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Papers by Nurul Khair Ishak

Research paper thumbnail of Moral Reasoning and Intention to Perform Unethical Behaviour of Lecturers in Malaysia

I-iECONS e-proceedings, Oct 19, 2023

The process of deciding what is right or wrong in a particular scenario is known as moral reasoni... more The process of deciding what is right or wrong in a particular scenario is known as moral reasoning. Moral reasoning is important as it will help to shape an individual's intention whether to perform or not to perform an unethical behaviour. This study will examine the level of moral reasoning of lecturers in public universities of Malaysia and examine its relationship to intention to perform unethical behaviour. The Defining Issues Test 2 (DIT2) via N2 scores was used to measure the level of moral reasoning of lecturers. Intention to perform unethical behaviour was measured using ethical dilemmas scenarios. Online survey was sent to 30 lecturers of the Faculty of Business/ Management from 20 public universities. 130 responses were received, and data collected was sent to the Centre for the Study of Ethical Development University of Alabama for reliability test, scoring and analysis, as it is copyrighted. Only 83 responses passed the DIT2 reliability test and was then used for further analysis. The result shows that the N2 score of lecturers is at the low level of 23.39 which falls in Kohlberg's Cognitive Moral Development stage 2 and 3 representing the personal interest schema. The study also found that moral reasoning of lecturers does not affect their intention to perform unethical behaviour. This could be because the level of moral reasoning of lecturers are at a low level and thus do not affect intention to perform unethical behaviour. Thus, efforts should be taken to develop the moral reasoning to a higher level such as exposing them to ethics courses and ethics training program that can increase their cognitive moral development to a higher level so that they do not only focus on self but also on law, social order and universal ethical principles.

Research paper thumbnail of Examining Factors That Could Lead to Unethical Behaviour in Institutions of Higher Learning

Journal of Governance and Integrity, 2019

Issues related to unethical behaviour is also evident in institutions of higher learning. This pa... more Issues related to unethical behaviour is also evident in institutions of higher learning. This paper will discuss some of the factors that have been shown to have an influence on unethical behaviour in the specific context in higher learning institutions in Malaysia. Ethical leadership and ethical climate are identified to be the variables that might influence the intention to perform such behaviour. It then discusses the importance of ethical leadership and ethical climate in shaping the ethical conduct in higher learning institutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Ethical Leadership, Ethical Climate and Unethical Behaviour in Institutions of Higher Learning

KnE Social Sciences, 2019

Issues related to unethical behaviour is not common nowadays; and they are also the problem of hi... more Issues related to unethical behaviour is not common nowadays; and they are also the problem of higher learning institutions. This study is conducted to find out the factors that influence the intention to perform unethical behaviour in higher learning institutions in Malaysia. This paper provides some insights into the issues of unethical behaviour, specifically the behaviour of lecturers. Ethical leadership and ethical climate are identified to be the variables that might influence the intention to perform such behaviour. It then discusses the importance of ethical leadership and ethical climate in shaping the ethical conduct in higher learning institutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility of Small and Medium Enterprises in Japan-Lessons Learnt

Advanced Science Letters, 2015

Japan is a high income economy country and scored well in terms of CPI index. Since Malaysia’s in... more Japan is a high income economy country and scored well in terms of CPI index. Since Malaysia’s intention is to move towards a high income economy there is much to learn from SMEs in Japan. A study was conducted on 17 SMEs in Japan and data collection includes survey and interviews. Amongst lessons learned are that SMEs in Japan place a great respect on seniority and they treat their business as one family. SMEs in Japan also place high importance on customer satisfaction, they do not believe in “quick wins” and will ensure that expansion of business is made progressively. They also view preserving traditional culture as one of their responsibility. One of the challenges they faced are the declining sales due to the lesser number of tourists in Japan and declining demand of traditional products. Success of SMEs in Japan is partly because of the ability of the government in Japan to “make the blue collars’ conditions equal to the white collars,” especially involving the expanded appli...

Research paper thumbnail of Unethical Behavior—What Influences Salesperson to Do So? The Case of Malaysia

Advanced Science Letters, 2015

This paper contributes to existing research on ethical behavior by identifying the factors that l... more This paper contributes to existing research on ethical behavior by identifying the factors that leads to the intention to commit the unethical behavior. The study used a questionnaire method that was sent to 1,200 insurance agents across peninsular Malaysia, 300 copies were returned of which only 246 were useful. Results of the study exhibited that there is a significant relationship between attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm among insurance agents on the intention to commit unethical behavior. Attitude and moral obligation provide a positive relationship, while perceived behavioral control and norm provide a negative relationship. It also reflected that agents committing the unethical behavior are being influence by attitudes, moral obligation then perceived behavioral control and subjective norm. The study also reflected that ethics among insurance agents in Malaysia are low due to the fact that there is no documented evidence of any form of severe punish...

Research paper thumbnail of Moral Reasoning and Intention to Perform Unethical Behaviour of Lecturers in Malaysia

I-iECONS e-proceedings, Oct 19, 2023

The process of deciding what is right or wrong in a particular scenario is known as moral reasoni... more The process of deciding what is right or wrong in a particular scenario is known as moral reasoning. Moral reasoning is important as it will help to shape an individual's intention whether to perform or not to perform an unethical behaviour. This study will examine the level of moral reasoning of lecturers in public universities of Malaysia and examine its relationship to intention to perform unethical behaviour. The Defining Issues Test 2 (DIT2) via N2 scores was used to measure the level of moral reasoning of lecturers. Intention to perform unethical behaviour was measured using ethical dilemmas scenarios. Online survey was sent to 30 lecturers of the Faculty of Business/ Management from 20 public universities. 130 responses were received, and data collected was sent to the Centre for the Study of Ethical Development University of Alabama for reliability test, scoring and analysis, as it is copyrighted. Only 83 responses passed the DIT2 reliability test and was then used for further analysis. The result shows that the N2 score of lecturers is at the low level of 23.39 which falls in Kohlberg's Cognitive Moral Development stage 2 and 3 representing the personal interest schema. The study also found that moral reasoning of lecturers does not affect their intention to perform unethical behaviour. This could be because the level of moral reasoning of lecturers are at a low level and thus do not affect intention to perform unethical behaviour. Thus, efforts should be taken to develop the moral reasoning to a higher level such as exposing them to ethics courses and ethics training program that can increase their cognitive moral development to a higher level so that they do not only focus on self but also on law, social order and universal ethical principles.

Research paper thumbnail of Examining Factors That Could Lead to Unethical Behaviour in Institutions of Higher Learning

Journal of Governance and Integrity, 2019

Issues related to unethical behaviour is also evident in institutions of higher learning. This pa... more Issues related to unethical behaviour is also evident in institutions of higher learning. This paper will discuss some of the factors that have been shown to have an influence on unethical behaviour in the specific context in higher learning institutions in Malaysia. Ethical leadership and ethical climate are identified to be the variables that might influence the intention to perform such behaviour. It then discusses the importance of ethical leadership and ethical climate in shaping the ethical conduct in higher learning institutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Ethical Leadership, Ethical Climate and Unethical Behaviour in Institutions of Higher Learning

KnE Social Sciences, 2019

Issues related to unethical behaviour is not common nowadays; and they are also the problem of hi... more Issues related to unethical behaviour is not common nowadays; and they are also the problem of higher learning institutions. This study is conducted to find out the factors that influence the intention to perform unethical behaviour in higher learning institutions in Malaysia. This paper provides some insights into the issues of unethical behaviour, specifically the behaviour of lecturers. Ethical leadership and ethical climate are identified to be the variables that might influence the intention to perform such behaviour. It then discusses the importance of ethical leadership and ethical climate in shaping the ethical conduct in higher learning institutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility of Small and Medium Enterprises in Japan-Lessons Learnt

Advanced Science Letters, 2015

Japan is a high income economy country and scored well in terms of CPI index. Since Malaysia’s in... more Japan is a high income economy country and scored well in terms of CPI index. Since Malaysia’s intention is to move towards a high income economy there is much to learn from SMEs in Japan. A study was conducted on 17 SMEs in Japan and data collection includes survey and interviews. Amongst lessons learned are that SMEs in Japan place a great respect on seniority and they treat their business as one family. SMEs in Japan also place high importance on customer satisfaction, they do not believe in “quick wins” and will ensure that expansion of business is made progressively. They also view preserving traditional culture as one of their responsibility. One of the challenges they faced are the declining sales due to the lesser number of tourists in Japan and declining demand of traditional products. Success of SMEs in Japan is partly because of the ability of the government in Japan to “make the blue collars’ conditions equal to the white collars,” especially involving the expanded appli...

Research paper thumbnail of Unethical Behavior—What Influences Salesperson to Do So? The Case of Malaysia

Advanced Science Letters, 2015

This paper contributes to existing research on ethical behavior by identifying the factors that l... more This paper contributes to existing research on ethical behavior by identifying the factors that leads to the intention to commit the unethical behavior. The study used a questionnaire method that was sent to 1,200 insurance agents across peninsular Malaysia, 300 copies were returned of which only 246 were useful. Results of the study exhibited that there is a significant relationship between attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm among insurance agents on the intention to commit unethical behavior. Attitude and moral obligation provide a positive relationship, while perceived behavioral control and norm provide a negative relationship. It also reflected that agents committing the unethical behavior are being influence by attitudes, moral obligation then perceived behavioral control and subjective norm. The study also reflected that ethics among insurance agents in Malaysia are low due to the fact that there is no documented evidence of any form of severe punish...