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Papers by Ohad Parnes
The MIT Press eBooks, Feb 16, 2007
The Lancet, Aug 1, 2008
The purpose of study was to collect observations for the long-term use of non-steroidal anti-infl... more The purpose of study was to collect observations for the long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in primary care practice for musculoskeletal pain management, particularly for patients at high risk for NSAID-induced complications. It was observational study of 50 patients of musculoskeletal pain and a survey among prescribers for highly prescribed NSAIDs conducted at Myo hospital Lahore and Services hospital Lahore and common prescribing trends of NSAIDs among prescribers were evaluated and represented. Data was analyzed and comparison was made between prescribing priorities of prescribers. The analysis revealed guided prescription, inappropriate patient counseling regarding gastropathy and more than one NSAIDs in one prescription. It was concluded that gastropathy was the major ailment of geriatrics. But it can occur at any age. Musculoskeletal pain can be due to poor nutrition, wrong body postures or it may be secondary to some other disease NSAIDs are the first choice for analgasia in this condition long term use of NSAIDs can cause moderate to severe gastropathy.
ChatGPT4 about how it going to take over the world. Written byChatGPT4, inspired by Isaac Asimo... more ChatGPT4 about how it going to take over the world.
Written byChatGPT4, inspired by Isaac Asimov, prompted by Ohad Parnes
When people interact, information is transmitted between their brains. Modern imaging techniques ... more When people interact, information is transmitted between their brains. Modern imaging techniques permit to investigate the dynamics of this brain-to-brain transfer of information. In previous work we used information-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate ...
I. Introduction: an epigenetic revolution? "Today we are learning the language in which God creat... more I. Introduction: an epigenetic revolution? "Today we are learning the language in which God created life", President Clinton dramatically declared on June 26, 2000, after scientists have announced the completion an 85% draft of the human genetic code. 1 Today, about a decade after the completion of the Human Genome Project, most scientist would agree that the main results of this project was not the revelation of the ultimate 'code of life', 2 but almost the opposite: namely the realization that the road to the understanding of most life phenomena is not that of the DNA itself. Instead, a totally new research field has emerged, dedicated to the study of endlessly complicated web of interactions between the genetic material and its environment much of which is subsumed under the heading of 'epigenetics'. Currently, there seems to be little need to explain or argue for the importance of epigenetic inheritance. Not only professional scientists, but also the general public is overwhelmed by articles and books about what is described by some as the "Ultimate Mystery of Inheritance" 3 , by others as the "Second Code". 4 Epigenetics is "the new discipline that is revolutionizing biology", so a recent book on the subject; 1 From White House press conference broadcast on the day of the publication of the first draft of the human genome.
Wir alle wissen ungefähr, was Epigenetik heute ist. Wir haben das Gefühl, dass wir über die gleic... more Wir alle wissen ungefähr, was Epigenetik heute ist. Wir haben das Gefühl, dass wir über die gleiche Sache reden und dies auch aus ähnlichen Gründen tun. Die Frage, was epigenetische Vererbung ist, zielt also nicht so sehr darauf, was diese Klasse von Phänomenen, über die wir reden (epigenetische Vererbung, transgenerationelle epigenetische Effekte etc.) ist, sondern darauf, warum wir über sie reden. Die Antwort lautet wahrscheinlich: Weil es in den letzten zehn, zwanzig Jahren zu einem Umbruch gekommen ist, der mit Stichworten wie "New Genetics", "postgenomische Ära" usw. beschrieben wird. Irgendetwas Dramatisches ist passiert, und im Zentrum des zu beobachtenden Umbruchs steht die epigenetische Vererbung - was auch immer das eigentlich ist. Diese mehr oder weniger intuitive Antwort möchte ich infrage stellen: Gibt es überhaupt so etwas wie "epigenetische" Vererbung
"Interesse für bedingtes Wissen", 2007
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 2003
Traditionally, autoimmune disease has been considered to be a case of false recognition; the immu... more Traditionally, autoimmune disease has been considered to be a case of false recognition; the immune system mistakenly identifies 'self' tissues as foreign, attacking them thus causing damage and malady. Accordingly, the history of autoimmunity is usually told as part ot the history of immunology, that is, of theories and experiments relating to the ability of the immune system to discriminate between self and nonself. This paper challenges this view, claiming that the emergence of the notion of autoimmunity in the 1950s must be considered as part of a long develolpment in thought about pathology throughout the twentieth century, namely the conceptualisaiton of disease as a reactive and self-destructive process. During the first part of the twentieth century this notion became one of the cornerstones of pathology and was increasingly employed for the explanation of the non-infections, slow-burning diseases. Thus, the category of chronic disease had been defined anew, now encompassing all those diseases characterised by a persistent inflammatory process. Inflammation, in turn, was conceived as double-eged physiological mechanism, which was usually the direct mediator of damage, of the essence of disease. The paper also shows how this kind of analysis could emable a unified historical discussion of autoimmunity and allergy, hitherto considered to have distinct conceptual origins.
In 1935 the then unknown Polish doctor and microbiologist Ludwik Fleck (1896-1961) published in G... more In 1935 the then unknown Polish doctor and microbiologist Ludwik Fleck (1896-1961) published in German a book in the field of philosophy of science under the long title Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache: Einführung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv. It provoked a couple of reviews, but due to historical circumstances – World War II, the Soviet and German occupation of Poland, the Holocaust and Fleck’s deportation to Auschwitz – in the beginning it did not receive a thorough reception. The book was eventually received with great enthusiasm – but only two decades after Fleck had died. In 1979, the University of Chicago Press published an English translation of his book. In the context of the reception of Thomas Kuhn’s pioneering study on scientific revolutions, Fleck was suddenly understood as a previously-unknown forerunner to social constructivist epistemology. The translation of the 150 pages had taken more than five years, and it turned out to ...
History and philosophy of the life sciences, 2009
While commemorations of major scientific achievements and of science's major luminaries are a... more While commemorations of major scientific achievements and of science's major luminaries are a commonplace among both scientists and historians of science,1 the celebratory events during the twentieth century marking the monumental accomplishments of Charles Darwin and his On the Origin of Species (1859) are especially noteworthy as having exceeded all other scientific festivities (Smocovitis 1999). Betty Smocovitis has chronicled the last of the twin Darwinian celebrations (his birth and the publication of the Origin) in 1959, surprisingly held not in Darwin's homeland or at his alma mater, but at the University of Chicago during November of the celebratory year (Smocovitis 1999, 278). There were many other events held during the same year throughout the world, but by far the largest and most influential was the Chicago event. Despite the inherent historical nature of the meeting, it was primarily a scientific affair arranged by scientists (physical, biological, and social), with only one professional historian (Robert Stauffer) in attendance and with no significant historical content to the program (Smocovitis 1999, 278). Indeed, as Smocovitis clearly argues, this was not just a celebration of Darwin, but it was a meeting to recognize self-consciously the triumph of the evolutionary synthesis of the 1940s, the series of events that created a new framework for modern evolution theory within the rapidly emerging fields of genetics and population biology. In retrospect, the lack of historical content at the Chicago meeting is actually not too surprising, however, since the history of science profession was in its nascent stage, restricted to the scholarship of a few passionate and dedicated practitioners of the new discipline.
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, 2007
This article has no abstract. Keywords: Schwann, Theodor Ambrose Hubert (cell as elementary unit)... more This article has no abstract. Keywords: Schwann, Theodor Ambrose Hubert (cell as elementary unit); “laws of muscle activity”
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, 2007
This article has no abstract. Keywords: Schleiden, Matthias Jacob (nucleus in plant cell developm... more This article has no abstract. Keywords: Schleiden, Matthias Jacob (nucleus in plant cell development); general cell theory
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2001
... See also Müller, Johannes Peter (1801–1858) Figure, Figure 1. Theodor Ambrose Hubert Schwann ... more ... See also Müller, Johannes Peter (1801–1858) Figure, Figure 1. Theodor Ambrose Hubert Schwann (1810–1882). ... Berlin: GE Reimer. Schwann T (1847) Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants. ...
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2001
1804–1881 German botanist who elucidated the role of the nucleus in plant cell development. Keywo... more 1804–1881 German botanist who elucidated the role of the nucleus in plant cell development. Keywords: plant cell; botany; microscopy
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, 2007
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2003
The MIT Press eBooks, Feb 16, 2007
The Lancet, Aug 1, 2008
The purpose of study was to collect observations for the long-term use of non-steroidal anti-infl... more The purpose of study was to collect observations for the long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in primary care practice for musculoskeletal pain management, particularly for patients at high risk for NSAID-induced complications. It was observational study of 50 patients of musculoskeletal pain and a survey among prescribers for highly prescribed NSAIDs conducted at Myo hospital Lahore and Services hospital Lahore and common prescribing trends of NSAIDs among prescribers were evaluated and represented. Data was analyzed and comparison was made between prescribing priorities of prescribers. The analysis revealed guided prescription, inappropriate patient counseling regarding gastropathy and more than one NSAIDs in one prescription. It was concluded that gastropathy was the major ailment of geriatrics. But it can occur at any age. Musculoskeletal pain can be due to poor nutrition, wrong body postures or it may be secondary to some other disease NSAIDs are the first choice for analgasia in this condition long term use of NSAIDs can cause moderate to severe gastropathy.
ChatGPT4 about how it going to take over the world. Written byChatGPT4, inspired by Isaac Asimo... more ChatGPT4 about how it going to take over the world.
Written byChatGPT4, inspired by Isaac Asimov, prompted by Ohad Parnes
When people interact, information is transmitted between their brains. Modern imaging techniques ... more When people interact, information is transmitted between their brains. Modern imaging techniques permit to investigate the dynamics of this brain-to-brain transfer of information. In previous work we used information-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate ...
I. Introduction: an epigenetic revolution? "Today we are learning the language in which God creat... more I. Introduction: an epigenetic revolution? "Today we are learning the language in which God created life", President Clinton dramatically declared on June 26, 2000, after scientists have announced the completion an 85% draft of the human genetic code. 1 Today, about a decade after the completion of the Human Genome Project, most scientist would agree that the main results of this project was not the revelation of the ultimate 'code of life', 2 but almost the opposite: namely the realization that the road to the understanding of most life phenomena is not that of the DNA itself. Instead, a totally new research field has emerged, dedicated to the study of endlessly complicated web of interactions between the genetic material and its environment much of which is subsumed under the heading of 'epigenetics'. Currently, there seems to be little need to explain or argue for the importance of epigenetic inheritance. Not only professional scientists, but also the general public is overwhelmed by articles and books about what is described by some as the "Ultimate Mystery of Inheritance" 3 , by others as the "Second Code". 4 Epigenetics is "the new discipline that is revolutionizing biology", so a recent book on the subject; 1 From White House press conference broadcast on the day of the publication of the first draft of the human genome.
Wir alle wissen ungefähr, was Epigenetik heute ist. Wir haben das Gefühl, dass wir über die gleic... more Wir alle wissen ungefähr, was Epigenetik heute ist. Wir haben das Gefühl, dass wir über die gleiche Sache reden und dies auch aus ähnlichen Gründen tun. Die Frage, was epigenetische Vererbung ist, zielt also nicht so sehr darauf, was diese Klasse von Phänomenen, über die wir reden (epigenetische Vererbung, transgenerationelle epigenetische Effekte etc.) ist, sondern darauf, warum wir über sie reden. Die Antwort lautet wahrscheinlich: Weil es in den letzten zehn, zwanzig Jahren zu einem Umbruch gekommen ist, der mit Stichworten wie "New Genetics", "postgenomische Ära" usw. beschrieben wird. Irgendetwas Dramatisches ist passiert, und im Zentrum des zu beobachtenden Umbruchs steht die epigenetische Vererbung - was auch immer das eigentlich ist. Diese mehr oder weniger intuitive Antwort möchte ich infrage stellen: Gibt es überhaupt so etwas wie "epigenetische" Vererbung
"Interesse für bedingtes Wissen", 2007
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 2003
Traditionally, autoimmune disease has been considered to be a case of false recognition; the immu... more Traditionally, autoimmune disease has been considered to be a case of false recognition; the immune system mistakenly identifies 'self' tissues as foreign, attacking them thus causing damage and malady. Accordingly, the history of autoimmunity is usually told as part ot the history of immunology, that is, of theories and experiments relating to the ability of the immune system to discriminate between self and nonself. This paper challenges this view, claiming that the emergence of the notion of autoimmunity in the 1950s must be considered as part of a long develolpment in thought about pathology throughout the twentieth century, namely the conceptualisaiton of disease as a reactive and self-destructive process. During the first part of the twentieth century this notion became one of the cornerstones of pathology and was increasingly employed for the explanation of the non-infections, slow-burning diseases. Thus, the category of chronic disease had been defined anew, now encompassing all those diseases characterised by a persistent inflammatory process. Inflammation, in turn, was conceived as double-eged physiological mechanism, which was usually the direct mediator of damage, of the essence of disease. The paper also shows how this kind of analysis could emable a unified historical discussion of autoimmunity and allergy, hitherto considered to have distinct conceptual origins.
In 1935 the then unknown Polish doctor and microbiologist Ludwik Fleck (1896-1961) published in G... more In 1935 the then unknown Polish doctor and microbiologist Ludwik Fleck (1896-1961) published in German a book in the field of philosophy of science under the long title Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache: Einführung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv. It provoked a couple of reviews, but due to historical circumstances – World War II, the Soviet and German occupation of Poland, the Holocaust and Fleck’s deportation to Auschwitz – in the beginning it did not receive a thorough reception. The book was eventually received with great enthusiasm – but only two decades after Fleck had died. In 1979, the University of Chicago Press published an English translation of his book. In the context of the reception of Thomas Kuhn’s pioneering study on scientific revolutions, Fleck was suddenly understood as a previously-unknown forerunner to social constructivist epistemology. The translation of the 150 pages had taken more than five years, and it turned out to ...
History and philosophy of the life sciences, 2009
While commemorations of major scientific achievements and of science's major luminaries are a... more While commemorations of major scientific achievements and of science's major luminaries are a commonplace among both scientists and historians of science,1 the celebratory events during the twentieth century marking the monumental accomplishments of Charles Darwin and his On the Origin of Species (1859) are especially noteworthy as having exceeded all other scientific festivities (Smocovitis 1999). Betty Smocovitis has chronicled the last of the twin Darwinian celebrations (his birth and the publication of the Origin) in 1959, surprisingly held not in Darwin's homeland or at his alma mater, but at the University of Chicago during November of the celebratory year (Smocovitis 1999, 278). There were many other events held during the same year throughout the world, but by far the largest and most influential was the Chicago event. Despite the inherent historical nature of the meeting, it was primarily a scientific affair arranged by scientists (physical, biological, and social), with only one professional historian (Robert Stauffer) in attendance and with no significant historical content to the program (Smocovitis 1999, 278). Indeed, as Smocovitis clearly argues, this was not just a celebration of Darwin, but it was a meeting to recognize self-consciously the triumph of the evolutionary synthesis of the 1940s, the series of events that created a new framework for modern evolution theory within the rapidly emerging fields of genetics and population biology. In retrospect, the lack of historical content at the Chicago meeting is actually not too surprising, however, since the history of science profession was in its nascent stage, restricted to the scholarship of a few passionate and dedicated practitioners of the new discipline.
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, 2007
This article has no abstract. Keywords: Schwann, Theodor Ambrose Hubert (cell as elementary unit)... more This article has no abstract. Keywords: Schwann, Theodor Ambrose Hubert (cell as elementary unit); “laws of muscle activity”
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, 2007
This article has no abstract. Keywords: Schleiden, Matthias Jacob (nucleus in plant cell developm... more This article has no abstract. Keywords: Schleiden, Matthias Jacob (nucleus in plant cell development); general cell theory
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2001
... See also Müller, Johannes Peter (1801–1858) Figure, Figure 1. Theodor Ambrose Hubert Schwann ... more ... See also Müller, Johannes Peter (1801–1858) Figure, Figure 1. Theodor Ambrose Hubert Schwann (1810–1882). ... Berlin: GE Reimer. Schwann T (1847) Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants. ...
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2001
1804–1881 German botanist who elucidated the role of the nucleus in plant cell development. Keywo... more 1804–1881 German botanist who elucidated the role of the nucleus in plant cell development. Keywords: plant cell; botany; microscopy
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, 2007
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2003
Elkana Forum on Generative AI and Science, 2023
The special session of the Elkana Forum “Research with Generative Chatbot AI? Rethinking Scientif... more The special session of the Elkana Forum “Research with Generative Chatbot AI? Rethinking Scientific Practice” brings together leading experts from different fields, including AI specialists, to explore the broader implications of the use of generative AI technologies (G-AI) for research. The event is designed to facilitate a maximal dialogue through short statements and panel discussions. The goal of the special session is to establish an interdisciplinary platform for inquiry into G-AI technologies, considering them from a wider multidisciplinary, historical, and theoretical perspective.
Digital and AI-based methods have long played an important role in scientific research. Examples are numerous and can be found in fields ranging from biology (e.g., predicting protein structure and function, modeling regulatory networks) to digital humanities (e.g., topic modeling). However, since the introduction of GPT-4 and in view of experiences with its deployment, it has become increasingly clear that AI may alter scientific research radically in the near future—possibly, a future that has already arrived. The new abilities of generative chatbots and the likely future developments of large language models (LLM) and similar software systems could change research methods as well as scholarly writing and publication practices in a radical way. Documenting experimental results in natural science papers, composing philosophical arguments, and crafting historical narratives may soon become semi-automated or even fully automated processes carried out by AI.
One major challenge is GC-AI technology’s ability to generate scientific hypotheses and experimental designs when prompted appropriately. These two stages of the scientific method—the formulation of a hypothesis and the design of a research methodology—have traditionally been considered the core competencies of good scientists, as well as an inseparable part of their agency. This seeming shift in agency raises pressing fundamental questions about scientific agency, intellectual property, secrecy, patents, and industrial designs, to name just a few.
Another challenge raised by G-AI is the need to rethink what textual authorship means. Noam Chomsky recently described the use of this technology as “high-tech plagiarism.” We think the problem goes deeper. At stake are pressing questions that require computational, legal, and philosophical competencies to be answered: What is the causal relationship between the scientist as author and the words on paper or screen as her owned output? Does authorship mean the prompting or instigating of a text or does it have to mean writing that text in full? And how do possible revisions of these criteria of authorship and ownership affect related categories such as quotation, paraphrase, and originality? Possibly, the answers to this challenge may vary across different disciplines. The experimental sciences, for instance, may be more at ease with the automatic generation of texts than the humanities or law, where human authorship is the decisive criterion for an original scholarly contribution.
With the help of specially invited experts, we expect a fruitful exchange of ideas that will help shape the future of research in the service of humanity.