Norbert Sprenger - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Norbert Sprenger
Frontiers in Nutrition
Early dietary exposure via human milk nutrients offers a window of opportunity to support cogniti... more Early dietary exposure via human milk nutrients offers a window of opportunity to support cognitive and temperament development. While several studies have focused on associations of few pre-selected human milk nutrients with cognition and temperament, it is highly plausible that human milk nutrients synergistically and jointly support cognitive and behavioral development in early life. We aimed to discern the combined associations of three major classes of human milk nutrients with cognition and temperament during the first 6 months of life when human milk is the primary source of an infant’s nutrition and explore whether there were persistent effects up to 18 months old. The Mullen Scales of Early Learning and Infant Behavior Questionnaires—Revised were used to assess cognition and temperament, respectively, of 54 exclusively/predominantly breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life, whose follow-ups were conducted at 6–9, 9–12, and 12–18 months old. Human milk samples were ob...
Nutrition Journal
Background Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have important and diverse biological functions in ... more Background Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have important and diverse biological functions in early life. This study tested the safety and efficacy of a starter infant formula containing Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri DSM 17938 and supplemented with 2’-fucosyllactose (2’FL). Methods Healthy infants < 14 days old (n = 289) were randomly assigned to a bovine milk-based formula containing L. reuteri DSM 17938 at 1 × 107 CFU/g (control group; CG) or the same formula with added 1.0 g/L 2’FL (experimental group; EG) until 6 months of age. A non-randomized breastfed group served as reference (BF; n = 60). The primary endpoint was weight gain through 4 months of age in the formula-fed infants. Secondary endpoints included additional anthropometric measures, gastrointestinal tolerance, stooling characteristics, adverse events (AEs), fecal microbiota and metabolism, and gut immunity and health biomarkers in all feeding groups. Results Weight gain in EG was non-inferior to CG as shown ...
Frontiers in Nutrition
BackgroundHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have important biological functions for a healthy de... more BackgroundHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have important biological functions for a healthy development in early life.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate gut maturation effects of an infant formula containing five HMOs (2′-fucosyllactose, 2′,3-di-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, 3′-sialyllactose, and 6′-sialyllactose).MethodsIn a multicenter study, healthy infants (7–21 days old) were randomly assigned to a standard cow’s milk-based infant formula (control group, CG); the same formula with 1.5 g/L HMOs (test group 1, TG1); or with 2.5 g/L HMOs (test group 2, TG2). A human milk-fed group (HMG) was enrolled as a reference. Fecal samples collected at baseline (n∼150/formula group; HMG n = 60), age 3 (n∼140/formula group; HMG n = 65) and 6 (n∼115/formula group; HMG n = 60) months were analyzed for microbiome (shotgun metagenomics), metabolism, and biomarkers.ResultsAt both post-baseline visits, weighted UniFrac analysis indicated different microbiota compositions in the two tes...
www.molecularsystemsbiology.com Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial–host metabolic in... more www.molecularsystemsbiology.com Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial–host metabolic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model
www.molecularsystemsbiology.com Top-down systems biology integration of conditional prebiotic mod... more www.molecularsystemsbiology.com Top-down systems biology integration of conditional prebiotic modulated transgenomic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model
A synthetic nutritional composition comprising at least one N-acetyl-lactosamine, at least one si... more A synthetic nutritional composition comprising at least one N-acetyl-lactosamine, at least one sialylated oligosaccharide and at least one fucosylated oligosaccharide, for use in the prevention and / or treatment of skin diseases, preferably atopic dermatitis, in that N-acetyl-lactosamine is selected from the group consisting of lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose, and wherein the sialylated oligosaccharide is selected from the group consisting of 3'-sialillactose and 6'- sialillactose, and preferably said composition comprises both 3'-sialillactose and 6'-sialillactose, the ratio being between 3'-sialillactose and 6'-silalillactose preferably in the range between 5: 1 and 1: 2, and in which the oligosaccharide Fucosylated is selected from the group consisting of 2'-fucosillactose, 3-fucosillactose, difucosillactose, lacto-N-fucopentaose I, lacto-N-fucopentaose II, lacto-N-fucopentaose III and lacto-N-fucopentaose V, lacto- N-difucohexaosa I, fu cosi...
La presente invention concerne une composition nutritive destinee a etre administree a un nourris... more La presente invention concerne une composition nutritive destinee a etre administree a un nourrisson. Ladite composition comprend, sur la base de la matiere seche, de 2,5 a 15,0 % en poids d'un melange d'oligosaccharides constitue d'un ou plusieurs oligosaccharides N-acetyles, d'un ou plusieurs galacto-oligosaccharides et d'un ou plusieurs oligosaccharides sialyles, sous reserve que la composition comprenne au moins 0,02 % en poids d'un oligosaccharide N-acetyle, au moins 2,0 % en poids d'un galacto-oligosaccharide et au moins 0,04 % en poids d'un oligosaccharide sialyle et que le ou les oligosaccharides N-acetyles representent de 0,5 a 4,0 % du melange d'oligosaccharides, que le ou les galacto-oligosaccharides representent de 92,0 a 98,5 % du melange d'oligosaccharides et que le ou les oligosaccharides sialyles representent de 1,0 a 4,0 % du melange d'oligosaccharides. Cette composition se revele utile au titre de son administration a un ...
Composition nutritive synthetique destinee a etre utilisee dans la prevention d'infections se... more Composition nutritive synthetique destinee a etre utilisee dans la prevention d'infections secondaires suite a une infection virale, caracterisee par une activite de neuraminidase comportant un oligosaccharide sialyle et une N-acetyl-lactosamine et/ou un oligosaccharide comportant une N-acetyl-lactosamine. Par ailleurs, utilisation d'une telle composition dans la prevention d'infections secondaires du type otite moyenne.
Revista española de pediatría, 2017
Microorganisms, 2021
Early life is characterized by developmental milestones such as holding up the head, turning over... more Early life is characterized by developmental milestones such as holding up the head, turning over, sitting up and walking that are typically achieved sequentially in specific time windows. Similarly, the early gut microbiome maturation can be characterized by specific temporal microorganism acquisition, colonization and selection with differential functional features over time. This orchestrated microbial sequence occurs from birth during the first years of age before the microbiome reaches an adult-like composition and function between 3 and 5 years of age. Increasingly, these different steps of microbiome development are recognized as crucial windows of opportunity for long term health, primarily linked to appropriate immune and metabolic development. For instance, microbiome disruptors such as preterm and Cesarean-section birth, malnutrition and antibiotic use are associated with increased risk to negatively affect long-term immune and metabolic health. Different age discriminant...
mBio, 2020
Human milk is the sole and recommended nutrition for the newborn infant and contains one of the l... more Human milk is the sole and recommended nutrition for the newborn infant and contains one of the largest constituents of diverse oligosaccharides, dubbed human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Preclinical and clinical association studies indicate that HMOs have multiple physiological functions largely mediated through the establishment of the gut microbiome. Until recently, HMOs were not available to investigate their role in randomized controlled intervention trials. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of 2 HMOs on establishing microbiota in newborn infants. We provide a detailed description of the microbiota changes observed upon feeding a formula with 2 HMOs in comparison to breastfed reference infants' microbiota. Then, we associate the microbiota to long-term health as assessed by prescribed antibiotic use.
Pediatric Research, 2021
Background The relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and infant growth and adip... more Background The relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and infant growth and adiposity is not fully understood and comprehensive studies are missing from the current literature. Methods We screened and recruited 370 healthy, pregnant women and their infants from seven European countries. Breastmilk samples were collected using standardized procedures at six time points over 4 months, as were infant parameters. Correlations and associations between HMO area under the curve, anthropometric data, and fat mass at 4 months were tested. Results Lacto-N-neotetraose had a negative correlation with the change in length ( r s = −0.18, P = 0.02). Sialyllacto-N-tetraose c (LSTc) had a positive correlation with weight for length ( r s = 0.19, P = 0.015). Infants at the 25th upper percentile were fed milk higher in 3′-sialyllactose and LSTc ( P = 0.017 and P = 0.006, respectively) compared to the lower 25th percentile of the weight-for-length z -score gain over 4 months of lactation. No significant associations between growth and body composition and Lewis or secretor-dependent HMOs like 2′-fucosyllactose were identified. Conclusions Changes in the HMO composition of breastmilk during the first 4 months appear to have little influence on infant growth and body composition in this cohort of healthy mothers and infants. Impact Modest associations exist between individual HMO and infant growth outcomes at least in healthy growing populations. Our study provides a comprehensive investigation of associations between all major HMO and infant growth and adiposity including several time points. Certain groups of HMOs, like the sialylated, may be associated with adiposity during the first months of lactation. HMO may modulate the risk of future metabolic disease. Future population studies need to address the role of specific groups of HMOs in the context of health and disease to understand the long-term impact.
Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. Associations between Human Milk Oligosaccharides at 3 ... more Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. Associations between Human Milk Oligosaccharides at 3 months and maternal and birth parameter are presented as ratio, 95% confidence interval, and p-value. If the effects differed between the secretor and the non-secretor group, both effects are given. Otherwise the overall effect is reported. Supplementary Table S2. Associations between Human Milk Oligosaccharides at 3 months and height-SDS at the different time points are presented as ratio, 95% confidence interval, and p-value. If the effects differed between the secretor and the non-secretor group, both effects are given. Otherwise the overall effect is reported. Supplementary Table S3. Associations between Human Milk Oligosaccharides at 3 months and growth velocity at the different time points are presented as ratio, 95% confidence interval, and p-value. If the effects differed between the secretor and the non-secretor group, both effects are given. Otherwise the overall effect is repo...
BMC Pediatrics, 2021
BackgroundThe relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) and child growth has been in... more BackgroundThe relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) and child growth has been investigated only insufficiently with ambiguous results. Therefore, this study examines potential influencing factors of HMO concentrations and how HMO are associated with child growth parameters.MethodsMilk samples from the German LIFE Child cohort of healthy children were analyzed for 9 HMO. Putative associations with maternal and child cofactors and child height, head circumference and BMI between 3 months and 7 years of age were examined. Secretor status, defined as the presence of 2′-fucosyllactose, was investigated for associations with infant outcomes.ResultsOur population consisted of 21 (14.7%) non-secretor and 122 (85.3%) secretor mothers. Maternal age was significantly associated with higher 3′SL concentrations; gestational age was associated with LNT, 6′SL and LNFP-I. Pre-pregnancy BMI was negatively associated with LNnT only in non-secretors. The growth velocity of non-secreto...
The Journal of Nutrition, 2021
Maternal genetics is a key determinant of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition in human m... more Maternal genetics is a key determinant of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition in human milk. Beyond genetic status, other factors influencing the HMO profile are poorly defined. Thus, we aimed to review the existing evidence on the associations between nongenetic maternal and infant factors and HMO composition. A systematic search was performed on PubMed and Web of Science (without a time restriction) to identify any relevant studies published. In total, 1056 results were obtained, of which 29 articles were selected to be included in this review. The range of factors investigated include lactation stage, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (ppBMI), maternal age, parity, maternal diet, mode of delivery, infant gestational age, and infant sex. The data suggest that, beyond maternal genetics, HMO composition seems to be influenced by all these factors, but the underlining mechanisms remain speculative. The published evidence is discussed in this review, along with potential implication...
Nutrients, 2019
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a major component of human milk, and play an important rol... more Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a major component of human milk, and play an important role in protecting the infant from infections. Preterm infants are particularly vulnerable, but have improved outcomes if fed with human milk. This study aimed to determine if the HMO composition of preterm milk differed from that of term milk at equivalent stage of lactation and equivalent postmenstrual age. In all, 22 HMOs were analyzed in 500 samples of milk from 25 mothers breastfeeding very preterm infants (< 32 weeks of gestational age, < 1500 g of birthweight) and 28 mothers breastfeeding term infants. The concentrations of most HMOs were comparable at equivalent postpartum age. However, HMOs containing α-1,2-linked fucose were reduced in concentration in preterm milk during the first month of lactation. The concentrations of a number of sialylated oligosaccharides were also different in preterm milk, in particular 3′-sialyllactose concentrations were elevated. At equivalent po...
Frontiers in Nutrition
Early dietary exposure via human milk nutrients offers a window of opportunity to support cogniti... more Early dietary exposure via human milk nutrients offers a window of opportunity to support cognitive and temperament development. While several studies have focused on associations of few pre-selected human milk nutrients with cognition and temperament, it is highly plausible that human milk nutrients synergistically and jointly support cognitive and behavioral development in early life. We aimed to discern the combined associations of three major classes of human milk nutrients with cognition and temperament during the first 6 months of life when human milk is the primary source of an infant’s nutrition and explore whether there were persistent effects up to 18 months old. The Mullen Scales of Early Learning and Infant Behavior Questionnaires—Revised were used to assess cognition and temperament, respectively, of 54 exclusively/predominantly breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life, whose follow-ups were conducted at 6–9, 9–12, and 12–18 months old. Human milk samples were ob...
Nutrition Journal
Background Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have important and diverse biological functions in ... more Background Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have important and diverse biological functions in early life. This study tested the safety and efficacy of a starter infant formula containing Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri DSM 17938 and supplemented with 2’-fucosyllactose (2’FL). Methods Healthy infants < 14 days old (n = 289) were randomly assigned to a bovine milk-based formula containing L. reuteri DSM 17938 at 1 × 107 CFU/g (control group; CG) or the same formula with added 1.0 g/L 2’FL (experimental group; EG) until 6 months of age. A non-randomized breastfed group served as reference (BF; n = 60). The primary endpoint was weight gain through 4 months of age in the formula-fed infants. Secondary endpoints included additional anthropometric measures, gastrointestinal tolerance, stooling characteristics, adverse events (AEs), fecal microbiota and metabolism, and gut immunity and health biomarkers in all feeding groups. Results Weight gain in EG was non-inferior to CG as shown ...
Frontiers in Nutrition
BackgroundHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have important biological functions for a healthy de... more BackgroundHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have important biological functions for a healthy development in early life.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate gut maturation effects of an infant formula containing five HMOs (2′-fucosyllactose, 2′,3-di-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, 3′-sialyllactose, and 6′-sialyllactose).MethodsIn a multicenter study, healthy infants (7–21 days old) were randomly assigned to a standard cow’s milk-based infant formula (control group, CG); the same formula with 1.5 g/L HMOs (test group 1, TG1); or with 2.5 g/L HMOs (test group 2, TG2). A human milk-fed group (HMG) was enrolled as a reference. Fecal samples collected at baseline (n∼150/formula group; HMG n = 60), age 3 (n∼140/formula group; HMG n = 65) and 6 (n∼115/formula group; HMG n = 60) months were analyzed for microbiome (shotgun metagenomics), metabolism, and biomarkers.ResultsAt both post-baseline visits, weighted UniFrac analysis indicated different microbiota compositions in the two tes...
www.molecularsystemsbiology.com Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial–host metabolic in... more www.molecularsystemsbiology.com Probiotic modulation of symbiotic gut microbial–host metabolic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model
www.molecularsystemsbiology.com Top-down systems biology integration of conditional prebiotic mod... more www.molecularsystemsbiology.com Top-down systems biology integration of conditional prebiotic modulated transgenomic interactions in a humanized microbiome mouse model
A synthetic nutritional composition comprising at least one N-acetyl-lactosamine, at least one si... more A synthetic nutritional composition comprising at least one N-acetyl-lactosamine, at least one sialylated oligosaccharide and at least one fucosylated oligosaccharide, for use in the prevention and / or treatment of skin diseases, preferably atopic dermatitis, in that N-acetyl-lactosamine is selected from the group consisting of lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose, and wherein the sialylated oligosaccharide is selected from the group consisting of 3'-sialillactose and 6'- sialillactose, and preferably said composition comprises both 3'-sialillactose and 6'-sialillactose, the ratio being between 3'-sialillactose and 6'-silalillactose preferably in the range between 5: 1 and 1: 2, and in which the oligosaccharide Fucosylated is selected from the group consisting of 2'-fucosillactose, 3-fucosillactose, difucosillactose, lacto-N-fucopentaose I, lacto-N-fucopentaose II, lacto-N-fucopentaose III and lacto-N-fucopentaose V, lacto- N-difucohexaosa I, fu cosi...
La presente invention concerne une composition nutritive destinee a etre administree a un nourris... more La presente invention concerne une composition nutritive destinee a etre administree a un nourrisson. Ladite composition comprend, sur la base de la matiere seche, de 2,5 a 15,0 % en poids d'un melange d'oligosaccharides constitue d'un ou plusieurs oligosaccharides N-acetyles, d'un ou plusieurs galacto-oligosaccharides et d'un ou plusieurs oligosaccharides sialyles, sous reserve que la composition comprenne au moins 0,02 % en poids d'un oligosaccharide N-acetyle, au moins 2,0 % en poids d'un galacto-oligosaccharide et au moins 0,04 % en poids d'un oligosaccharide sialyle et que le ou les oligosaccharides N-acetyles representent de 0,5 a 4,0 % du melange d'oligosaccharides, que le ou les galacto-oligosaccharides representent de 92,0 a 98,5 % du melange d'oligosaccharides et que le ou les oligosaccharides sialyles representent de 1,0 a 4,0 % du melange d'oligosaccharides. Cette composition se revele utile au titre de son administration a un ...
Composition nutritive synthetique destinee a etre utilisee dans la prevention d'infections se... more Composition nutritive synthetique destinee a etre utilisee dans la prevention d'infections secondaires suite a une infection virale, caracterisee par une activite de neuraminidase comportant un oligosaccharide sialyle et une N-acetyl-lactosamine et/ou un oligosaccharide comportant une N-acetyl-lactosamine. Par ailleurs, utilisation d'une telle composition dans la prevention d'infections secondaires du type otite moyenne.
Revista española de pediatría, 2017
Microorganisms, 2021
Early life is characterized by developmental milestones such as holding up the head, turning over... more Early life is characterized by developmental milestones such as holding up the head, turning over, sitting up and walking that are typically achieved sequentially in specific time windows. Similarly, the early gut microbiome maturation can be characterized by specific temporal microorganism acquisition, colonization and selection with differential functional features over time. This orchestrated microbial sequence occurs from birth during the first years of age before the microbiome reaches an adult-like composition and function between 3 and 5 years of age. Increasingly, these different steps of microbiome development are recognized as crucial windows of opportunity for long term health, primarily linked to appropriate immune and metabolic development. For instance, microbiome disruptors such as preterm and Cesarean-section birth, malnutrition and antibiotic use are associated with increased risk to negatively affect long-term immune and metabolic health. Different age discriminant...
mBio, 2020
Human milk is the sole and recommended nutrition for the newborn infant and contains one of the l... more Human milk is the sole and recommended nutrition for the newborn infant and contains one of the largest constituents of diverse oligosaccharides, dubbed human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Preclinical and clinical association studies indicate that HMOs have multiple physiological functions largely mediated through the establishment of the gut microbiome. Until recently, HMOs were not available to investigate their role in randomized controlled intervention trials. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of 2 HMOs on establishing microbiota in newborn infants. We provide a detailed description of the microbiota changes observed upon feeding a formula with 2 HMOs in comparison to breastfed reference infants' microbiota. Then, we associate the microbiota to long-term health as assessed by prescribed antibiotic use.
Pediatric Research, 2021
Background The relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and infant growth and adip... more Background The relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and infant growth and adiposity is not fully understood and comprehensive studies are missing from the current literature. Methods We screened and recruited 370 healthy, pregnant women and their infants from seven European countries. Breastmilk samples were collected using standardized procedures at six time points over 4 months, as were infant parameters. Correlations and associations between HMO area under the curve, anthropometric data, and fat mass at 4 months were tested. Results Lacto-N-neotetraose had a negative correlation with the change in length ( r s = −0.18, P = 0.02). Sialyllacto-N-tetraose c (LSTc) had a positive correlation with weight for length ( r s = 0.19, P = 0.015). Infants at the 25th upper percentile were fed milk higher in 3′-sialyllactose and LSTc ( P = 0.017 and P = 0.006, respectively) compared to the lower 25th percentile of the weight-for-length z -score gain over 4 months of lactation. No significant associations between growth and body composition and Lewis or secretor-dependent HMOs like 2′-fucosyllactose were identified. Conclusions Changes in the HMO composition of breastmilk during the first 4 months appear to have little influence on infant growth and body composition in this cohort of healthy mothers and infants. Impact Modest associations exist between individual HMO and infant growth outcomes at least in healthy growing populations. Our study provides a comprehensive investigation of associations between all major HMO and infant growth and adiposity including several time points. Certain groups of HMOs, like the sialylated, may be associated with adiposity during the first months of lactation. HMO may modulate the risk of future metabolic disease. Future population studies need to address the role of specific groups of HMOs in the context of health and disease to understand the long-term impact.
Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. Associations between Human Milk Oligosaccharides at 3 ... more Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. Associations between Human Milk Oligosaccharides at 3 months and maternal and birth parameter are presented as ratio, 95% confidence interval, and p-value. If the effects differed between the secretor and the non-secretor group, both effects are given. Otherwise the overall effect is reported. Supplementary Table S2. Associations between Human Milk Oligosaccharides at 3 months and height-SDS at the different time points are presented as ratio, 95% confidence interval, and p-value. If the effects differed between the secretor and the non-secretor group, both effects are given. Otherwise the overall effect is reported. Supplementary Table S3. Associations between Human Milk Oligosaccharides at 3 months and growth velocity at the different time points are presented as ratio, 95% confidence interval, and p-value. If the effects differed between the secretor and the non-secretor group, both effects are given. Otherwise the overall effect is repo...
BMC Pediatrics, 2021
BackgroundThe relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) and child growth has been in... more BackgroundThe relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) and child growth has been investigated only insufficiently with ambiguous results. Therefore, this study examines potential influencing factors of HMO concentrations and how HMO are associated with child growth parameters.MethodsMilk samples from the German LIFE Child cohort of healthy children were analyzed for 9 HMO. Putative associations with maternal and child cofactors and child height, head circumference and BMI between 3 months and 7 years of age were examined. Secretor status, defined as the presence of 2′-fucosyllactose, was investigated for associations with infant outcomes.ResultsOur population consisted of 21 (14.7%) non-secretor and 122 (85.3%) secretor mothers. Maternal age was significantly associated with higher 3′SL concentrations; gestational age was associated with LNT, 6′SL and LNFP-I. Pre-pregnancy BMI was negatively associated with LNnT only in non-secretors. The growth velocity of non-secreto...
The Journal of Nutrition, 2021
Maternal genetics is a key determinant of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition in human m... more Maternal genetics is a key determinant of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition in human milk. Beyond genetic status, other factors influencing the HMO profile are poorly defined. Thus, we aimed to review the existing evidence on the associations between nongenetic maternal and infant factors and HMO composition. A systematic search was performed on PubMed and Web of Science (without a time restriction) to identify any relevant studies published. In total, 1056 results were obtained, of which 29 articles were selected to be included in this review. The range of factors investigated include lactation stage, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (ppBMI), maternal age, parity, maternal diet, mode of delivery, infant gestational age, and infant sex. The data suggest that, beyond maternal genetics, HMO composition seems to be influenced by all these factors, but the underlining mechanisms remain speculative. The published evidence is discussed in this review, along with potential implication...
Nutrients, 2019
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a major component of human milk, and play an important rol... more Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a major component of human milk, and play an important role in protecting the infant from infections. Preterm infants are particularly vulnerable, but have improved outcomes if fed with human milk. This study aimed to determine if the HMO composition of preterm milk differed from that of term milk at equivalent stage of lactation and equivalent postmenstrual age. In all, 22 HMOs were analyzed in 500 samples of milk from 25 mothers breastfeeding very preterm infants (< 32 weeks of gestational age, < 1500 g of birthweight) and 28 mothers breastfeeding term infants. The concentrations of most HMOs were comparable at equivalent postpartum age. However, HMOs containing α-1,2-linked fucose were reduced in concentration in preterm milk during the first month of lactation. The concentrations of a number of sialylated oligosaccharides were also different in preterm milk, in particular 3′-sialyllactose concentrations were elevated. At equivalent po...