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Papers by Otto Appenzeller

Research paper thumbnail of Unilateral cryptorchidism from 16th century Renaissance

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine , 2019

Research paper thumbnail of The “Ulysses Syndrome”: an eponym identifies psychosomatic disorders in modern migrants

Research paper thumbnail of Painting neurofibromatosis type 1 in the 15th century

Research paper thumbnail of Historical evidence supports El Greco’s depiction of a neurological condition in his attributed self-portrait

Icono-diagnosis, the retrospective image-based diagnosis of pathologies, was applied to the canva... more Icono-diagnosis, the retrospective image-based diagnosis of pathologies, was applied to the canvas “Portrait of an Old Man”(1595-1600), an attributed self-portrait painted by El Greco. The presence of congenital enophthalmos, strabismus, probable amblyopia and signs of left neglect were found. We assume these sign may be consistent an ischemic event affecting the right middle cerebral artery supply territory. Historically, motor activity was not compromised and the painter was able to return to portraiture. Documental evidence indicates, that a few years later (1608), El Greco suffered another cerebrovascular event resulting in agraphia. The pictorial and historical evidence is consistent with multiple ischemic events resulting in progressive disabilities with fluctuating course characterized by temporary improvements and worsening before his death in 1614.

Research paper thumbnail of “From father to son”: early onset gout in Guidobaldo I da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (1472-1508)

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing heavy metal exposure in Renaissance Europe using synchrotron microbeam techniques

A number of archaeological studies have used chemical analysis of preserved, human biological tis... more A number of archaeological studies have used chemical analysis of preserved, human biological tissues to assess the potential exposure of historic figures and ancient populations to heavy metals. Accurately assessing historic levels of heavy-metal body burden for these individuals based on analysis of remnant soft-tissue, hair and bone collected from preserved human remains is often complicated by the potential for post-mortem chemical modifications and contamination of the body and burial site. This study employs high-resolution, synchrotron-based elemental X-ray fluorescence mapping, tomography and absorption spectroscopy of human remains collected in an archaeological context in an effort to discriminate between heavy metals such as mercury and lead that may have been incorporated through either endogenous or exogenous processes. These methods were used to analyze bone and hair samples from Ferrante II of Aragon, King of Naples (1469e1496) and Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan (1470e1524). These individuals are likely to have been exposed to generally similar levels of heavy metals in their lifetime, would have been embalmed using similar methods and the post-mortem exposure to contaminants is likely to have been similar. Although the remains from both Ferrante II of Aragon and Isabella of Aragon contain high amounts of mercury and lead, the highresolution and esensitivity synchrotron microprobe techniques employed in this study provide insight in to the likelihood these metals were incorporated pre-mortem rather than as ante-mortem contaminants. Although synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping and tomography are generally consistent with measured mercury from Isabella hair samples being endogenous in nature, the high levels of mercury seen in Ferrante II's remains are most likely related to post-mortem embalming of the corpse. However, application of microfocused X-ray fluorescence compositional mapping and lead L 2 edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy to bone samples collected from Ferrante II show that the measured lead is likely endogenous and the result of in-life exposure to this heavy metal.

Research paper thumbnail of Identification of Hypoxia-Tolerance Regions in High-Altitude Populations

Research paper thumbnail of Peripheral neuropathy in chronic disease of the respiratory tract

The American Journal of Medicine, 1968

Eight patients with chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease were studied. In seven who had w... more Eight patients with chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease were studied. In seven who had wasting associated with chronic respiratory tract disease, evidence of peripheral neuropathy was found on clinical and electromyographic examinations. Histologic changes were also ...

Research paper thumbnail of Autonomic failure in hydrencephaly

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1970

Autonomic functions were studied in three patients with hydrencephalus and five with hydrocephalu... more Autonomic functions were studied in three patients with hydrencephalus and five with hydrocephalus. Autonomic failure of central origin was found in the patients with hydrencephalus; whereas, those suffering from hydrocephalus had essentially normal autonomic function. In two patients with hydrencephalus, the hypothalamus was markedly abnormal but the rest of the autonomic nervous system was histologically normal. From this it is

Research paper thumbnail of Sural nerves from the lands of mummies: histology, ultrasructure and peptides

Research paper thumbnail of Classic, Complicated, and Common Migraine: Clinical Features

Seminars in Neurology, 1982

Research paper thumbnail of Circulatory Reflexes in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease

New England Journal of Medicine, 1964

Research paper thumbnail of Reflex Vascular Function in Unanaesthetized Rabbits

Research paper thumbnail of Neurofibromatosis xenografts

Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 1986

ABSTRACT We transplanted Schwann cells of 3 patients with neurofibromatosis from neurofibromas, s... more ABSTRACT We transplanted Schwann cells of 3 patients with neurofibromatosis from neurofibromas, sural nerve, and from a malignant schwannoma into sciatic nerves of immunoincompetent mice. Three and six months later, the grafts and distal nerve segments contained normal myelinated fibers. After rendering host animals immune competent again, neurofibroma and malignant schwannoma Schwann cells were rejected, but grafts retained normally myelinated fibers indicating that these were of mouse origin. Sural nerve Schwann cells from a neurofibromatosis patient were rejected also leaving naked axons in the grafted segments showing that human Schwann cells from the sural nerve of one patient had invested and myelinated the regenerating mouse axons. The nature of putative signals passing between axons and Schwann cells might be elucidated by the combination of human and animal cells in immunoincompetent host nerves. Hypothetical signals for myelination of mouse axons were normally received by sural nerve Schwann cells of a patient with neurofibromatosis, but not by Schwann cells from neurofibromas or malignant schwannomas.

Research paper thumbnail of Treatment of Parenchymatous Degeneration of the Brain by Ventriculo-Atrial Shunting of the Cerebrospinal Fluid

Journal of Neurosurgery, 1967

Research paper thumbnail of NO APPOINTMENT NEEDED; THE HEADACHE CLINIC

Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 1971

Though most practicing physicians are called upon to treat headaches, few are enthralled by the p... more Though most practicing physicians are called upon to treat headaches, few are enthralled by the prospect or edified by their experience. In fact, most physicians would rather refer to a colleague a patient with persistent intractable headache. Yet, the majority of people have a headache now and again and the American public spends millions of dollars on popular headache remedies. Headache is, of course, a symptom which rarely has the serious connotations given to it by the patient and, to many, it provides an escape from unpleasant responsibilities. The loss in productivity, chronic dependence on drugs or medical support, and true disability from headache is large; yet, few efforts are being made to deliver what is popularly called health care to millions who suffer from headaches.

Research paper thumbnail of VASOMOTOR FUNCTION IN MIGRAINE

Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 1969

Research paper thumbnail of HEADACHE IN SMALL VESSEL DISEASE OF THE BRAIN: A STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 1975

Seventy-two records of patient with systemic lupus erythematosus were reviewed retrospectively. S... more Seventy-two records of patient with systemic lupus erythematosus were reviewed retrospectively. Sixty-one fulfilled the criteria for the disease. Forty-six percent had clinical evidence of central nervous system involvement. The incidence of headache was compared in those with and without central nervous system lupus. No difference in the frequency of headache in the two groups were found and the incidence of hypertension, renal disease and steroid therapy was equally distributed among those with and without headache. A significantly higher incidence of hypertension was found in patients with central nervous system lupus erythematosus. We conclude that headache in systemic lupus erythematosus in the absence of neurologic symptoms or signs is no indication of central nervous system involvement by the process and that small vessel disease of the brain is not a cause of headache.

Research paper thumbnail of The cyclic AMP (adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate) content of sciatic nerve: changes after nerve crush

Brain Research, 1972

1. Brain Res. 1972 Jul 20;42(2):521-4. The cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-phosphate) content... more 1. Brain Res. 1972 Jul 20;42(2):521-4. The cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-phosphate) content of sciatic nerve: changes after nerve crush. Appenzeller O, Palmer G. PMID: 4340461 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. MeSH Terms. ...

Research paper thumbnail of FLASH EVOKED POTENTIALS IN MIGRAINE

Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 1975

Page 1. FLASH EVOKED POTENTIALS IN MIGRAINE Cathy MacLean, BA Otto Appenzeller, MD, Ph.D. JT Cord... more Page 1. FLASH EVOKED POTENTIALS IN MIGRAINE Cathy MacLean, BA Otto Appenzeller, MD, Ph.D. JT Cordaro, Ph.D. John Rhodes, Ph.D. ... Die Naturwissen-schaften 60: 554-555, 1973. 8. Richey ET, Kooi KA and Waggoner RW: Visually evoked responses in migraine. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Unilateral cryptorchidism from 16th century Renaissance

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine , 2019

Research paper thumbnail of The “Ulysses Syndrome”: an eponym identifies psychosomatic disorders in modern migrants

Research paper thumbnail of Painting neurofibromatosis type 1 in the 15th century

Research paper thumbnail of Historical evidence supports El Greco’s depiction of a neurological condition in his attributed self-portrait

Icono-diagnosis, the retrospective image-based diagnosis of pathologies, was applied to the canva... more Icono-diagnosis, the retrospective image-based diagnosis of pathologies, was applied to the canvas “Portrait of an Old Man”(1595-1600), an attributed self-portrait painted by El Greco. The presence of congenital enophthalmos, strabismus, probable amblyopia and signs of left neglect were found. We assume these sign may be consistent an ischemic event affecting the right middle cerebral artery supply territory. Historically, motor activity was not compromised and the painter was able to return to portraiture. Documental evidence indicates, that a few years later (1608), El Greco suffered another cerebrovascular event resulting in agraphia. The pictorial and historical evidence is consistent with multiple ischemic events resulting in progressive disabilities with fluctuating course characterized by temporary improvements and worsening before his death in 1614.

Research paper thumbnail of “From father to son”: early onset gout in Guidobaldo I da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (1472-1508)

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing heavy metal exposure in Renaissance Europe using synchrotron microbeam techniques

A number of archaeological studies have used chemical analysis of preserved, human biological tis... more A number of archaeological studies have used chemical analysis of preserved, human biological tissues to assess the potential exposure of historic figures and ancient populations to heavy metals. Accurately assessing historic levels of heavy-metal body burden for these individuals based on analysis of remnant soft-tissue, hair and bone collected from preserved human remains is often complicated by the potential for post-mortem chemical modifications and contamination of the body and burial site. This study employs high-resolution, synchrotron-based elemental X-ray fluorescence mapping, tomography and absorption spectroscopy of human remains collected in an archaeological context in an effort to discriminate between heavy metals such as mercury and lead that may have been incorporated through either endogenous or exogenous processes. These methods were used to analyze bone and hair samples from Ferrante II of Aragon, King of Naples (1469e1496) and Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan (1470e1524). These individuals are likely to have been exposed to generally similar levels of heavy metals in their lifetime, would have been embalmed using similar methods and the post-mortem exposure to contaminants is likely to have been similar. Although the remains from both Ferrante II of Aragon and Isabella of Aragon contain high amounts of mercury and lead, the highresolution and esensitivity synchrotron microprobe techniques employed in this study provide insight in to the likelihood these metals were incorporated pre-mortem rather than as ante-mortem contaminants. Although synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping and tomography are generally consistent with measured mercury from Isabella hair samples being endogenous in nature, the high levels of mercury seen in Ferrante II's remains are most likely related to post-mortem embalming of the corpse. However, application of microfocused X-ray fluorescence compositional mapping and lead L 2 edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy to bone samples collected from Ferrante II show that the measured lead is likely endogenous and the result of in-life exposure to this heavy metal.

Research paper thumbnail of Identification of Hypoxia-Tolerance Regions in High-Altitude Populations

Research paper thumbnail of Peripheral neuropathy in chronic disease of the respiratory tract

The American Journal of Medicine, 1968

Eight patients with chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease were studied. In seven who had w... more Eight patients with chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease were studied. In seven who had wasting associated with chronic respiratory tract disease, evidence of peripheral neuropathy was found on clinical and electromyographic examinations. Histologic changes were also ...

Research paper thumbnail of Autonomic failure in hydrencephaly

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1970

Autonomic functions were studied in three patients with hydrencephalus and five with hydrocephalu... more Autonomic functions were studied in three patients with hydrencephalus and five with hydrocephalus. Autonomic failure of central origin was found in the patients with hydrencephalus; whereas, those suffering from hydrocephalus had essentially normal autonomic function. In two patients with hydrencephalus, the hypothalamus was markedly abnormal but the rest of the autonomic nervous system was histologically normal. From this it is

Research paper thumbnail of Sural nerves from the lands of mummies: histology, ultrasructure and peptides

Research paper thumbnail of Classic, Complicated, and Common Migraine: Clinical Features

Seminars in Neurology, 1982

Research paper thumbnail of Circulatory Reflexes in Patients with Cerebrovascular Disease

New England Journal of Medicine, 1964

Research paper thumbnail of Reflex Vascular Function in Unanaesthetized Rabbits

Research paper thumbnail of Neurofibromatosis xenografts

Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 1986

ABSTRACT We transplanted Schwann cells of 3 patients with neurofibromatosis from neurofibromas, s... more ABSTRACT We transplanted Schwann cells of 3 patients with neurofibromatosis from neurofibromas, sural nerve, and from a malignant schwannoma into sciatic nerves of immunoincompetent mice. Three and six months later, the grafts and distal nerve segments contained normal myelinated fibers. After rendering host animals immune competent again, neurofibroma and malignant schwannoma Schwann cells were rejected, but grafts retained normally myelinated fibers indicating that these were of mouse origin. Sural nerve Schwann cells from a neurofibromatosis patient were rejected also leaving naked axons in the grafted segments showing that human Schwann cells from the sural nerve of one patient had invested and myelinated the regenerating mouse axons. The nature of putative signals passing between axons and Schwann cells might be elucidated by the combination of human and animal cells in immunoincompetent host nerves. Hypothetical signals for myelination of mouse axons were normally received by sural nerve Schwann cells of a patient with neurofibromatosis, but not by Schwann cells from neurofibromas or malignant schwannomas.

Research paper thumbnail of Treatment of Parenchymatous Degeneration of the Brain by Ventriculo-Atrial Shunting of the Cerebrospinal Fluid

Journal of Neurosurgery, 1967

Research paper thumbnail of NO APPOINTMENT NEEDED; THE HEADACHE CLINIC

Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 1971

Though most practicing physicians are called upon to treat headaches, few are enthralled by the p... more Though most practicing physicians are called upon to treat headaches, few are enthralled by the prospect or edified by their experience. In fact, most physicians would rather refer to a colleague a patient with persistent intractable headache. Yet, the majority of people have a headache now and again and the American public spends millions of dollars on popular headache remedies. Headache is, of course, a symptom which rarely has the serious connotations given to it by the patient and, to many, it provides an escape from unpleasant responsibilities. The loss in productivity, chronic dependence on drugs or medical support, and true disability from headache is large; yet, few efforts are being made to deliver what is popularly called health care to millions who suffer from headaches.

Research paper thumbnail of VASOMOTOR FUNCTION IN MIGRAINE

Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 1969

Research paper thumbnail of HEADACHE IN SMALL VESSEL DISEASE OF THE BRAIN: A STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 1975

Seventy-two records of patient with systemic lupus erythematosus were reviewed retrospectively. S... more Seventy-two records of patient with systemic lupus erythematosus were reviewed retrospectively. Sixty-one fulfilled the criteria for the disease. Forty-six percent had clinical evidence of central nervous system involvement. The incidence of headache was compared in those with and without central nervous system lupus. No difference in the frequency of headache in the two groups were found and the incidence of hypertension, renal disease and steroid therapy was equally distributed among those with and without headache. A significantly higher incidence of hypertension was found in patients with central nervous system lupus erythematosus. We conclude that headache in systemic lupus erythematosus in the absence of neurologic symptoms or signs is no indication of central nervous system involvement by the process and that small vessel disease of the brain is not a cause of headache.

Research paper thumbnail of The cyclic AMP (adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate) content of sciatic nerve: changes after nerve crush

Brain Research, 1972

1. Brain Res. 1972 Jul 20;42(2):521-4. The cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-phosphate) content... more 1. Brain Res. 1972 Jul 20;42(2):521-4. The cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-phosphate) content of sciatic nerve: changes after nerve crush. Appenzeller O, Palmer G. PMID: 4340461 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. MeSH Terms. ...

Research paper thumbnail of FLASH EVOKED POTENTIALS IN MIGRAINE

Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 1975

Page 1. FLASH EVOKED POTENTIALS IN MIGRAINE Cathy MacLean, BA Otto Appenzeller, MD, Ph.D. JT Cord... more Page 1. FLASH EVOKED POTENTIALS IN MIGRAINE Cathy MacLean, BA Otto Appenzeller, MD, Ph.D. JT Cordaro, Ph.D. John Rhodes, Ph.D. ... Die Naturwissen-schaften 60: 554-555, 1973. 8. Richey ET, Kooi KA and Waggoner RW: Visually evoked responses in migraine. ...