Nuria Codina - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Nuria Codina

Research paper thumbnail of El papel del ocio en la intervención psicosocial con víctimas de la trata: una revisión sistemática

Anuario de Psicología

Introducción: La trata de personas con finalidad de explotación sexual es una práctica esclavista... more Introducción: La trata de personas con finalidad de explotación sexual es una práctica esclavista que acarrea un excelso grado de violencia; requiriendo que la intervención psicosocial preste recursos centrados en la recuperación psicológica de las víctimas. En este sentido, el ocio es un recurso terapéutico que permite afrontar los estresores traumáticos y abordar el desarraigo y los estigmas que sufren las víctimas sexuales; alejándose así de las extendidas intervenciones asistencialistas y paliativas. Sin embargo, parecen poco generalizadas las intervenciones que incorporan el ocio terapéutico. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de los trabajos publicados respecto a intervenciones con mujeres víctimas de explotación sexual que contemplan el ocio terapéutico. Metodología: Se revisan las bases de datos Psicodoc, PsycInfo y Sociological s, utilizando las palabras claves, en castellano, víctimas sexuales o prostitutas, intervención, ocio y en inglés, sexual victim o prostitu...

Research paper thumbnail of Imbalances in the Study of the Relationship between Leisure and Self-Esteem: A Systematic Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020

This systematic review offers a comprehensive examination of the relationship between leisure and... more This systematic review offers a comprehensive examination of the relationship between leisure and self-esteem. The different perspectives were analyzed according to a framework that includes the different approaches for defining and measuring leisure, and a similar one was proposed for self-esteem. Articles indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) up to the end of 2018 were reviewed, specifically those that contained the keywords “leisure”, “self-esteem” or “self esteem” anywhere in the manuscript. Articles that did not present the qualitative or quantitative instruments needed to evaluate leisure or self-esteem were excluded. A total of 49 articles included the final quantitative synthesis. The overall findings showed that the prevailing methodology was objective (external). As regards content, the following combinations predominated: the behavioral approach to leisure with the unidimensional approach to self-esteem and the experiential approach to leisure with the unidimensional approa...

Research paper thumbnail of El self y sus pluralidades: Un análisis desde el paradigma de la complejidad

Escritos de Psicología - Psychological Writings, 2005

Acerca de la diversidad de definiciones y términos autorreferenciales se considera la opinión com... more Acerca de la diversidad de definiciones y términos autorreferenciales se considera la opinión compartida sobre la problemática de la misma. Se valora el alcance real de dicha diversidad y se observa que ésta puede ser interpretada como pluralidad necesaria en el análisis de un fenómeno complejo como el self (sí mismo). Se consideran algunos análisis autorreferenciales que se practican desde concepciones lineales y complejas y se muestran algunas de las mayores diferencias según el enfoque epistemológico. A partir de aquí se presenta un modelo teórico basado en una concepción compleja del self y, tomando como referencia este modelo, se explica la problemática de la diversidad en la investigación del self y se plantean criterios para el desarrollo de una concepción integradora de diversas orientaciones. En esta misma línea, atendiendo a la dimensión interactiva del self se propone un análisis de ciertos aspectos complejos de la influencia del medio sobre el sistema de autorreferencias...

Research paper thumbnail of Critical analysis and digital literacy in learning social psychology

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Higher Education Advances, Jun 21, 2017

This paper presents a teaching experience in social psychology learning, aimed at students' acqui... more This paper presents a teaching experience in social psychology learning, aimed at students' acquisition of critical analysis and digital literacy competences at the University of Barcelona. The methodology consisted of asking each student to answer to a socially relevant question, by means of (a) identifying key underlying psychosocial processes and (b) searching for adequate keywords in scientific databases such as PsycNet and Sociological Abstracts, in order to (c) select and critically compare two relevant articles that could answer this question. The acquisition of these competences was assessed with a rubric and related questions in the final exam. Results indicated both the effectiveness of this approach to teach competences in digital literacy and critical analysis through motivating questions, and the translation of these competences in other situations. This approach also showed to be more effective in teaching these ompetences than only giving lectures. This methodology is promising, as it provides an answer to how to give future professionals competences in answering effectively and rigorously to socially relevant problems in the Information Society.

Research paper thumbnail of Problemática del tiempo libre y pre-adolescencia

Research paper thumbnail of Songoku i la fotocopiomanía

Research paper thumbnail of Autodescripción en el TST: posibilidades y límites

Psicologia & Sociedade

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Infancia, adolescencia y ocio: una experiencia comunitaria afrontando la exclusión social

… comunitaria: fundamentos y …, 1998

Información del artículo Infancia, adolescencia y ocio: una experiencia comunitaria afrontando la... more Información del artículo Infancia, adolescencia y ocio: una experiencia comunitaria afrontando la exclusión social.

Research paper thumbnail of Entre el ocio, el turismo y el consumo: el tiempo y la apropiación del tiempo

Perspectivas y retrospectivas de la psicología social …, 2007

... Entre el ocio, el turismo y el consumo: el tiempo y la apropiación del tiempo. Autores: Nuria... more ... Entre el ocio, el turismo y el consumo: el tiempo y la apropiación del tiempo. Autores: Nuria Codina; Localización: Perspectivas y retrospectivas de la psicología social en los albores del siglo XXI / coord. por José Romay Martínez, 2007, ISBN 978-84-9742-777-7 , págs. 205-214 ...

Research paper thumbnail of Actividad física y tiempo libre

dialnet.unirioja.es

Acceso de usuarios registrados. Acceso de usuarios registrados Usuario Contraseña. ...

Research paper thumbnail of El deporte como actividad compensadora en el tiempo libre

Anuario de psicología, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Algunos aspectos del impacto tecnológico en el consumo infantil del ocio

Anuario de psicología, 1992

El avance tecnológico introduce nuevas fotmas de empleo del ocio que también afectan a 10s niños.... more El avance tecnológico introduce nuevas fotmas de empleo del ocio que también afectan a 10s niños. Un instrumento central al respecto es el ordenador, que viene a ser un superjuguete que goza de familiaridad, apareciendo relacionalmente como algo intermedi0 entre el objeto y el sujeto. Un uso especial de 10s ordenadores esta' en 10s videojuegos infantiles. Se analizan sus características y las razones de su éxito en el mundo infantil. Por otra parte se examina un caso de mania colectiva, basada en la reproducción por fotocopia de dibujos animados. Todo el10 conduce a una reflexión sobre la nueva cultura del siglo xxr y el papel de 10s niños en la configuración de la misma.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigación-Intervención Psicosocial: Experiencia Visitada

Os conteúdos deste periódico de acesso aberto estão licenciados sob os termos da Licença Creative... more Os conteúdos deste periódico de acesso aberto estão licenciados sob os termos da Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-UsoNãoComercial-ObrasDerivadasProibidas 3.0 Unported.

Research paper thumbnail of El videojuego en la adolescencia como actividad de ocio

Research paper thumbnail of Development of Psychosocial Case Studies by Students to Improve Their Ability to Understand and Analyze Human Behavior

This study presents an active learning methodology based on the development and analysis of case ... more This study presents an active learning methodology based on the development and analysis of case studies by college students and explores its effects on academic performance and on students’ capacity of understanding and analysing human behaviour. A group of 54 students who were taking the course Social Psychology at the University of Barcelona developed written stories where psychosocial concepts were represented. Results showed that participants, after developing their own case studies, improved their ability to identify and explain theoretical concepts included in case studies created by the teaching team. The proposed teaching methodology appears to enhance their ability to understand and analyse human behaviour, helping students to integrate theory with reality.

Research paper thumbnail of Is student procrastination related to controlling teacher behaviours

Headache, 2017

Even motivated students procrastinate, because procrastination is triggered by a volitional (rath... more Even motivated students procrastinate, because procrastination is triggered by a volitional (rather than by a motivational) problem. However, many factors, such as learning context, teacher interpersonal style, and also type of motivation may influence the occurrence of procrastination. The aim of the present study was to assess the relations between first-year university students’ procrastination and controlling teacher behaviour. Four types of controlling teacher behaviour and three distinct measures of procrastination were evaluated and their correlations assessed. Findings revealed small but significant associations between (a) conditional use of rewards and decisional procrastination, and between (b) excessive personal control and task-avoiding procrastination. Results suggest that controlling teacher behaviour can negatively influence students’ learning experiences. By using conditional rewards too often, teachers may deffer their students’ autonomous decision processes to eng...

Research paper thumbnail of Actividad físico-deportiva como experiencia de ocio y Perspectiva Temporal en los jóvenes

Se analizan las relaciones entre la practica de actividades fisico-deportivas, la experiencia de ... more Se analizan las relaciones entre la practica de actividades fisico-deportivas, la experiencia de ocio y la Perspectiva Temporal, en una muestra de 134 jovenes —84 chicos y 54 chicas— entre 18 y 24 anos. La informacion se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario online que incluia: (1) un Presupuesto de Tiempo para registrar las actividades realizadas en la cotidianidad y valorar las caracteristicas de estas actividades como ocio (tiempo dedicado a las mismas, frecuencia semanal y percepciones de eleccion propia, satisfaccion y apropiacion); y (2) el Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo, para conocer la incidencia de sus dimensiones (presente, pasada y futura). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que: los jovenes que practican actividad fisica como actividad de ocio presentan una Perspectiva Temporal Balanceada; que quienes invierten mas tiempo en esta practica tienen a una mayor Perspectiva Temporal Futura; asimismo, se demuestra que las variables de la experiencia de ocio correlacio...

Research paper thumbnail of Fitness training as a body-centered hobby: The serious leisure perspective for explaining exercise practice

Physical exercise is an activity whose health-related benefits have been promoted by health profe... more Physical exercise is an activity whose health-related benefits have been promoted by health professionals and social institutions. However, given that the levels of practice are not ideal, the subjective variables – that give meaning, provide continuity and may increase exercise adherence – need to be studied in depth. In this sense, fitness training is analyzed as a form of serious leisure, a body-centered hobby – a way to practice and relate to the activity that leads its practitioners to adhere more to it, orienting them towards a career in acquiring and expressing skills, knowledge and experience. In total, 1,134 people (588 men, 546 women) doing fitness training, aged between 18 and 70 years old (M = 34.7, SD = 13.06), answered a questionnaire about time dedicated to exercise as serious leisure and its derived and complementary benefits. Student’s t Coefficient and ANOVA were used to show the significance of the differences among the scores obtained for the rewards related to e...

Research paper thumbnail of Data mining and mall users profile* Minería de datos y perfiles de usuarios en los centros comerciales

a B s t r a C t Marketing scholars have suggested a need for more empirical research on consumer ... more a B s t r a C t Marketing scholars have suggested a need for more empirical research on consumer response to malls, in order to have a better understanding of the variables that explain the behavior of the consumers. The segmentation methodology CHAID (Chi-square automatic interaction detection) was used in order to identify the profiles of consumers with regard to their activities at malls, on the basis of socio-demographic variables and behavioral variables (how and with whom they go to the malls). A sample of 790 subjects answered an online questionnaire. The CHAID analysis of the results was used to identify the profiles of consumers with regard to their activities at malls. In the set of variables analyzed the transport used in order to go shopping and the frequency of visits to centers are the main predictors of behavior in malls. The results provide guidelines for the development of effective strategies to attract consumers to malls and retain them there.

Research paper thumbnail of University Students’ Motives-for-Physical-Activity Profiles: Why They Practise and What They Get in Terms of Psychological Need Satisfaction

Frontiers in Psychology, 2020

Physical activity (PA) is an important habit for overall health and quality of life, but it tends... more Physical activity (PA) is an important habit for overall health and quality of life, but it tends to recede as young adults transition from high school into university. The present study sought to understand, in the case of university students that still practice PA, their motives for PA and their relationships with psychological need satisfaction (PNS) and characteristics of practice regularity (frequency, duration, team, competitive, coach, league, federation, and type of day of the week for PA). Participants were 423 university students who reported to practice PA (203 identified as men, 191 as women, 29 did not report gender), with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years old (M = 19.91, SD = 1.97). Measures assessing motives for PA, PNS, and PA characteristics were completed. Hierarchical, followed by iterative, cluster analysis was used and four naturally occurring groupings of university students were identified based on their motives for PA: one extrinsic-motives cluster (with both ...

Research paper thumbnail of El papel del ocio en la intervención psicosocial con víctimas de la trata: una revisión sistemática

Anuario de Psicología

Introducción: La trata de personas con finalidad de explotación sexual es una práctica esclavista... more Introducción: La trata de personas con finalidad de explotación sexual es una práctica esclavista que acarrea un excelso grado de violencia; requiriendo que la intervención psicosocial preste recursos centrados en la recuperación psicológica de las víctimas. En este sentido, el ocio es un recurso terapéutico que permite afrontar los estresores traumáticos y abordar el desarraigo y los estigmas que sufren las víctimas sexuales; alejándose así de las extendidas intervenciones asistencialistas y paliativas. Sin embargo, parecen poco generalizadas las intervenciones que incorporan el ocio terapéutico. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de los trabajos publicados respecto a intervenciones con mujeres víctimas de explotación sexual que contemplan el ocio terapéutico. Metodología: Se revisan las bases de datos Psicodoc, PsycInfo y Sociological s, utilizando las palabras claves, en castellano, víctimas sexuales o prostitutas, intervención, ocio y en inglés, sexual victim o prostitu...

Research paper thumbnail of Imbalances in the Study of the Relationship between Leisure and Self-Esteem: A Systematic Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020

This systematic review offers a comprehensive examination of the relationship between leisure and... more This systematic review offers a comprehensive examination of the relationship between leisure and self-esteem. The different perspectives were analyzed according to a framework that includes the different approaches for defining and measuring leisure, and a similar one was proposed for self-esteem. Articles indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) up to the end of 2018 were reviewed, specifically those that contained the keywords “leisure”, “self-esteem” or “self esteem” anywhere in the manuscript. Articles that did not present the qualitative or quantitative instruments needed to evaluate leisure or self-esteem were excluded. A total of 49 articles included the final quantitative synthesis. The overall findings showed that the prevailing methodology was objective (external). As regards content, the following combinations predominated: the behavioral approach to leisure with the unidimensional approach to self-esteem and the experiential approach to leisure with the unidimensional approa...

Research paper thumbnail of El self y sus pluralidades: Un análisis desde el paradigma de la complejidad

Escritos de Psicología - Psychological Writings, 2005

Acerca de la diversidad de definiciones y términos autorreferenciales se considera la opinión com... more Acerca de la diversidad de definiciones y términos autorreferenciales se considera la opinión compartida sobre la problemática de la misma. Se valora el alcance real de dicha diversidad y se observa que ésta puede ser interpretada como pluralidad necesaria en el análisis de un fenómeno complejo como el self (sí mismo). Se consideran algunos análisis autorreferenciales que se practican desde concepciones lineales y complejas y se muestran algunas de las mayores diferencias según el enfoque epistemológico. A partir de aquí se presenta un modelo teórico basado en una concepción compleja del self y, tomando como referencia este modelo, se explica la problemática de la diversidad en la investigación del self y se plantean criterios para el desarrollo de una concepción integradora de diversas orientaciones. En esta misma línea, atendiendo a la dimensión interactiva del self se propone un análisis de ciertos aspectos complejos de la influencia del medio sobre el sistema de autorreferencias...

Research paper thumbnail of Critical analysis and digital literacy in learning social psychology

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Higher Education Advances, Jun 21, 2017

This paper presents a teaching experience in social psychology learning, aimed at students' acqui... more This paper presents a teaching experience in social psychology learning, aimed at students' acquisition of critical analysis and digital literacy competences at the University of Barcelona. The methodology consisted of asking each student to answer to a socially relevant question, by means of (a) identifying key underlying psychosocial processes and (b) searching for adequate keywords in scientific databases such as PsycNet and Sociological Abstracts, in order to (c) select and critically compare two relevant articles that could answer this question. The acquisition of these competences was assessed with a rubric and related questions in the final exam. Results indicated both the effectiveness of this approach to teach competences in digital literacy and critical analysis through motivating questions, and the translation of these competences in other situations. This approach also showed to be more effective in teaching these ompetences than only giving lectures. This methodology is promising, as it provides an answer to how to give future professionals competences in answering effectively and rigorously to socially relevant problems in the Information Society.

Research paper thumbnail of Problemática del tiempo libre y pre-adolescencia

Research paper thumbnail of Songoku i la fotocopiomanía

Research paper thumbnail of Autodescripción en el TST: posibilidades y límites

Psicologia & Sociedade

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Infancia, adolescencia y ocio: una experiencia comunitaria afrontando la exclusión social

… comunitaria: fundamentos y …, 1998

Información del artículo Infancia, adolescencia y ocio: una experiencia comunitaria afrontando la... more Información del artículo Infancia, adolescencia y ocio: una experiencia comunitaria afrontando la exclusión social.

Research paper thumbnail of Entre el ocio, el turismo y el consumo: el tiempo y la apropiación del tiempo

Perspectivas y retrospectivas de la psicología social …, 2007

... Entre el ocio, el turismo y el consumo: el tiempo y la apropiación del tiempo. Autores: Nuria... more ... Entre el ocio, el turismo y el consumo: el tiempo y la apropiación del tiempo. Autores: Nuria Codina; Localización: Perspectivas y retrospectivas de la psicología social en los albores del siglo XXI / coord. por José Romay Martínez, 2007, ISBN 978-84-9742-777-7 , págs. 205-214 ...

Research paper thumbnail of Actividad física y tiempo libre

dialnet.unirioja.es

Acceso de usuarios registrados. Acceso de usuarios registrados Usuario Contraseña. ...

Research paper thumbnail of El deporte como actividad compensadora en el tiempo libre

Anuario de psicología, 1989

Research paper thumbnail of Algunos aspectos del impacto tecnológico en el consumo infantil del ocio

Anuario de psicología, 1992

El avance tecnológico introduce nuevas fotmas de empleo del ocio que también afectan a 10s niños.... more El avance tecnológico introduce nuevas fotmas de empleo del ocio que también afectan a 10s niños. Un instrumento central al respecto es el ordenador, que viene a ser un superjuguete que goza de familiaridad, apareciendo relacionalmente como algo intermedi0 entre el objeto y el sujeto. Un uso especial de 10s ordenadores esta' en 10s videojuegos infantiles. Se analizan sus características y las razones de su éxito en el mundo infantil. Por otra parte se examina un caso de mania colectiva, basada en la reproducción por fotocopia de dibujos animados. Todo el10 conduce a una reflexión sobre la nueva cultura del siglo xxr y el papel de 10s niños en la configuración de la misma.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigación-Intervención Psicosocial: Experiencia Visitada

Os conteúdos deste periódico de acesso aberto estão licenciados sob os termos da Licença Creative... more Os conteúdos deste periódico de acesso aberto estão licenciados sob os termos da Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-UsoNãoComercial-ObrasDerivadasProibidas 3.0 Unported.

Research paper thumbnail of El videojuego en la adolescencia como actividad de ocio

Research paper thumbnail of Development of Psychosocial Case Studies by Students to Improve Their Ability to Understand and Analyze Human Behavior

This study presents an active learning methodology based on the development and analysis of case ... more This study presents an active learning methodology based on the development and analysis of case studies by college students and explores its effects on academic performance and on students’ capacity of understanding and analysing human behaviour. A group of 54 students who were taking the course Social Psychology at the University of Barcelona developed written stories where psychosocial concepts were represented. Results showed that participants, after developing their own case studies, improved their ability to identify and explain theoretical concepts included in case studies created by the teaching team. The proposed teaching methodology appears to enhance their ability to understand and analyse human behaviour, helping students to integrate theory with reality.

Research paper thumbnail of Is student procrastination related to controlling teacher behaviours

Headache, 2017

Even motivated students procrastinate, because procrastination is triggered by a volitional (rath... more Even motivated students procrastinate, because procrastination is triggered by a volitional (rather than by a motivational) problem. However, many factors, such as learning context, teacher interpersonal style, and also type of motivation may influence the occurrence of procrastination. The aim of the present study was to assess the relations between first-year university students’ procrastination and controlling teacher behaviour. Four types of controlling teacher behaviour and three distinct measures of procrastination were evaluated and their correlations assessed. Findings revealed small but significant associations between (a) conditional use of rewards and decisional procrastination, and between (b) excessive personal control and task-avoiding procrastination. Results suggest that controlling teacher behaviour can negatively influence students’ learning experiences. By using conditional rewards too often, teachers may deffer their students’ autonomous decision processes to eng...

Research paper thumbnail of Actividad físico-deportiva como experiencia de ocio y Perspectiva Temporal en los jóvenes

Se analizan las relaciones entre la practica de actividades fisico-deportivas, la experiencia de ... more Se analizan las relaciones entre la practica de actividades fisico-deportivas, la experiencia de ocio y la Perspectiva Temporal, en una muestra de 134 jovenes —84 chicos y 54 chicas— entre 18 y 24 anos. La informacion se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario online que incluia: (1) un Presupuesto de Tiempo para registrar las actividades realizadas en la cotidianidad y valorar las caracteristicas de estas actividades como ocio (tiempo dedicado a las mismas, frecuencia semanal y percepciones de eleccion propia, satisfaccion y apropiacion); y (2) el Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo, para conocer la incidencia de sus dimensiones (presente, pasada y futura). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que: los jovenes que practican actividad fisica como actividad de ocio presentan una Perspectiva Temporal Balanceada; que quienes invierten mas tiempo en esta practica tienen a una mayor Perspectiva Temporal Futura; asimismo, se demuestra que las variables de la experiencia de ocio correlacio...

Research paper thumbnail of Fitness training as a body-centered hobby: The serious leisure perspective for explaining exercise practice

Physical exercise is an activity whose health-related benefits have been promoted by health profe... more Physical exercise is an activity whose health-related benefits have been promoted by health professionals and social institutions. However, given that the levels of practice are not ideal, the subjective variables – that give meaning, provide continuity and may increase exercise adherence – need to be studied in depth. In this sense, fitness training is analyzed as a form of serious leisure, a body-centered hobby – a way to practice and relate to the activity that leads its practitioners to adhere more to it, orienting them towards a career in acquiring and expressing skills, knowledge and experience. In total, 1,134 people (588 men, 546 women) doing fitness training, aged between 18 and 70 years old (M = 34.7, SD = 13.06), answered a questionnaire about time dedicated to exercise as serious leisure and its derived and complementary benefits. Student’s t Coefficient and ANOVA were used to show the significance of the differences among the scores obtained for the rewards related to e...

Research paper thumbnail of Data mining and mall users profile* Minería de datos y perfiles de usuarios en los centros comerciales

a B s t r a C t Marketing scholars have suggested a need for more empirical research on consumer ... more a B s t r a C t Marketing scholars have suggested a need for more empirical research on consumer response to malls, in order to have a better understanding of the variables that explain the behavior of the consumers. The segmentation methodology CHAID (Chi-square automatic interaction detection) was used in order to identify the profiles of consumers with regard to their activities at malls, on the basis of socio-demographic variables and behavioral variables (how and with whom they go to the malls). A sample of 790 subjects answered an online questionnaire. The CHAID analysis of the results was used to identify the profiles of consumers with regard to their activities at malls. In the set of variables analyzed the transport used in order to go shopping and the frequency of visits to centers are the main predictors of behavior in malls. The results provide guidelines for the development of effective strategies to attract consumers to malls and retain them there.

Research paper thumbnail of University Students’ Motives-for-Physical-Activity Profiles: Why They Practise and What They Get in Terms of Psychological Need Satisfaction

Frontiers in Psychology, 2020

Physical activity (PA) is an important habit for overall health and quality of life, but it tends... more Physical activity (PA) is an important habit for overall health and quality of life, but it tends to recede as young adults transition from high school into university. The present study sought to understand, in the case of university students that still practice PA, their motives for PA and their relationships with psychological need satisfaction (PNS) and characteristics of practice regularity (frequency, duration, team, competitive, coach, league, federation, and type of day of the week for PA). Participants were 423 university students who reported to practice PA (203 identified as men, 191 as women, 29 did not report gender), with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years old (M = 19.91, SD = 1.97). Measures assessing motives for PA, PNS, and PA characteristics were completed. Hierarchical, followed by iterative, cluster analysis was used and four naturally occurring groupings of university students were identified based on their motives for PA: one extrinsic-motives cluster (with both ...