer. It also investigates into the problems encountered for efficient energy transmission. Differently from the classic schemes in the literature that deals with scalability, security and communication protocol aspects, the proposed methodology focuses on energy management issue which is of utmost importance for wide area RSN. Furthermore, the paper provides insights into the preliminary experimental evaluation and its comparative analysis with existing schemes pertaining to performance metrics.

A REVIEW ON OBJECT-ORIENTED METRICS AS A SUPPORTING METHOD TO EXTRACT OBJECT-ORIENTED CONCEPTS FR... more A REVIEW ON OBJECT-ORIENTED METRICS AS A SUPPORTING METHOD TO EXTRACT OBJECT-ORIENTED CONCEPTS FROM STUDENT'S SOURCE CODE 1 Norazlina Khamis and 2 Sufian Idris 1 Department of Software Engineering Faculty of Computer Science & ...

Multimedia Tools and Applications

The emergence of biometric technology provides enhanced security compared to the traditional iden... more The emergence of biometric technology provides enhanced security compared to the traditional identification and authentication techniques that were less efficient and secure. Despite the advantages brought by biometric technology, the existing biometric systems such as Automatic Speaker Verification (ASV) systems are weak against presentation attacks. A presentation attack is a spoofing attack launched to subvert an ASV system to gain access to the system. Though numerous Presentation Attack Detection (PAD) systems were reported in the literature, a systematic survey that describes the current state of research and application is unavailable. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the state-of-the-art voice PAD systems to promote further advancement in this area. The objectives of this paper are two folds: (i) to understand the nature of recent work on PAD systems, and (ii) to identify areas that require additional research. From the survey, a taxonomy of voice PAD and the tre...

Environmental conditions and air quality monitoring have become crucial today due to the undeniab... more Environmental conditions and air quality monitoring have become crucial today due to the undeniable changes of the climate and accelerated urbanization. To efficiently monitor environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and the levels of pollutants, such as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air, and to collect data covering vast geographical areas, the development of cheap energy-autonomous sensors for large scale deployment and fine-grained data acquisition is required. Rapid advances in electronics and communication technologies along with the emergence of paradigms such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have led to the development of low-cost sensor devices that can operate unattended for long periods of time and communicate using wired or wireless connections through the Internet. We investigate the energy efficiency of an environmental monitoring system based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons that operate in the IoT environment. The beacons developed measure the temperature, the relative humidity, the light intensity, and the CO 2 and VOC levels in the air. Based on our analysis we have developed efficient sleep scheduling algorithms that allow the sensor nodes developed to operate autonomously without requiring the replacement of the power supply. The experimental results show that low-power sensors communicating using BLE technology can operate autonomously (from the energy perspective) in applications that monitor the environment or the air quality in indoor or outdoor settings.

Object oriented (OO) programming is one of the most popular programming paradigms nowadays. It is... more Object oriented (OO) programming is one of the most popular programming paradigms nowadays. It is not surprising that most of Computer Sciences degree programs offer OO courses as part of their curriculum. One of the biggest challenges for educators who teach programming courses is deciding how to assess each student’s programming skills. How do we assess whether the students have acquired the right OO skills after they have completed their OO courses? None of the current assessment techniques would be able to provide this answer. It appears reasonable that a better understanding of how to assess OO skills is needed by developing a new approach of assessment. It is even important in the context of Malaysia where there is currently a growing concern over the level of competency of Malaysian IT graduates in programming. This paper will discuss the issues and problems with current OO programming assessment methods used in Malaysian universities. In this research, surveys were conducted...

Journal of Physics: Conference Series

Kota Kinabalu (KK) is one of the pilot cities to implement smart city infrastructure in Malaysia.... more Kota Kinabalu (KK) is one of the pilot cities to implement smart city infrastructure in Malaysia. Given this privilege, lots of apps are needed to enable the city folks taking advantage of the highspeed bandwidth infrastructure. One of it is moving towards smart environment and smart government through supporting the green environment and cashless payment system for parking purposes. This paper describes the effort on the development of an apps, JumPark Bah! as an alternative to the current coupon-based parking system handled by the local authorities, Kota Kinabalu City Hall (KKCH). The current approach is quite cumbersome for KK city folks as they need to have a valid parking coupon displayed on the dashboard to park their car around KK city area. They must be able to correctly estimate the parking time or else summon will be issued if the parking time is exceeded. As for the KKCH, they need to assign many parking attendants for checking and validating the parking session. Thus, Ju...

Reuse of software artefacts such as requirements is an indispensable activity in software develop... more Reuse of software artefacts such as requirements is an indispensable activity in software development. However, practitioners reuse requirements opportunistically without proper planning. Software product line engineering (SPLE) comprises of two main processes known as domain engineering and application engineering. During the domain engineering process, a solid foundation is laid for designing reusable structure, which helps in delineating requirements artefacts and systematic planning for future reuse. Whereas, during application engineering process, systematic reuse of software artefacts is realized taking advantage of the benefits of reuse are utilized in application engineering phase through derivation of various reusable structure initially built in domain application. This paper presents evaluation of systematic requirements reuse framework (RP-SPF) from an experiment in academic setting. The findings of the evaluation show that the RP-SPF approach is more efficient and effective compared to conventional (Ad hoc) of reusing and documenting requirements.

Received Dec 16, 2020 Revised May 25, 2021 Accepted Jun 16, 2021 Satisfying user experience (UX) ... more Received Dec 16, 2020 Revised May 25, 2021 Accepted Jun 16, 2021 Satisfying user experience (UX) is one of the major goals for any application. A good UX will contribute to the higher rate adoption of the application itself. With the emergence of IoT, the concept of smart campus is widely being researched and developed. Smart campus initiative is relatively important as the campus can be considered as a small town by utilizing the same IT infrastructure as smart city. Bus tracking system is one of the initiatives in smart campus environment. One of the main issues is to assess the usability of this apps before it can be deployed widely in campus. This paper will discuss the user experiences evaluation using MeCUE technique on UMS HopIn! a bus tracking apps an initiative towards implementation of smart campus in Universiti Malaysia Sabah. The app gives user the real time location of campus buses and the estimated time of arrival (ETA) for each of the buses. Based on user evaluation i...

The technological advancements of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the recent past have facilitate... more The technological advancements of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the recent past have facilitated immense progress towards mitigation of environmental pollution through smart transportation systems and solutions. In particular, communication to the commuters about the traffic ahead or occurrences of congestion has been envisioned to play a major role in outsmarting traffic through mobile applications giving rise to the emergence of the Internet of Mobile Things (IoMT). However, the existing mobile applications that serve as traffic reporting solutions still face major issues such as fixed route suggestions, longer delays during busy hours or emergencies, inefficient prompting of road accidents and heavy traffic en route to a particular destination. This research aims at providing solutions for notifying the commuters with updates on the traffic based upon the Air Quality Index (AQI) of the routes towards the destination and also about the approach of emergency vehicles. The cross-p...

T-way testing (or interaction testing) is a common test planning method used to sample a complete... more T-way testing (or interaction testing) is a common test planning method used to sample a complete or exhaustive test suite systematically.In t-way testing, it is assumed that interaction only occurs between t numbers of parameters (where t is the interaction strength). Therefore, all t-way strategies generate the t-way test suite with the intention to cover every possible combination produces by the interacting parameters (or also known as tuples). However, for some systems under test(SUT), there are some combinations that are known to produce invalid outputs or eventrigger unwanted errors. Additionally, there are also some known combinations that are impossible to occur due to requirements set to the system. As such, these combinations (termed constraints) have to be excluded from the final test suite. Whilemany t-way strategies have been proposed in literature for the past 20 years (e.g. GTWay, MIPOG, TConfig and TCG), only IPOG and PICT strategies have been known to support constraints in variable strength test suite generation. However, as t-way test suite generation process is an NP-hard problem, no single strategy can claim dominance over the others. Motivated by the challenges, this paper proposes a new strategy named General Variable Strength with Constraints (GVS_CONST) that support variable strength interaction with constraints consideration. Empirical evidence demonstrates that in most cases GVS_CONST outperforms other competing strategies in term of test suite size.

Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2018

The vision of ubiquitous computing is based on the fact that future computers will merge up with ... more The vision of ubiquitous computing is based on the fact that future computers will merge up with the surrounding environment in IoT domain. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are two important cornerstones for pervasive computing as they combine the physical and virtual world, thereby bridging the gap between cyber space and physical world of real things. RFID enables the identification and detection of entities while WSN are used to sense the condition of the environment or object. The integration of RFID and WSN have paved way for the existence of RSN (RFID Sensor Networks), thereby providing extended capabilities, scalability, portability, lower cost and novel perspective towards a broad range of applications. This paper presents a brief introduction about the evolution of RSN, major issues in RSN and energy management with regards to Energy Harvesting (EH), energy request and transfer. It also investigates into the problems encountered for efficient energy transmission. Differently from the classic schemes in the literature that deals with scalability, security and communication protocol aspects, the proposed methodology focuses on energy management issue which is of utmost importance for wide area RSN. Furthermore, the paper provides insights into the preliminary experimental evaluation and its comparative analysis with existing schemes pertaining to performance metrics.

A REVIEW ON OBJECT-ORIENTED METRICS AS A SUPPORTING METHOD TO EXTRACT OBJECT-ORIENTED CONCEPTS FR... more A REVIEW ON OBJECT-ORIENTED METRICS AS A SUPPORTING METHOD TO EXTRACT OBJECT-ORIENTED CONCEPTS FROM STUDENT'S SOURCE CODE 1 Norazlina Khamis and 2 Sufian Idris 1 Department of Software Engineering Faculty of Computer Science & ...

Multimedia Tools and Applications

The emergence of biometric technology provides enhanced security compared to the traditional iden... more The emergence of biometric technology provides enhanced security compared to the traditional identification and authentication techniques that were less efficient and secure. Despite the advantages brought by biometric technology, the existing biometric systems such as Automatic Speaker Verification (ASV) systems are weak against presentation attacks. A presentation attack is a spoofing attack launched to subvert an ASV system to gain access to the system. Though numerous Presentation Attack Detection (PAD) systems were reported in the literature, a systematic survey that describes the current state of research and application is unavailable. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the state-of-the-art voice PAD systems to promote further advancement in this area. The objectives of this paper are two folds: (i) to understand the nature of recent work on PAD systems, and (ii) to identify areas that require additional research. From the survey, a taxonomy of voice PAD and the tre...