Olubayo Kunle - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Olubayo Kunle

BMJ Global Health

Management of COVID-19 in Africa is challenging due to limited resources, including the high cost... more Management of COVID-19 in Africa is challenging due to limited resources, including the high cost of vaccines, diagnostics, medical devices and routine pharmaceuticals. These challenges, in addition to wide acceptability, have resulted in increased use of herbal medicines based on African traditional medicines (ATMs) by patients in Africa. This is in spite of the often-significant gaps in evidence regarding these traditional medicines as to their efficacy and safety for COVID-19. African scientists, with some support from their governments, and guidance from WHO and other bodies, are addressing this evidence gap, developing and testing herbal medicines based on ATMs to manage mild-to-moderate cases of COVID-19. Such efforts need further support to meet public health needs.

Annals of Biological Research, 2011

This work was aimed at comparing the mechanical and release properties of paracetamol tablets for... more This work was aimed at comparing the mechanical and release properties of paracetamol tablets formulated with okra gum (OKG), povidone (PVP), gelatin (GEL), and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) as wet binders. Each was separately employed at 1.0-5.0%w/w to granulate powder mix of paracetamol (82%), lactose (8%), and corn starch BP (10%). Compacts with and without centre holes were made with 500mg of granules compressed at 7.5 arbitrary units. Relevant quality control tests were performed on the tablets and the results compared. Friedman's test and regression analysis were employed to analyze binder effectiveness and economy on paracetamol tablet formulation. Results showed tablets' tensile strengths to be in the order: HPMC > GEL > OKG > PVP. All the tablets (except those formulated with 1.0%w/w HPMC) passed the friability test. Friedman's test revealed OKG as the most effective binder while regression analysis proved OKG to be the most economical binder with respect to reduction of BFI values (P < 0.05) which is directly related to binders' abilities to ameliorate capping and lamination in tablets. The dissolution profiles of tablets formulated with OKG were good at binder concentrations of 1-2 %w/w and closely followed those of tablets formulated with PVP. Beyond 2 %w/w binder concentration the profiles declined, in comparison to those of PVP yet better than those of GEL, and HPMC. At 1.0%w/w concentration, OKG reduced the BFI of paracetamol tablets to an acceptable level (0.296), and with a dissolution profile similar to that of PVP formulated tablets, it has proved to be more effective and economical than PVP which imparted a similar BFI values to the tablets at concentration thrice that of OKG. OKG is therefore recommended as an alternative to PVP, an expensive binder.

Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics, 2016

Neorautanenia mitis is a leguminous sub-shrubby climbing plant with a tuberous root which could b... more Neorautanenia mitis is a leguminous sub-shrubby climbing plant with a tuberous root which could be exploited as a potential source of pharmaceutical grade starch. This study aims to determine the suitability of Neorautanenia mitis starch (NMS) as a disintegrant in tablet formulation. Its physicochemical properties such as solubility, acidity, pH, hydration capacity, swelling capacity, content of amylose and amylopectin and flow properties were determined. The starch (NMS) was employed as a disintegrant in the preparation of paracetamol granules at concentrations of 7.5, 10 and 15 % and evaluated. The granules were compressed into tablets at 0.5, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 MT and tablet properties were evaluated. The physicochemical properties showed NMS has good flow, lower amylose content and higher swelling power than maize starch BP (MS). Tablet formulations containing NMS had similar hardness with those containing MS at 0.5 MT while hardness was observed to increase with increase in compression pressure. Tablets containing NMS were found to elicit faster tablet disintegration than those containing maize starch BP and also had higher t75 values. Furthermore, increasing the compression pressure was found to be decrease the rate of drug release. Keywords: Neorautanenia mitis starch, disintegrant, compression pressure, paracetamol tablets

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, Sep 28, 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of a newly developed multifunctional e... more The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of a newly developed multifunctional excipient series, Lacagpregs, in the formulation of tablets by direct compression and wet granulation methods. Active ingredients (metronidazole, chloroquine phosphate and paracetamol) powders that exhibit poor compaction profiles were used to challenge the new excipient series. The qualities of tablets formulated using the novel excipients via direct compression (metronidazole and chloroquine phosphate tablets) and wet granulation (paracetamol tablets) methods were evaluated using standard protocols. These were then compared to the qualities of similar tablets (metronidazole, chloroquine phosphate and paracetamol tablets) formulated with the physical mixtures of the new excipients’ components, Avicel® PH 101 (metronidazole and chloroquine phosphate tablets), or Povidone K15/pregelatinized starch mixture (paracetamol tablets). The qualities of tablets formulated with the novel excipient compared well with those of tablets formulated with standard excipients (PVP and Avicel® PH 101) and some commercial products in Nigerian market; and in some cases were significantly (p < 0.05) better than both. Among the new excipient series, concentration of the primary plastic material and duration of processing greatly influenced their functionality as tableting excipients, whereas intensity of agitation produced unremarkable influence. It is therefore evident that the new excipient series which were designed to function as binder-filler-disintegrant can be employed in tablet formulation via both direct compression and wet granulation processes.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics, May 1, 2008

Efficient, biocompatible and biodegradable new polymer materials are continually being sought to ... more Efficient, biocompatible and biodegradable new polymer materials are continually being sought to meet the challenging needs of drug delivery. Mucinated agarose, a physical crosslink of mucin and agarose, which are both biodegradable natural polymers, has been successfully prepared by a temperature controlled coarcervation technique of aqueous dispersions of equal concentrations of both polymers. Some functional and physicochemical characteristics of the new polymer such as swelling, moisture uptake, mucoadhesive as well as the thermal properties were determined and compared to those of agarose and mucin alone. Turbidimetric interaction between the aqueous dispersions of mucin and agarose was used to determine the concentration ratio of optimum interaction between the two polymers. A concentration ratio mix of four parts mucin and six parts agarose was obtained as the concentration ratio of optimum interaction. A 1:1 dispersion mix was, however, used for the crosslinking process. The mucinated agarose showed characteristic swelling, mucoadhesiveness, moisture uptake and DSC thermal properties that were different from those of mucin and agarose alone. The results indicated that there was formation of a crosslink between mucin and agarose.

African Journal of Biotechnology, 2009

The mechanical and release properties of paracetamol tablets formulated with cashew gum (CAG), po... more The mechanical and release properties of paracetamol tablets formulated with cashew gum (CAG), povidone (PVP) and gelatin (GEL) as binders were studied and compared. The parameters studied were tensile strength (TS), brittle fracture index (BFI), friability (F), disintegration time (DT) and percentage drug released (PDR). Results showed that the TS and BFI values of tablets formulated with CAG were the lowest at all binder concentrations. The friabilities of all formulations were within accepted limits (<1.0%). Disintegration times were longest for GEL formulated tablets and least for PVP formulated ones. At binder concentrations of 1.0-3.0% (w/w) CAG released the highest cumulative amount of drug in 30 min; from 4.0-5.0% (w/w) cumulative amount released became highest for PVP formulated tablets. GEL formulated tablets generally released the least amount. CAG gum therefore having imparted better BFI than PVP or GEL, and does not hinder drug release is strongly recommended as an alternative to the more expensive PVP or GEL for immediate release tablet formulations.

Drug Delivery, Jun 24, 2014

The sole objective of this work was to design successful dosage oral forms of diclofenac sodium (... more The sole objective of this work was to design successful dosage oral forms of diclofenac sodium (DiNa)-loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLM) based on solidified reverse micellar solution (SRMS). Hot homogenization technique was employed to prepare DicNa SLM using a mixture goat fat and Phospholipon Õ 90 G as lipid matrix and Tween Õ-80 as mobile surfactant. Characterization based on percentage yield, morphology, particle size, zeta potential, percentage encapsulation, pH and stability of SLMs were investigated. Anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) sparing effect and pharmacokinetics were carried out in rat model after oral administration. Results showed that the SLMs were spherical and smooth. The optimized formulation (SLM-4) had particle size of 79.40 ± 0.31 mm, polydispersity index of 0.633 ± 0.190, zeta potential of À63.20 ± 0.12 mV and encapsulation efficiency of 91.2 ± 0.1% with good stability after 8 months of storage. The DicNa SLM had sustained release effect with good anti-inflammatory activity. Higher and prolonged plasma DicNa concentration was shown by the SLM-4 compared to pure drug and a conventional sample. These studies demonstrate that DicNa-loaded SLM based on SRMS could be a promising oral formulation for enhanced bioavailability, pharmacologic activity and gastrointestinal sparing effect of the NSAID, DicNa.

IntechOpen eBooks, Mar 11, 2020

Starch can be obtained from a variety of plant sources. The specific source of starch, the enviro... more Starch can be obtained from a variety of plant sources. The specific source of starch, the environmental conditions during starch maturation, and the age of the plant affect the physicochemical composition of the starch. This is because of the effect they have on critical factors especially the amylose amylopectin content of the starch as well as their relative quantities. These factors also affect the starch granule size and size distribution and the levels of minor components such as phosphates, lipids, and the nature of these interactions with amylose and amylopectin. In its wide use as a pharmaceutical excipient especially as binder and disintegrant, unmodified starch is affected in its functionality by the physicochemical properties of the starch. These factors especially by their influence on the swelling power and gelatinization as well as granule size and shape determine the properties of dosage forms in which the starches are used. This results in dosage forms that, although meeting compendial standards, differ in specific properties. The source of starches therefore affects the properties of pharmaceutical dosage forms. This should be taken into consideration in the choice of excipients in drug formulation and before the substitution of one starch for another in a formulation.

British journal of pharmaceutical research, Jan 10, 2015

International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2009

e m u l s i f y i n g [ 4 ] s u s p e n d i n g a g e n t s [ 5 ] a n d a s binders. [6] They hav... more e m u l s i f y i n g [ 4 ] s u s p e n d i n g a g e n t s [ 5 ] a n d a s binders. [6] They have also been found useful in formulating immediate and sustained release preparations. [7] The plant Cissus refescence F. Amphelidaceae is a climbing stem widely distributed in many parts of Nigeria, especially within the guinea savannah region of Anambra, Kogi and Benue states. The Igala and Idoma ethnic groups refer to this plant as Okoho and use the mucilage from the stem as thickeners in soup. [3,8] Although the gum obtained from Cissus refescence has been evaluated for its potential use as a dispersant in pharmaceutical liquid systems, [3] literature survey reveals that comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the gum has not been done. The objective of this study therefore was to isolate and undertake a multiscale characterization of the gum. We have also assessed the in vitro performance of the gum on the release profile of theophylline from tablet matrices as a model of sustained release of a drug from a formulation matrix. This study elucidated the physical, thermal, sorption and functional properties of a gum obtained from the stem of Cissus refescence (CRG). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Particle size analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XPRD), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC), Fourier transmittance infra red (FTIR), and Elemental analysis were used to characterize the gum sample. Tablets were prepared by incorporating an anti asthmatic drug; theophylline. In vitro drug release was carried out in simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. Effect of gum concentration on release kinetics was evaluated. CRG had a glass transition (Tg) and melting peak of 233.5 and 270 o C respectively. This material showed a 10.59 % loss in weight at 195 o C. The sample had very strong peaks at approximately 14 o , 15 o , 23 o , 24 o , and 29 o 2θ degrees of 2-theta (θ) in the X-Ray Powder Diffraction pattern. Elemental analysis showed that CRG contains 44.1, 7.1, 48.5, and 0.3% Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen respectively. Release of theophylline under simulated biologic conditions varied between 2 to 12 hours depending on the concentration of the gum used in formulation. Drug release was found to be erosion-controlled initially (i.e. in SGF), but at later stage, it became swelling-controlled (i.e. in SIF). The results obtained in this study establish the fundamental characteristics of CRG. The matrices were pH sensitive and can potentially be used for intestinal drug delivery.

African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Mar 31, 2008

African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol.(2). pp.001-006, March, 2008 Available online ht... more African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol.(2). pp.001-006, March, 2008 Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ajpp ©2008 Academic Journals ... Effect of Grewia gum on the mechanical properties of ... Emeje Martins*, Isimi Christiana and Kunle Olobayo

Materials Science and Engineering: C, Apr 1, 2019

PubMed, Sep 1, 2006

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the molecular size of carboxymeth... more The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the molecular size of carboxymethylcellulose (cmc) and some hydrophobic polymer additives on the release properties of theophylline from tablet matrices. The cmc matrices were prepared by the conventional wet granulation method. The granules were evaluated for angles of repose, bulk density, compressibility index, and porosity, while the tablets were subjected to hardness, friability and compression tests. All tablet formulations showed acceptable pharmacotechnical properties. Low molecular size cmc (cmc-L) showed the shortest drug release t50% of 27 min, for medium size cmc (cmc-M) it was 55 min and for high molecular size cmc (cmc-H) 200 min. In general, the results showed that the drug release rate decreases with an increase in the molecular size of cmc. All polymer additives, ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate and Eudragit 1-100 retarded theophylline release from cmc-L and cmc-H, with ethylcellulose having the most pronounced effect on cmc-L. Kinetic studies using Hixson-Crowell and Peppas-Ritger equations showed that different drug release mechanisms were involved in controlling drug dissolution from the tablets. The drug release mechanism was influenced by both the molecular size of cmc and the presence of polymer additives.

Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Oct 1, 2012

This study sought to characterize Anacardium occidentale gum (cashew gum-CG) from Nigeria. Microb... more This study sought to characterize Anacardium occidentale gum (cashew gum-CG) from Nigeria. Microbial load on the purified gum and acute toxicity of the gum on rabbits were determined using standard procedures. The elemental content of extracted gum was determined using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and the amount of inorganic elements was evaluated by determining the total ash content and acid insoluble ash. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Powder Diffractometry (XRPD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and swelling index test were employed to further characterize the gum. Results revealed that no enteric or fungal microbe was present in the extracted gum; and the LD 50 of the gum in rabbits is greater than 5000 mg/Kg. The ash content and acid insoluble ash of the purified gum were 1.5 and 0.3% respectively, while EDS revealed only Ca as the inorganic element present in the gum. DSC revealed a melting point of 291.5ºC; XRPD showed no sharp peak; FTIR showed characteristic bands at 710 to 1040 per cm, 1643, 2901, 3208 and 3379 per cm; SEM revealed that the gum is amorphous; and the purified gum did not swell in water. It is therefore evident from this work that Anacardium occidentale gum of Nigerian origin possesses some characteristics that are markedly different from those of Brazilian or Ghanaian origin.

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2007

PubMed, 2011

This paper is the first multi-scale characterization of the fluidize-dried gum extracted from the... more This paper is the first multi-scale characterization of the fluidize-dried gum extracted from the fresh fruits of the plant Abelmoschus esculentus. It describes the physical, thermal, sorptional and functional properties of this natural gum. Elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XPRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transmittance infra red (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the gum sample. Abelmoschus Esculentus Gum (AEG) had a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 70°C and no melting peak. It showed a 14.91% loss in weight at 195°C. X-ray diffractogram showed numerous broad halos for AEG. Elemental analysis showed that AEG contains 39.5, 7.3, 51.8, and 1.4% carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen respectively. The results obtained in this study established the fundamental characteristics of AEG and suggests its potential application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors.

Journal of Applied Sciences, Sep 1, 2007

Acta Pharmaceutica, Mar 1, 2012

Aaps Pharmscitech, Sep 1, 2006

Journal of complementary medicine research, 2021