Ondřej Vojáček - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Ondřej Vojáček
A hedonic model to the Prague real estate market was applied in order to estimate the effects of ... more A hedonic model to the Prague real estate market was applied in order to estimate the effects of the proximity to urban forests and parks on prices of the real estate. Therefore, a large database of 1,701 observations was constructed. This database contains structural aspects, accessibility characteristics and environmental variables on proximity and size of the nearest urban forest. Several
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Feb 1, 2018
The December 2013 Medium Combustion Plants Directive (MCP Directive) proposal was evaluated by th... more The December 2013 Medium Combustion Plants Directive (MCP Directive) proposal was evaluated by the national governments. In the Czech Republic, there are 6710 plants affected by this Directive, which is about 4.6% of the total of 143,000 relevant European plants. The paper introduces our approach of policy impact assessment called SimTool. The costs estimated for the European Commission in the background study (AMEC, 2014) are assumed to reach EUR 5.9 million for the Czech Republic for the preferred scenario by the European Commission. Further presented national impact assessment estimates the induced annual costs of the proposal at EUR 61 million, which is about 10 times greater than the European impact assessment estimate. As part of the national impact assessment, the different fuel categories had to be analyzed separately due to their specific features and different options for achieving the emission limit target values. During the impact assessment, a survey was made in order to determine the source operators' preferences and responses to the potential adoption of the MCP Directive. Based on the analysis of data from the operators and consultations with experts about the different technologies, technical options for achievement of the proposed emission limits, including an estimate of the operating and investment costs, were proposed. The paper concentrates on the Czech impact assessment approach and discusses the reasons of the discrepancy between the European impact assessment and the Czech version. We argue that the inaccuracies of the European impact assessments are given by usage of the general abatement cost curves in the models which do not reflect the reality sufficiently. This paper states an argument for the necessity to carry out analysis at the local level.
Vodohospodářské technicko-ekonomické informace, Jun 8, 2016
Recently, the Czech Republic has been affected with negative impacts of hydrological extremes (su... more Recently, the Czech Republic has been affected with negative impacts of hydrological extremes (such as floods and droughts). This is the reason why different types of regulation modifications have been discussed in order to address increasing water scarcity and variability throughout a year. One issue is to address non-used excessive surface water claims (water is reserved but not withdrawn). New payments might be introduced. The paper describes the simulation model to assess impact of the new economic instrument introduction.
Water and Environment Journal, Nov 28, 2016
Water demand management stresses the crucial roles of water user motivations in balancing actual ... more Water demand management stresses the crucial roles of water user motivations in balancing actual water availability and competing human needs. This paper shows how the absence of such motivations influences artificial water scarcity, even in resource-abundant countries, and how slight modifications to economic instruments (surface water charges in particular) might solve the problem. Data from the Czech Republic are used to illustrate the rationale behind the artificial scarcity problem and its solution. A model with feedback based on historical surface water abstraction data is built to simulate the impacts of different payment modification scenarios.
Journal of Cleaner Production, Jun 1, 2022
Oxford University Press eBooks, Apr 7, 2011
European Financial and Accounting Journal, Dec 1, 2008
Introduction: A Short Excursion into the History of Environmental Charging and Taxation in the Cz... more Introduction: A Short Excursion into the History of Environmental Charging and Taxation in the Czech Republic Using economic instruments of environmental policy has had a long tradition in the Czech Republic. Pollution charges have been gradually introduced since the 1960s. Air emission charges were levied first in 1967. Charges for effluent wastewater into surface waters were instituted in 1979. Both internalization of external economic damage from environmental degradation and the trial-end-error procedure were considered as theoretical bases for the rates of the charges. However, in the centrally planned economy they played only a minor role in the decision-making process of the economic subjects. # This paper is one of the results of a research conducted within the project Resource productivity, environmental tax reform (ETR) and sustainable growth in Europe (PETRE), which is kindly funded by the Anglo-German Foundation (AGF). The methodology used was discussed within the project GACR no. 402/06/0806.
Prague Economic Papers, 2010
In the paper the discrete choice models are discussed and applied based on empirical data. The ma... more In the paper the discrete choice models are discussed and applied based on empirical data. The main goal of the paper is to fi nd out whether the various discrete choice models provide the analyst with the robust and reliable estimates of values of natural goods or values of changed quality of such goods. Our results indicate that the yielded value estimates using the choice experiment method and discrete choice models are applicable in expert support of decision-making on allocation of public resources to such goods, because they are stable and robust. These issues are investigated for the marginal willingness of Czech visitors to the Mácha Lake beaches to pay for the water quality and beach characteristics.
Umweltorientierte Unternehmensführung und ökologische Steuerreform, 2001
in Prague 1. Introduction The principle of environmental tax reform is becoming well known not on... more in Prague 1. Introduction The principle of environmental tax reform is becoming well known not only in theory but also in practice. It consists in implementation of excise duties for scarce goods damaging the environment (in practice mostly on solid fuels, electricity, mineral fuels). Because the environmental tax reform is based on fiscal neutrality, the increased tax burden is compensated through lowering of direct labour taxes or social security contributions. The concept of the environmental tax reform has been adopted in practice first in the first part of 1990s by Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and the Netherlands and in the second part of 1990s by United Kingdom and Germany. Later they were followed by some other countries, including those from Central and Easter Europe. For more details about introducing environmental tax reform in Europe see EEA (1996), Speck (2007), COMETR (2007), DRESNER et al 2006), DUHA (2008). Introducing the environmental tax reform in the Czech Republic is discussed in this paper. The special focus is put on its historical consequences and its impacts on the current development. For this reason it is being discussed together with other economic tools of environmental policy, namely environmental charges. It also presents results of the qualitative research conducted within the project "Resource productivity, environmental tax reform and sustainable growth in Europe" (PETRe) supported by the Anglo-German Foundation. 2. Facts of environmental taxes and environmental tax reform in the Czech Republic Using economic instruments of environmental policy has had a long tradition in the Czech Republic. Pollution charges have been gradually introduced since the 1960s. Air emission charges were levied first in 1967. Charges for effluent wastewater into surface waters were instituted in 1979. Both internalization of external economic damage from environmental degradation and the trial-and-error idea were considered as theoretical bases for setting the rates of the charges. However, in the centrally planned economy they could play only a less important role in the decision-making process of the key economic subjects. The current system of the environmental policy instruments was introduced in the early 1990s during the process of establishing the new national environmental policy and legislation. The system of environmental charges consists of air emission charges, sewage charges, water pollution charges, charges on municipal waste, charges on solid waste disposal, water extraction charges, charges for dispossession of agricultural and forest land, and mining charges. Environmental taxes started to be discussed in the first half of the 1990s. It was within the process of transition to a market economy, when the changes to the entire tax system provided space for introducing new kind of taxes. The act on public finance reform, which entered into force in 1993, provided a concrete scope for environmental taxes introductiona specific paragraph was introduced to the tax act, but was not used in practice. The latter half of the 1990s was characterized by the intellectual shift from environmental taxes to environmental tax reform. The concept of the environmental taxes started to be perceived in a context of labour taxation lowering. This stage of the environmental tax reform preparation in the Czech Republic is connected with first calculation studies of potential environmental tax reform impacts. In those days, environmental tax reform becamewith a certain degree of generalizationregarded as a really strong instrument in the environmental field especially among politicians and experts, namely those from the Ministry of the Environment. From the theoretical point of view, this period of the environmental tax reform debate was mostly based on the idea of the Pigouvian taxation and internalization of externalities, but the potential for revenue generation was also discussed. The practical concepts (i.e. concrete policy drafts) on the environmental tax reform were developed several times since the year 2000. It mostly did not pass the political process and no one was implemented in practice. Only the Public Finance Reform in 2006 has introduced a significant increase in excise duty rates on motor fuels (e.g., 0.42-0.49 Euro/l for petrol, 0.14 Euro/l for diesel oil, and 0.12 Euro/l for LPG) and simultaneously a decrease in income tax from 31% to 24%. The latest events on environmental tax reform implementation in the Czech Republic have been driven by the EC Directive No. 2003/96, because the exemption for the Czech Republic expired at the end of 2007. This was the main reason for the necessity to implement it at least at its minimal rates since January 1, 2008. This implementation is called "Phase I of environmental tax reform". Phase II is currently being prepared and is supposed to be introduced since 2010. Phase III is planed to be introduced since 2012. According to the Phase I, solid fossil fuels are charged 0.3 Euro/GJ. This will trigger a rise in the price of solid fuels for households by approximately 10%. Natural gas is taxed by 1.1 Euro/MWh. Electricity is taxed by 1 Euro/MWh, which is supposed to cause approximately 1% increase in the household electricity prices. Electricity generated from renewable sources is exempted from the taxation. There are several other exceptions from the taxing: household heating with natural gas, district heating, if the heat is generated from combined heat and power technology, power and heat from renewable energy sources, methane and nitrogen fuel cells, compressed natural gas in vehicles, electricity used in rail and traffic, and coal used for production of electricity. Originally, the Czech environmental tax reform introduced in January 2008 aimed to be revenue-neutral as the social security contributions should have been lowered. It was planned that the government would decide in mid 2008 on how much lower the social contribution should be in connection to the environmental taxes revenues.
Politicka Ekonomie, Jun 1, 2011
Jakákoliv oblast ekonomie je postavena na analýze chování ekonomických subjektů, ať už spotřebite... more Jakákoliv oblast ekonomie je postavena na analýze chování ekonomických subjektů, ať už spotřebitelů, fi rem, či vlády. Jedním z klíčových konceptů analýzy chování těchto subjektů jsou preference. Pojetí preferencí má zásadní konotace pro teorii spotřebitele, teorii užitku, ekonomii blahobytu i teorii racionální volby. Pro zásadní význam preferencí v ekonomické analýze je nutné porozumět tomu, jak jsou tyto chápány jednotlivými ekonomickými školami. Přinést rámcový přehled o různých pohledech na fenomén preferencí je cílem tohoto článku. Pozornost je soustředěna především na diskusi konceptů odhalených preferencí, demonstrovaných preferencí a stabilních preferencí. Vzhledem k rozsahu článku je pouze okrajově věnována pozornost konceptu preferencí behaviorální ekonomie, evoluční teorie a významné redefi nici preferencí, kterou přinesl Kelvin Lancaster a kterou dále rozvinuli např. ekonomové Grilich a Rosen.
Publikace vydaná v rámci řešení projektu je rozdělena do dvou částí. Část I Optimalizace nákladů ... more Publikace vydaná v rámci řešení projektu je rozdělena do dvou částí. Část I Optimalizace nákladů na ochranu životního prostředí tvoří kapitoly Pojetí životního prostředí, jeho ochrany a základních ekonomických souvislostí, Náklady a výdaje na ochranu životního prostředí na národohospodářské úrovni, Náklady na ochranu životního prostředí ve veřejné správě, Náklady na ochranu životního prostředí a jejich optimalizace na podnikové úrovni, Náklady na ochranu životního prostředí a spotřebitelé, domácnosti a nevládní neziskové organizace, Schéma řešení nových problémů ochrany životního prostředí. Část II Optimalizace nákladů na ochranu přírody - případové studie popisuje dvě případové studie: Třeboňsko - CHKO a Natura 2000 a Jizerské hory
Journal of Cleaner Production
Vodohospodářské technicko-ekonomické informace, Jun 8, 2016
Recently, the Czech Republic has been affected with negative impacts of hydrological extremes (su... more Recently, the Czech Republic has been affected with negative impacts of hydrological extremes (such as floods and droughts). This is the reason why different types of regulation modifications have been discussed in order to address increasing water scarcity and variability throughout a year. One issue is to address non-used excessive surface water claims (water is reserved but not withdrawn). New payments might be introduced. The paper describes the simulation model to assess impact of the new economic instrument introduction.
Forests, 2021
The reflection of ecosystem services in environmental policy has recently become a key aspect in ... more The reflection of ecosystem services in environmental policy has recently become a key aspect in solving environmental problems occurring as a consequence of their overburdening. However, decision makers often pay attention predominantly to results of quantitative (monetary valuation) methods. This article explores a new way of combining quantitative and qualitative methods that has proven to be a useful practice for achieving better environmental governance. We combine the (quantitative) choice experiment method and (qualitative) institutional analysis as full and equal complements. In our approach, the goal of qualitative institutional analysis is not to verify the adequacy of willingness-to-pay results but rather to better address cultural and social perspectives of society representatives. Such an approach increases the robustness of policy recommendations and their acceptance in comparison with isolated applications of both methods. To verify this general premise, both methods ...
In the Czech Republic (as in many other countries), environmental fees belong among commonly appl... more In the Czech Republic (as in many other countries), environmental fees belong among commonly applied economic tools of environmental policy. One of the fundamental issues that accompany their practical application is setting of the correct rates of the fees in relation to the time frame and targets to be achieved by the tool application. When setting the rate of an environmental fee for a short term, the price can be adjusted flexibly based on the current situation. For some longer-term environmental policy goals, fees are employed that are collected in the form of “advance” payments years or even decades before the actual meeting of the goals (typically, recycling fees when purchasing electrical appliances, for example, so-called acquisition fees), which entails numerous risks and uncertainties that have to be taken into account when setting the optimum rate of the fee. Moreover, the chance to modify the fee substantially during the period is lost in this case. The paper deals with...
Many Central European water bodies that failed to achieve the good ecological and chemical status... more Many Central European water bodies that failed to achieve the good ecological and chemical status required by the Water Framework Directive in the first management cycle are expected to again fail in the second cycle. An exemption from achieving good status may be applied for under certain circumstances but must be justified. One option is to show that achieving good status is not cost proportionate, but no uniform methodology for assessing proportionality exists in the EU. The paper maps the existing approaches to this type of justification in the Central European countries. The methods used to justify exemptions differ significantly among the countries. A large majority of reports mention monetary cost–benefit analysis, although a range of other methods such as distribution of costs, affordability and criterial cost–benefit analysis are also utilised. The findings show that countries that have experience with proportionality assessment from the first management cycle or have creat...
E+M Ekonomie a Management, 2018
Economics (see Šrám & Dostál, 2012) in a situation where the life expectancy for both men and wom... more Economics (see Šrám & Dostál, 2012) in a situation where the life expectancy for both men and women in the Moravian-Silesian Region is already below the nationwide average (73.81 years for men and 79.99 for women in the Region in 2013, compared to the national average of 75.91 and 80.80, respectively). The objective of the paper is to analyse the health status and health insurance expenditures for employees concerned by the AMO mass layoffs. The paper tests the hypothesis that closing down a large heavy industry facility increases the risk of morbidity among the laid-off population and leads to an increase in healthcare expenditures. Quantifi cation of this hypothesis is based on a data set provided by Česká průmyslová zdravotní pojišťovna, a.s. (the primary insurance company of AMO Group employees). The relationship between unemployment and health, including morbidity by cause, is estimated using relative risk indicators.
E+M Ekonomie a Management, 2017
The paper presents the results of a research project aiming at determining the economic value of ... more The paper presents the results of a research project aiming at determining the economic value of selected ecosystem services in the Eastern Ore Mountains. The use of the dynamically evolving concept of economic services, used to identify economically utilisable services provided by undamaged ecosystems, can thus contribute to dealing with the issues of optimum landscape management. The primary data collection took place in the summer of 2013; a total of 216 questionnaires were collected. The research focused on three ecosystems, namely montane meadows, clearance cairns and quasi-natural mountain streams. The paper presents and discusses primarily the results of a choice experiment that was used to determine the willingness to pay for defi ned changes in the ecosystems examined. The research showed that visitors to the Eastern Ore Mountains unambiguously prefer a natural (authentic) or quasi-natural condition of the landscape and that people are able to distinguish among the different situations well (e.g., different appearance of montane meadows, mountain streams, clearance cairns, etc.). People prefer montane meadows scythed without farm animals, clearance cairns not overgrown, and streams with a quasi-natural character. The authors point out the fi nding that the research results indicate a strong connection of the local population to the local landscape and ecosystems, the potential of which in relation to nature protection and landscape management is totally unutilised at the moment. Special attention is paid to a specifi c ecosystem, not studied yet in the Czech Republic-the clearance cairns, which showed (contrary to expectations) a noticeably higher willingness to pay for their good management compared to the other ecosystems examined.
A hedonic model to the Prague real estate market was applied in order to estimate the effects of ... more A hedonic model to the Prague real estate market was applied in order to estimate the effects of the proximity to urban forests and parks on prices of the real estate. Therefore, a large database of 1,701 observations was constructed. This database contains structural aspects, accessibility characteristics and environmental variables on proximity and size of the nearest urban forest. Several
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Feb 1, 2018
The December 2013 Medium Combustion Plants Directive (MCP Directive) proposal was evaluated by th... more The December 2013 Medium Combustion Plants Directive (MCP Directive) proposal was evaluated by the national governments. In the Czech Republic, there are 6710 plants affected by this Directive, which is about 4.6% of the total of 143,000 relevant European plants. The paper introduces our approach of policy impact assessment called SimTool. The costs estimated for the European Commission in the background study (AMEC, 2014) are assumed to reach EUR 5.9 million for the Czech Republic for the preferred scenario by the European Commission. Further presented national impact assessment estimates the induced annual costs of the proposal at EUR 61 million, which is about 10 times greater than the European impact assessment estimate. As part of the national impact assessment, the different fuel categories had to be analyzed separately due to their specific features and different options for achieving the emission limit target values. During the impact assessment, a survey was made in order to determine the source operators' preferences and responses to the potential adoption of the MCP Directive. Based on the analysis of data from the operators and consultations with experts about the different technologies, technical options for achievement of the proposed emission limits, including an estimate of the operating and investment costs, were proposed. The paper concentrates on the Czech impact assessment approach and discusses the reasons of the discrepancy between the European impact assessment and the Czech version. We argue that the inaccuracies of the European impact assessments are given by usage of the general abatement cost curves in the models which do not reflect the reality sufficiently. This paper states an argument for the necessity to carry out analysis at the local level.
Vodohospodářské technicko-ekonomické informace, Jun 8, 2016
Recently, the Czech Republic has been affected with negative impacts of hydrological extremes (su... more Recently, the Czech Republic has been affected with negative impacts of hydrological extremes (such as floods and droughts). This is the reason why different types of regulation modifications have been discussed in order to address increasing water scarcity and variability throughout a year. One issue is to address non-used excessive surface water claims (water is reserved but not withdrawn). New payments might be introduced. The paper describes the simulation model to assess impact of the new economic instrument introduction.
Water and Environment Journal, Nov 28, 2016
Water demand management stresses the crucial roles of water user motivations in balancing actual ... more Water demand management stresses the crucial roles of water user motivations in balancing actual water availability and competing human needs. This paper shows how the absence of such motivations influences artificial water scarcity, even in resource-abundant countries, and how slight modifications to economic instruments (surface water charges in particular) might solve the problem. Data from the Czech Republic are used to illustrate the rationale behind the artificial scarcity problem and its solution. A model with feedback based on historical surface water abstraction data is built to simulate the impacts of different payment modification scenarios.
Journal of Cleaner Production, Jun 1, 2022
Oxford University Press eBooks, Apr 7, 2011
European Financial and Accounting Journal, Dec 1, 2008
Introduction: A Short Excursion into the History of Environmental Charging and Taxation in the Cz... more Introduction: A Short Excursion into the History of Environmental Charging and Taxation in the Czech Republic Using economic instruments of environmental policy has had a long tradition in the Czech Republic. Pollution charges have been gradually introduced since the 1960s. Air emission charges were levied first in 1967. Charges for effluent wastewater into surface waters were instituted in 1979. Both internalization of external economic damage from environmental degradation and the trial-end-error procedure were considered as theoretical bases for the rates of the charges. However, in the centrally planned economy they played only a minor role in the decision-making process of the economic subjects. # This paper is one of the results of a research conducted within the project Resource productivity, environmental tax reform (ETR) and sustainable growth in Europe (PETRE), which is kindly funded by the Anglo-German Foundation (AGF). The methodology used was discussed within the project GACR no. 402/06/0806.
Prague Economic Papers, 2010
In the paper the discrete choice models are discussed and applied based on empirical data. The ma... more In the paper the discrete choice models are discussed and applied based on empirical data. The main goal of the paper is to fi nd out whether the various discrete choice models provide the analyst with the robust and reliable estimates of values of natural goods or values of changed quality of such goods. Our results indicate that the yielded value estimates using the choice experiment method and discrete choice models are applicable in expert support of decision-making on allocation of public resources to such goods, because they are stable and robust. These issues are investigated for the marginal willingness of Czech visitors to the Mácha Lake beaches to pay for the water quality and beach characteristics.
Umweltorientierte Unternehmensführung und ökologische Steuerreform, 2001
in Prague 1. Introduction The principle of environmental tax reform is becoming well known not on... more in Prague 1. Introduction The principle of environmental tax reform is becoming well known not only in theory but also in practice. It consists in implementation of excise duties for scarce goods damaging the environment (in practice mostly on solid fuels, electricity, mineral fuels). Because the environmental tax reform is based on fiscal neutrality, the increased tax burden is compensated through lowering of direct labour taxes or social security contributions. The concept of the environmental tax reform has been adopted in practice first in the first part of 1990s by Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and the Netherlands and in the second part of 1990s by United Kingdom and Germany. Later they were followed by some other countries, including those from Central and Easter Europe. For more details about introducing environmental tax reform in Europe see EEA (1996), Speck (2007), COMETR (2007), DRESNER et al 2006), DUHA (2008). Introducing the environmental tax reform in the Czech Republic is discussed in this paper. The special focus is put on its historical consequences and its impacts on the current development. For this reason it is being discussed together with other economic tools of environmental policy, namely environmental charges. It also presents results of the qualitative research conducted within the project "Resource productivity, environmental tax reform and sustainable growth in Europe" (PETRe) supported by the Anglo-German Foundation. 2. Facts of environmental taxes and environmental tax reform in the Czech Republic Using economic instruments of environmental policy has had a long tradition in the Czech Republic. Pollution charges have been gradually introduced since the 1960s. Air emission charges were levied first in 1967. Charges for effluent wastewater into surface waters were instituted in 1979. Both internalization of external economic damage from environmental degradation and the trial-and-error idea were considered as theoretical bases for setting the rates of the charges. However, in the centrally planned economy they could play only a less important role in the decision-making process of the key economic subjects. The current system of the environmental policy instruments was introduced in the early 1990s during the process of establishing the new national environmental policy and legislation. The system of environmental charges consists of air emission charges, sewage charges, water pollution charges, charges on municipal waste, charges on solid waste disposal, water extraction charges, charges for dispossession of agricultural and forest land, and mining charges. Environmental taxes started to be discussed in the first half of the 1990s. It was within the process of transition to a market economy, when the changes to the entire tax system provided space for introducing new kind of taxes. The act on public finance reform, which entered into force in 1993, provided a concrete scope for environmental taxes introductiona specific paragraph was introduced to the tax act, but was not used in practice. The latter half of the 1990s was characterized by the intellectual shift from environmental taxes to environmental tax reform. The concept of the environmental taxes started to be perceived in a context of labour taxation lowering. This stage of the environmental tax reform preparation in the Czech Republic is connected with first calculation studies of potential environmental tax reform impacts. In those days, environmental tax reform becamewith a certain degree of generalizationregarded as a really strong instrument in the environmental field especially among politicians and experts, namely those from the Ministry of the Environment. From the theoretical point of view, this period of the environmental tax reform debate was mostly based on the idea of the Pigouvian taxation and internalization of externalities, but the potential for revenue generation was also discussed. The practical concepts (i.e. concrete policy drafts) on the environmental tax reform were developed several times since the year 2000. It mostly did not pass the political process and no one was implemented in practice. Only the Public Finance Reform in 2006 has introduced a significant increase in excise duty rates on motor fuels (e.g., 0.42-0.49 Euro/l for petrol, 0.14 Euro/l for diesel oil, and 0.12 Euro/l for LPG) and simultaneously a decrease in income tax from 31% to 24%. The latest events on environmental tax reform implementation in the Czech Republic have been driven by the EC Directive No. 2003/96, because the exemption for the Czech Republic expired at the end of 2007. This was the main reason for the necessity to implement it at least at its minimal rates since January 1, 2008. This implementation is called "Phase I of environmental tax reform". Phase II is currently being prepared and is supposed to be introduced since 2010. Phase III is planed to be introduced since 2012. According to the Phase I, solid fossil fuels are charged 0.3 Euro/GJ. This will trigger a rise in the price of solid fuels for households by approximately 10%. Natural gas is taxed by 1.1 Euro/MWh. Electricity is taxed by 1 Euro/MWh, which is supposed to cause approximately 1% increase in the household electricity prices. Electricity generated from renewable sources is exempted from the taxation. There are several other exceptions from the taxing: household heating with natural gas, district heating, if the heat is generated from combined heat and power technology, power and heat from renewable energy sources, methane and nitrogen fuel cells, compressed natural gas in vehicles, electricity used in rail and traffic, and coal used for production of electricity. Originally, the Czech environmental tax reform introduced in January 2008 aimed to be revenue-neutral as the social security contributions should have been lowered. It was planned that the government would decide in mid 2008 on how much lower the social contribution should be in connection to the environmental taxes revenues.
Politicka Ekonomie, Jun 1, 2011
Jakákoliv oblast ekonomie je postavena na analýze chování ekonomických subjektů, ať už spotřebite... more Jakákoliv oblast ekonomie je postavena na analýze chování ekonomických subjektů, ať už spotřebitelů, fi rem, či vlády. Jedním z klíčových konceptů analýzy chování těchto subjektů jsou preference. Pojetí preferencí má zásadní konotace pro teorii spotřebitele, teorii užitku, ekonomii blahobytu i teorii racionální volby. Pro zásadní význam preferencí v ekonomické analýze je nutné porozumět tomu, jak jsou tyto chápány jednotlivými ekonomickými školami. Přinést rámcový přehled o různých pohledech na fenomén preferencí je cílem tohoto článku. Pozornost je soustředěna především na diskusi konceptů odhalených preferencí, demonstrovaných preferencí a stabilních preferencí. Vzhledem k rozsahu článku je pouze okrajově věnována pozornost konceptu preferencí behaviorální ekonomie, evoluční teorie a významné redefi nici preferencí, kterou přinesl Kelvin Lancaster a kterou dále rozvinuli např. ekonomové Grilich a Rosen.
Publikace vydaná v rámci řešení projektu je rozdělena do dvou částí. Část I Optimalizace nákladů ... more Publikace vydaná v rámci řešení projektu je rozdělena do dvou částí. Část I Optimalizace nákladů na ochranu životního prostředí tvoří kapitoly Pojetí životního prostředí, jeho ochrany a základních ekonomických souvislostí, Náklady a výdaje na ochranu životního prostředí na národohospodářské úrovni, Náklady na ochranu životního prostředí ve veřejné správě, Náklady na ochranu životního prostředí a jejich optimalizace na podnikové úrovni, Náklady na ochranu životního prostředí a spotřebitelé, domácnosti a nevládní neziskové organizace, Schéma řešení nových problémů ochrany životního prostředí. Část II Optimalizace nákladů na ochranu přírody - případové studie popisuje dvě případové studie: Třeboňsko - CHKO a Natura 2000 a Jizerské hory
Journal of Cleaner Production
Vodohospodářské technicko-ekonomické informace, Jun 8, 2016
Recently, the Czech Republic has been affected with negative impacts of hydrological extremes (su... more Recently, the Czech Republic has been affected with negative impacts of hydrological extremes (such as floods and droughts). This is the reason why different types of regulation modifications have been discussed in order to address increasing water scarcity and variability throughout a year. One issue is to address non-used excessive surface water claims (water is reserved but not withdrawn). New payments might be introduced. The paper describes the simulation model to assess impact of the new economic instrument introduction.
Forests, 2021
The reflection of ecosystem services in environmental policy has recently become a key aspect in ... more The reflection of ecosystem services in environmental policy has recently become a key aspect in solving environmental problems occurring as a consequence of their overburdening. However, decision makers often pay attention predominantly to results of quantitative (monetary valuation) methods. This article explores a new way of combining quantitative and qualitative methods that has proven to be a useful practice for achieving better environmental governance. We combine the (quantitative) choice experiment method and (qualitative) institutional analysis as full and equal complements. In our approach, the goal of qualitative institutional analysis is not to verify the adequacy of willingness-to-pay results but rather to better address cultural and social perspectives of society representatives. Such an approach increases the robustness of policy recommendations and their acceptance in comparison with isolated applications of both methods. To verify this general premise, both methods ...
In the Czech Republic (as in many other countries), environmental fees belong among commonly appl... more In the Czech Republic (as in many other countries), environmental fees belong among commonly applied economic tools of environmental policy. One of the fundamental issues that accompany their practical application is setting of the correct rates of the fees in relation to the time frame and targets to be achieved by the tool application. When setting the rate of an environmental fee for a short term, the price can be adjusted flexibly based on the current situation. For some longer-term environmental policy goals, fees are employed that are collected in the form of “advance” payments years or even decades before the actual meeting of the goals (typically, recycling fees when purchasing electrical appliances, for example, so-called acquisition fees), which entails numerous risks and uncertainties that have to be taken into account when setting the optimum rate of the fee. Moreover, the chance to modify the fee substantially during the period is lost in this case. The paper deals with...
Many Central European water bodies that failed to achieve the good ecological and chemical status... more Many Central European water bodies that failed to achieve the good ecological and chemical status required by the Water Framework Directive in the first management cycle are expected to again fail in the second cycle. An exemption from achieving good status may be applied for under certain circumstances but must be justified. One option is to show that achieving good status is not cost proportionate, but no uniform methodology for assessing proportionality exists in the EU. The paper maps the existing approaches to this type of justification in the Central European countries. The methods used to justify exemptions differ significantly among the countries. A large majority of reports mention monetary cost–benefit analysis, although a range of other methods such as distribution of costs, affordability and criterial cost–benefit analysis are also utilised. The findings show that countries that have experience with proportionality assessment from the first management cycle or have creat...
E+M Ekonomie a Management, 2018
Economics (see Šrám & Dostál, 2012) in a situation where the life expectancy for both men and wom... more Economics (see Šrám & Dostál, 2012) in a situation where the life expectancy for both men and women in the Moravian-Silesian Region is already below the nationwide average (73.81 years for men and 79.99 for women in the Region in 2013, compared to the national average of 75.91 and 80.80, respectively). The objective of the paper is to analyse the health status and health insurance expenditures for employees concerned by the AMO mass layoffs. The paper tests the hypothesis that closing down a large heavy industry facility increases the risk of morbidity among the laid-off population and leads to an increase in healthcare expenditures. Quantifi cation of this hypothesis is based on a data set provided by Česká průmyslová zdravotní pojišťovna, a.s. (the primary insurance company of AMO Group employees). The relationship between unemployment and health, including morbidity by cause, is estimated using relative risk indicators.
E+M Ekonomie a Management, 2017
The paper presents the results of a research project aiming at determining the economic value of ... more The paper presents the results of a research project aiming at determining the economic value of selected ecosystem services in the Eastern Ore Mountains. The use of the dynamically evolving concept of economic services, used to identify economically utilisable services provided by undamaged ecosystems, can thus contribute to dealing with the issues of optimum landscape management. The primary data collection took place in the summer of 2013; a total of 216 questionnaires were collected. The research focused on three ecosystems, namely montane meadows, clearance cairns and quasi-natural mountain streams. The paper presents and discusses primarily the results of a choice experiment that was used to determine the willingness to pay for defi ned changes in the ecosystems examined. The research showed that visitors to the Eastern Ore Mountains unambiguously prefer a natural (authentic) or quasi-natural condition of the landscape and that people are able to distinguish among the different situations well (e.g., different appearance of montane meadows, mountain streams, clearance cairns, etc.). People prefer montane meadows scythed without farm animals, clearance cairns not overgrown, and streams with a quasi-natural character. The authors point out the fi nding that the research results indicate a strong connection of the local population to the local landscape and ecosystems, the potential of which in relation to nature protection and landscape management is totally unutilised at the moment. Special attention is paid to a specifi c ecosystem, not studied yet in the Czech Republic-the clearance cairns, which showed (contrary to expectations) a noticeably higher willingness to pay for their good management compared to the other ecosystems examined.