Nupur Patel - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Nupur Patel

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical Localization of P16 Protein in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma

International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma is the second most prevalent anatomic site of oral cancer in India... more Tongue squamous cell carcinoma is the second most prevalent anatomic site of oral cancer in India which is associated with use of tobacco in various forms. p16INK4A a tumor suppressor gene and found inactivated by many mechanisms in cancer. This study role of p16 protein expression in tongue cancer patients. In this retrospective study, a total of 50 tongue cancer patients were enrolled. P16 protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tongue tumor tissues. Further, p16 protein expression was correlated with clinicopathological parameters and disease status. In this study, p16 expression was noted in 24% of tumor tissue of tongue cancer patients. In relation to clinical parameters, a significant higher p16 expression was seen in tobacco habituated patients. In relation with pathological parameters, a trend of higher p16 expression was noted in patients with T1 tumor size and poorly differentiated tumors. In univariate survival analysis, patients ...

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical Significance of Notch Receptors In Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Background: The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionary conserved cell signaling pathway that ... more Background: The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionary conserved cell signaling pathway that plays an indispensable role in essential developmental processes. Aberrant activation of Notch pathway is known to initiate wide array of diseases and cancers. The role of Notch receptors and the effect of their expression in Triple Negative Breast Cancer is unknown. Methods and Results: In this study, we evaluated the association between Notch receptors and clinicopathological parameters including disease-free survival and overall survival of one hundred TNBC patients by immunohistochemistry. We observed membrane, cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of Notch receptors in tumor cells of TNBC patients. It was observed that positive expression of nuclear Notch1 receptor (18%) was found be significantly correlated with high BR score (p=0.009) and necrosis (p=0.003) while cytoplasmic expression of Notch2 receptor (26%) was significantly correlated with local or distant metastasis (p=0.04), ...

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical Characterisation of Basal Like Phenotype of Triple Negative Breast Cancer from Western India

Background and Aim: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which accounts for approximately 1520% ... more Background and Aim: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which accounts for approximately 1520% of all breast cancers, defined as lack of expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Her-2 neu receptors. TNBC has two subtypes basal like and non-basal like, the former characterised by aggressive biology with limited therapeutic options. The present study aimed to identify TNBC with basal like phenotype and its correlation with conventional parameters. Method: This study enrolled 100 untreated TNBC and immunohistochemical localisation of CK5/6, CK14, CK17, EGFR, Vimentin and C-kit was performed on tumor tissues for identification of basal like phenotype. The data was analysed statistically using SPSS software version 20. Results: CK5/6, CK14, CK17, EGFR, Vimentin and C-kit expression was seen in 36%, 4%, 45%, 45%, 50% and 38% TNBC, respectively. Of 100 TNBC patients, 77% were positive for basal marker expression identified as basal like and 23% were negative for basal m...

Research paper thumbnail of ALK Fusion Protein Expression in Lung Adenocarcinoma and its Correlation with EGFR Protein Expression

Madridge Journal of Oncogenesis, 2018

Aim: To determine ALK fusion protein and EGFR protein expression by Immunohistochemistry in lung ... more Aim: To determine ALK fusion protein and EGFR protein expression by Immunohistochemistry in lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and Method: In this retrospective study, ALK and EGFR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 101 Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tissues of lung adenocarcinoma. Results: In this study 11% patients showed ALK fusion protein expression. In relation to clinical parameters, a higher positive expression was observed in patients with age <59, in male gender and tobacco users. Further, with pathological parameters a higher expression of ALK was observed in advanced stage and positive lymph node status. EGFR expression was noted in 72% patients. In relation to clinical parameters, higher EGFR expression was seen in patients with age >59 years, in male gender with tobacco habit. Further, with pathological parameters, a trend of higher EGFR expression was observed in patients with positive lymph node status (p=0.06). In this study 8% of patients had ALK and EGFR dual expression, which is uncommon. Conclusion: Small group of NSCLC patients harbour ALK rearrangements which are candidate for targeted therapy (Crizotinib). Moreover, co-expression of ALK with EGFR defines a specific subgroup of patients that needs distinct therapeutic strategies.

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical relevance of FLT3 receptor protein expression in Indian patients with acute leukemia

Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2010

FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. ... more FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of FLT3 protein in patients with acute leukemia. FLT3 protein was quantified by flow cytometry on leukemic blasts using CD135 antibody in 160 patients with acute leukemia. We demonstrated FLT3 protein expression (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;20%) in 82% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 60% of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), 23% of T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and 80% of biphenotypic leukemia. Further, FLT3 expression was seen to be significantly higher in AMLM2, M4, and M5 than in AMLM3. In B-ALL, FLT3 was found to be higher in pro-B-ALL and lower in early B-ALL. A CD34 expression &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;20% was associated with FLT3 positive B-ALL. When correlated with disease status, all patients in the relapsed AML group had FLT3 &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 20% at diagnosis. Unlike AML, the relapsed group of B-ALL showed a lower incidence of FLT3 than the remission group. In summary, our data imply that there is frequent overexpression of the FLT3 protein in AML and B-ALL patients of Indian origin. In future, the FLT3 protein level may be used to select patients for whom FLT3 inhibitor therapy may be indicated.

Research paper thumbnail of A Study of OCT3/4 Expression in HER2/NEU Positive Breast Cancer Patients

International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest

Oct3/4 is found in germ cells is crucial to control pluripotency during normal development. There... more Oct3/4 is found in germ cells is crucial to control pluripotency during normal development. There is mounting evidence for an association between Oct3/4 and carcinogenesis. Thus Oct3/4 immunohistochemistry has been found in studies to be a useful diagnostic technique for pluripotent germ-cell cancers, providing fresh insights into the cancer's histological heterogeneity. The aim is to study role of Oct3/4 expression in HER2/neu positive breast cancer patients. Paraffin embedded breast tumour tissues from 50 HER2/neu positive female breast cancer patients were enrolled in the study. Oct3/4 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry method and correlated with clinical and pathological parameters as well as disease status. Oct3/4 positivity was seen in 16% of HER2/neu positive breast cancer patients. No significant correlation of Oct3/4 expression with age, menopausal status, tumour size, histopathology, grade and BR score was observed. A trend of higher incidence of Oct3/4 exp...

Research paper thumbnail of Role of immunohistochemistry in the subtyping of non small cell lung carcinoma

Indian Journal of Pathology and Oncology, 2020

Worldwide, lung carcinoma is the most common cancer in terms of number of cases and deaths. Lung ... more Worldwide, lung carcinoma is the most common cancer in terms of number of cases and deaths. Lung carcinomas are broadly divided into small cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). In recent years availability of targeted therapies necessitated subtyping the NSCLC to improve the survival and quality of life. NSCLC can be subtyped by routine Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained section slides alone, poorly differentiated tumors are difficult to segregate morphologically, especially in guided biopsies, necessitating ancillary techniques like immunohistochemistry (IHC). Materials and Methods: A prospective study of two years duration (2017 and 2018) during which 100 cases of NSCLC on guided biopsies were first reported on Haematoxylin and Eosin sections and later subjected for IHC using relevant markers like CK5/6, CK7, TTF-1, Napsin-A, P63, P40, Synaptophysin and Chromogranin. Results: Out of 100 cases, after IHC, 49 were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma and 51 as squamous cell carcinoma. In adenocarcinoma positivity for CK7, TTF-1, and Napsin-A was 95%, 60% and 45% respectively. In squamous cell carcinoma positivity for CK5/6, P63 and P40 was 76%, 82% and 88% respectively. Conclusion: P40 and TTF-1 are more specific markers in our study to differentiate squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical Localization of Wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 Frame Deletion in Exon 19, and L858R Point Mutation in Exon 21 in Triple-negative Breast Cancer

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology, 2015

This study evaluated wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 frame deletion in exon 19, and L858R point mutatio... more This study evaluated wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 frame deletion in exon 19, and L858R point mutation in exon 21 by immunohistochemistry in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). A retrospective study included 99 untreated early-stage and advanced-stage TNBC patients. Immunohistochemical localization of wild-type EGFR, EGFR E746-A750 deletion in exon 19, and EGFR L858R mutation in exon 21 was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks using mutation-specific primary antibodies. EGFR protein expression was noted in 27% (27/99) of patients with 2+ or 3+ staining intensity in 7% (7/99) of patients. Significant correlation of EGFR protein expression with subgroups of clinicopathologic parameters was not found. In univariate and multivariate survival analysis, high EGFR expression (2+ or 3+) emerged as a significant prognostic factor for disease-free survival. With respect to mutation status, exon 19 deletion was observed in 3% (3/99) of patients. One patient with exon 19 deletion having high EGFR protein (2+) expression developed lung metastasis, whereas the other 2 patients with exon 19 deletion had low EGFR protein (1+) expression and remained disease free during the study period. EGFR protein overexpression was observed in one fourth of TNBCs with very low incidence of EGFR-activating mutations in patients of western India.

Research paper thumbnail of Cytokeratin and vimentin expression in breast cancer

… International journal of …, 2009

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Research paper thumbnail of Role of PRL-3, Snail, Cytokeratin and Vimentin expression in epithelial mesenchymal transition in breast carcinoma

Breast disease, Jan 29, 2014

To study epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer, molecules such as PRL-3, Snail... more To study epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer, molecules such as PRL-3, Snail, Cytokeratin and Vimentin involved in EMT were evaluated. In this study, m-RNA expression of PRL3 and Snail by RT PCR, protein expression of PRL-3, Snail, Cytokeratin and Vimentin by immunohistochemistry were evaluated on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 100 patients with breast cancer. PRL3 m-RNA expression (above cut off level > 2487301.00) and PRL-3 protein expression was noted in 52% and 70% of breast carcinoma patients, respectively. The higher incidence of PRL3 protein than m-RNA expression could be due to post translation modification. Further, Snail m-RNA expression (above cut off level > 1285142.00) and Snail protein expression was noted in 53% and 54% of breast cancer patients respectively and Snail protein expression was found significantly higher in patients with pre-menopausal status. The loss of cytokeratin expression in 32% and gain of vimentin expression in 17%...

Research paper thumbnail of Cytokeratin and vimentin expression in breast cancer

The International journal of biological markers

The transition from epithelial keratin to mesenchymal vimentin expression marks an important step... more The transition from epithelial keratin to mesenchymal vimentin expression marks an important step in the malignant progression of breast cancer. This study analyzed the clinical significance of cytokeratin and vimentin in patients with breast cancer. Expression of cytokeratin and vimentin was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of patients with breast cancer. Loss of cytokeratin was seen in 11% of the patients. A clearer trend towards loss of cytokeratin was observed in patients with stage IV disease and PR negativity. Weak cytokeratin expression was present in patients who developed recurrence or metastatic disease. Loss of cytokeratin was associated with reduced overall survival in univariate and multivariate analysis, gain of vimentin expression was seen in 57% of breast carcinoma patients. It was higher in patients with lymph node positivity, advanced stage, HER2 positivity, and disease recurrence or metastasis. Multivariate survival analysis i...

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical Localization of Wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 Frame Deletion in Exon 19, and L858R Point Mutation in Exon 21 in Triple-negative Breast Cancer

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology, 2015

This study evaluated wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 frame deletion in exon 19, and L858R point mutatio... more This study evaluated wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 frame deletion in exon 19, and L858R point mutation in exon 21 by immunohistochemistry in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). A retrospective study included 99 untreated early-stage and advanced-stage TNBC patients. Immunohistochemical localization of wild-type EGFR, EGFR E746-A750 deletion in exon 19, and EGFR L858R mutation in exon 21 was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks using mutation-specific primary antibodies. EGFR protein expression was noted in 27% (27/99) of patients with 2+ or 3+ staining intensity in 7% (7/99) of patients. Significant correlation of EGFR protein expression with subgroups of clinicopathologic parameters was not found. In univariate and multivariate survival analysis, high EGFR expression (2+ or 3+) emerged as a significant prognostic factor for disease-free survival. With respect to mutation status, exon 19 deletion was observed in 3% (3/99) of patients. One patient with exon 19 deletion having high EGFR protein (2+) expression developed lung metastasis, whereas the other 2 patients with exon 19 deletion had low EGFR protein (1+) expression and remained disease free during the study period. EGFR protein overexpression was observed in one fourth of TNBCs with very low incidence of EGFR-activating mutations in patients of western India.

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical relevance of FLT3 receptor protein expression in Indian patients with acute leukemia

Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2010

FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. ... more FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of FLT3 protein in patients with acute leukemia. FLT3 protein was quantified by flow cytometry on leukemic blasts using CD135 antibody in 160 patients with acute leukemia. We demonstrated FLT3 protein expression (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;20%) in 82% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 60% of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), 23% of T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and 80% of biphenotypic leukemia. Further, FLT3 expression was seen to be significantly higher in AMLM2, M4, and M5 than in AMLM3. In B-ALL, FLT3 was found to be higher in pro-B-ALL and lower in early B-ALL. A CD34 expression &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;20% was associated with FLT3 positive B-ALL. When correlated with disease status, all patients in the relapsed AML group had FLT3 &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 20% at diagnosis. Unlike AML, the relapsed group of B-ALL showed a lower incidence of FLT3 than the remission group. In summary, our data imply that there is frequent overexpression of the FLT3 protein in AML and B-ALL patients of Indian origin. In future, the FLT3 protein level may be used to select patients for whom FLT3 inhibitor therapy may be indicated.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of bleomycin-radiotherapy combination in management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Cancer, 1981

Twenty-five patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were treated with bleomycin-radio... more Twenty-five patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were treated with bleomycin-radiotherapy protocol, 15 mg bleomycin I.V. on alternate days followed by radiation within half an hour. The average total dose of bleomycin was 150 mg. Radiotherapy was given daily. Two patients were lost to follow-up very early in the course of the treatment and were removed from the study for statistical purposes. Thirty-six patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who were treated with radiotherapy alone during the same period were used as controls. The patients were followed for two years. The incidence of response rate did not differ significantly between regimens; however, the incidence of side effects with bleomycin-radiotherapy, 82.61%, is significantly more than that of radiotherapy alone (52.78%). Median survival time (MST) of those responding to bleomycin-radiotherapy protocol was seven months and 12 days and for radiotherapy responders was six months. Neither the response rate nor the MST improve significantly after pretreatment with bleomycin. On the contrary, the incidence of side effects increased significantly.

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical Localization of P16 Protein in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma

International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma is the second most prevalent anatomic site of oral cancer in India... more Tongue squamous cell carcinoma is the second most prevalent anatomic site of oral cancer in India which is associated with use of tobacco in various forms. p16INK4A a tumor suppressor gene and found inactivated by many mechanisms in cancer. This study role of p16 protein expression in tongue cancer patients. In this retrospective study, a total of 50 tongue cancer patients were enrolled. P16 protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tongue tumor tissues. Further, p16 protein expression was correlated with clinicopathological parameters and disease status. In this study, p16 expression was noted in 24% of tumor tissue of tongue cancer patients. In relation to clinical parameters, a significant higher p16 expression was seen in tobacco habituated patients. In relation with pathological parameters, a trend of higher p16 expression was noted in patients with T1 tumor size and poorly differentiated tumors. In univariate survival analysis, patients ...

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical Significance of Notch Receptors In Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Background: The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionary conserved cell signaling pathway that ... more Background: The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionary conserved cell signaling pathway that plays an indispensable role in essential developmental processes. Aberrant activation of Notch pathway is known to initiate wide array of diseases and cancers. The role of Notch receptors and the effect of their expression in Triple Negative Breast Cancer is unknown. Methods and Results: In this study, we evaluated the association between Notch receptors and clinicopathological parameters including disease-free survival and overall survival of one hundred TNBC patients by immunohistochemistry. We observed membrane, cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of Notch receptors in tumor cells of TNBC patients. It was observed that positive expression of nuclear Notch1 receptor (18%) was found be significantly correlated with high BR score (p=0.009) and necrosis (p=0.003) while cytoplasmic expression of Notch2 receptor (26%) was significantly correlated with local or distant metastasis (p=0.04), ...

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical Characterisation of Basal Like Phenotype of Triple Negative Breast Cancer from Western India

Background and Aim: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which accounts for approximately 1520% ... more Background and Aim: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which accounts for approximately 1520% of all breast cancers, defined as lack of expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Her-2 neu receptors. TNBC has two subtypes basal like and non-basal like, the former characterised by aggressive biology with limited therapeutic options. The present study aimed to identify TNBC with basal like phenotype and its correlation with conventional parameters. Method: This study enrolled 100 untreated TNBC and immunohistochemical localisation of CK5/6, CK14, CK17, EGFR, Vimentin and C-kit was performed on tumor tissues for identification of basal like phenotype. The data was analysed statistically using SPSS software version 20. Results: CK5/6, CK14, CK17, EGFR, Vimentin and C-kit expression was seen in 36%, 4%, 45%, 45%, 50% and 38% TNBC, respectively. Of 100 TNBC patients, 77% were positive for basal marker expression identified as basal like and 23% were negative for basal m...

Research paper thumbnail of ALK Fusion Protein Expression in Lung Adenocarcinoma and its Correlation with EGFR Protein Expression

Madridge Journal of Oncogenesis, 2018

Aim: To determine ALK fusion protein and EGFR protein expression by Immunohistochemistry in lung ... more Aim: To determine ALK fusion protein and EGFR protein expression by Immunohistochemistry in lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and Method: In this retrospective study, ALK and EGFR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 101 Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tissues of lung adenocarcinoma. Results: In this study 11% patients showed ALK fusion protein expression. In relation to clinical parameters, a higher positive expression was observed in patients with age <59, in male gender and tobacco users. Further, with pathological parameters a higher expression of ALK was observed in advanced stage and positive lymph node status. EGFR expression was noted in 72% patients. In relation to clinical parameters, higher EGFR expression was seen in patients with age >59 years, in male gender with tobacco habit. Further, with pathological parameters, a trend of higher EGFR expression was observed in patients with positive lymph node status (p=0.06). In this study 8% of patients had ALK and EGFR dual expression, which is uncommon. Conclusion: Small group of NSCLC patients harbour ALK rearrangements which are candidate for targeted therapy (Crizotinib). Moreover, co-expression of ALK with EGFR defines a specific subgroup of patients that needs distinct therapeutic strategies.

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical relevance of FLT3 receptor protein expression in Indian patients with acute leukemia

Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2010

FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. ... more FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of FLT3 protein in patients with acute leukemia. FLT3 protein was quantified by flow cytometry on leukemic blasts using CD135 antibody in 160 patients with acute leukemia. We demonstrated FLT3 protein expression (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;20%) in 82% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 60% of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), 23% of T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and 80% of biphenotypic leukemia. Further, FLT3 expression was seen to be significantly higher in AMLM2, M4, and M5 than in AMLM3. In B-ALL, FLT3 was found to be higher in pro-B-ALL and lower in early B-ALL. A CD34 expression &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;20% was associated with FLT3 positive B-ALL. When correlated with disease status, all patients in the relapsed AML group had FLT3 &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 20% at diagnosis. Unlike AML, the relapsed group of B-ALL showed a lower incidence of FLT3 than the remission group. In summary, our data imply that there is frequent overexpression of the FLT3 protein in AML and B-ALL patients of Indian origin. In future, the FLT3 protein level may be used to select patients for whom FLT3 inhibitor therapy may be indicated.

Research paper thumbnail of A Study of OCT3/4 Expression in HER2/NEU Positive Breast Cancer Patients

International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest

Oct3/4 is found in germ cells is crucial to control pluripotency during normal development. There... more Oct3/4 is found in germ cells is crucial to control pluripotency during normal development. There is mounting evidence for an association between Oct3/4 and carcinogenesis. Thus Oct3/4 immunohistochemistry has been found in studies to be a useful diagnostic technique for pluripotent germ-cell cancers, providing fresh insights into the cancer's histological heterogeneity. The aim is to study role of Oct3/4 expression in HER2/neu positive breast cancer patients. Paraffin embedded breast tumour tissues from 50 HER2/neu positive female breast cancer patients were enrolled in the study. Oct3/4 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry method and correlated with clinical and pathological parameters as well as disease status. Oct3/4 positivity was seen in 16% of HER2/neu positive breast cancer patients. No significant correlation of Oct3/4 expression with age, menopausal status, tumour size, histopathology, grade and BR score was observed. A trend of higher incidence of Oct3/4 exp...

Research paper thumbnail of Role of immunohistochemistry in the subtyping of non small cell lung carcinoma

Indian Journal of Pathology and Oncology, 2020

Worldwide, lung carcinoma is the most common cancer in terms of number of cases and deaths. Lung ... more Worldwide, lung carcinoma is the most common cancer in terms of number of cases and deaths. Lung carcinomas are broadly divided into small cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). In recent years availability of targeted therapies necessitated subtyping the NSCLC to improve the survival and quality of life. NSCLC can be subtyped by routine Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained section slides alone, poorly differentiated tumors are difficult to segregate morphologically, especially in guided biopsies, necessitating ancillary techniques like immunohistochemistry (IHC). Materials and Methods: A prospective study of two years duration (2017 and 2018) during which 100 cases of NSCLC on guided biopsies were first reported on Haematoxylin and Eosin sections and later subjected for IHC using relevant markers like CK5/6, CK7, TTF-1, Napsin-A, P63, P40, Synaptophysin and Chromogranin. Results: Out of 100 cases, after IHC, 49 were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma and 51 as squamous cell carcinoma. In adenocarcinoma positivity for CK7, TTF-1, and Napsin-A was 95%, 60% and 45% respectively. In squamous cell carcinoma positivity for CK5/6, P63 and P40 was 76%, 82% and 88% respectively. Conclusion: P40 and TTF-1 are more specific markers in our study to differentiate squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical Localization of Wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 Frame Deletion in Exon 19, and L858R Point Mutation in Exon 21 in Triple-negative Breast Cancer

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology, 2015

This study evaluated wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 frame deletion in exon 19, and L858R point mutatio... more This study evaluated wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 frame deletion in exon 19, and L858R point mutation in exon 21 by immunohistochemistry in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). A retrospective study included 99 untreated early-stage and advanced-stage TNBC patients. Immunohistochemical localization of wild-type EGFR, EGFR E746-A750 deletion in exon 19, and EGFR L858R mutation in exon 21 was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks using mutation-specific primary antibodies. EGFR protein expression was noted in 27% (27/99) of patients with 2+ or 3+ staining intensity in 7% (7/99) of patients. Significant correlation of EGFR protein expression with subgroups of clinicopathologic parameters was not found. In univariate and multivariate survival analysis, high EGFR expression (2+ or 3+) emerged as a significant prognostic factor for disease-free survival. With respect to mutation status, exon 19 deletion was observed in 3% (3/99) of patients. One patient with exon 19 deletion having high EGFR protein (2+) expression developed lung metastasis, whereas the other 2 patients with exon 19 deletion had low EGFR protein (1+) expression and remained disease free during the study period. EGFR protein overexpression was observed in one fourth of TNBCs with very low incidence of EGFR-activating mutations in patients of western India.

Research paper thumbnail of Cytokeratin and vimentin expression in breast cancer

… International journal of …, 2009

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Research paper thumbnail of Role of PRL-3, Snail, Cytokeratin and Vimentin expression in epithelial mesenchymal transition in breast carcinoma

Breast disease, Jan 29, 2014

To study epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer, molecules such as PRL-3, Snail... more To study epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer, molecules such as PRL-3, Snail, Cytokeratin and Vimentin involved in EMT were evaluated. In this study, m-RNA expression of PRL3 and Snail by RT PCR, protein expression of PRL-3, Snail, Cytokeratin and Vimentin by immunohistochemistry were evaluated on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 100 patients with breast cancer. PRL3 m-RNA expression (above cut off level > 2487301.00) and PRL-3 protein expression was noted in 52% and 70% of breast carcinoma patients, respectively. The higher incidence of PRL3 protein than m-RNA expression could be due to post translation modification. Further, Snail m-RNA expression (above cut off level > 1285142.00) and Snail protein expression was noted in 53% and 54% of breast cancer patients respectively and Snail protein expression was found significantly higher in patients with pre-menopausal status. The loss of cytokeratin expression in 32% and gain of vimentin expression in 17%...

Research paper thumbnail of Cytokeratin and vimentin expression in breast cancer

The International journal of biological markers

The transition from epithelial keratin to mesenchymal vimentin expression marks an important step... more The transition from epithelial keratin to mesenchymal vimentin expression marks an important step in the malignant progression of breast cancer. This study analyzed the clinical significance of cytokeratin and vimentin in patients with breast cancer. Expression of cytokeratin and vimentin was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of patients with breast cancer. Loss of cytokeratin was seen in 11% of the patients. A clearer trend towards loss of cytokeratin was observed in patients with stage IV disease and PR negativity. Weak cytokeratin expression was present in patients who developed recurrence or metastatic disease. Loss of cytokeratin was associated with reduced overall survival in univariate and multivariate analysis, gain of vimentin expression was seen in 57% of breast carcinoma patients. It was higher in patients with lymph node positivity, advanced stage, HER2 positivity, and disease recurrence or metastasis. Multivariate survival analysis i...

Research paper thumbnail of Immunohistochemical Localization of Wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 Frame Deletion in Exon 19, and L858R Point Mutation in Exon 21 in Triple-negative Breast Cancer

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology, 2015

This study evaluated wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 frame deletion in exon 19, and L858R point mutatio... more This study evaluated wild-type EGFR, E746-A750 frame deletion in exon 19, and L858R point mutation in exon 21 by immunohistochemistry in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). A retrospective study included 99 untreated early-stage and advanced-stage TNBC patients. Immunohistochemical localization of wild-type EGFR, EGFR E746-A750 deletion in exon 19, and EGFR L858R mutation in exon 21 was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks using mutation-specific primary antibodies. EGFR protein expression was noted in 27% (27/99) of patients with 2+ or 3+ staining intensity in 7% (7/99) of patients. Significant correlation of EGFR protein expression with subgroups of clinicopathologic parameters was not found. In univariate and multivariate survival analysis, high EGFR expression (2+ or 3+) emerged as a significant prognostic factor for disease-free survival. With respect to mutation status, exon 19 deletion was observed in 3% (3/99) of patients. One patient with exon 19 deletion having high EGFR protein (2+) expression developed lung metastasis, whereas the other 2 patients with exon 19 deletion had low EGFR protein (1+) expression and remained disease free during the study period. EGFR protein overexpression was observed in one fourth of TNBCs with very low incidence of EGFR-activating mutations in patients of western India.

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical relevance of FLT3 receptor protein expression in Indian patients with acute leukemia

Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2010

FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. ... more FLT3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of leukemia. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of FLT3 protein in patients with acute leukemia. FLT3 protein was quantified by flow cytometry on leukemic blasts using CD135 antibody in 160 patients with acute leukemia. We demonstrated FLT3 protein expression (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;20%) in 82% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 60% of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), 23% of T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and 80% of biphenotypic leukemia. Further, FLT3 expression was seen to be significantly higher in AMLM2, M4, and M5 than in AMLM3. In B-ALL, FLT3 was found to be higher in pro-B-ALL and lower in early B-ALL. A CD34 expression &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;20% was associated with FLT3 positive B-ALL. When correlated with disease status, all patients in the relapsed AML group had FLT3 &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 20% at diagnosis. Unlike AML, the relapsed group of B-ALL showed a lower incidence of FLT3 than the remission group. In summary, our data imply that there is frequent overexpression of the FLT3 protein in AML and B-ALL patients of Indian origin. In future, the FLT3 protein level may be used to select patients for whom FLT3 inhibitor therapy may be indicated.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of bleomycin-radiotherapy combination in management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Cancer, 1981

Twenty-five patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were treated with bleomycin-radio... more Twenty-five patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were treated with bleomycin-radiotherapy protocol, 15 mg bleomycin I.V. on alternate days followed by radiation within half an hour. The average total dose of bleomycin was 150 mg. Radiotherapy was given daily. Two patients were lost to follow-up very early in the course of the treatment and were removed from the study for statistical purposes. Thirty-six patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who were treated with radiotherapy alone during the same period were used as controls. The patients were followed for two years. The incidence of response rate did not differ significantly between regimens; however, the incidence of side effects with bleomycin-radiotherapy, 82.61%, is significantly more than that of radiotherapy alone (52.78%). Median survival time (MST) of those responding to bleomycin-radiotherapy protocol was seven months and 12 days and for radiotherapy responders was six months. Neither the response rate nor the MST improve significantly after pretreatment with bleomycin. On the contrary, the incidence of side effects increased significantly.