Outi Tammisola - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Outi Tammisola

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Mar 25, 2021

A framework for the computation of linear global modes, based on time-stepping of a linearised Na... more A framework for the computation of linear global modes, based on time-stepping of a linearised Navier-Stokes solver with an Eulerian interface representation, is presented. The method is derived by linearising the nonlinear solver Basilisk, capable of computing immiscible two-phase flows, and offers several advantages over previous, matrix-based, multi-domain approaches to linear global stability analysis of interfacial flows. Using our linear solver, we revisit the study of Tammisola et al. (2012), who found a counterintuitive, destabilising effect of surface tension in planar wakes. Since their original study does not provide any validation, we further compute nonlinear results for the studied flows. We show that a surface-tension-induced destabilisation of plane wakes is observable which leads to periodic, quasiperiodic or chaotic oscillations depending on the Weber number of the flow. The predicted frequencies of the linear global modes, computed in the present study, are in good agreement with the nonlinear results, and the growth rates are comparable to the disturbance growth in the nonlinear flow before saturation. The bifurcation points of the nonlinear flow are captured accurately by the linear solver and the present results are as well in correspondence with the study of Tammisola et al.

arXiv (Cornell University), Feb 10, 2016

A method to find optimal 2 nd-order perturbations is presented, and applied to find the optimal s... more A method to find optimal 2 nd-order perturbations is presented, and applied to find the optimal spanwise-wavy surface for suppression of cylinder wake instability. Second-order perturbations are required to capture the stabilizing effect of spanwise waviness, which is ignored by standard adjoint-based sensitivity analyses. Here, previous methods are extended so that (i) 2 nd-order sensitivity is formulated for base flow changes satisfying linearised Navier-Stokes, and (ii) the resulting method is applicable to a 2D global instability problem. This makes it possible to formulate 2 nd-order sensitivity to shape modifications. Using this formulation, we find the optimal shape to suppress the a cylinder wake instability. The optimal shape is then perturbed by random distributions in full 3D stability analysis to confirm that it is a local optimal at the given amplitude and wavelength. Furthermore, it is shown that none of the 10 random wavy shapes alone stabilize the wake flow at Re = 50, while the optimal shape does. At Re = 100, surface waviness of maximum height 1% of the cylinder diameter is sufficient to stabilize the flow. The optimal surface creates streaks by passively extracting energy from the base flow derivatives and effectively altering the tangential velocity component at the wall, as opposed to spanwise-wavy suction which inputs energy to the normal velocity component at the wall. This paper presents a fully two-dimensional and computationally affordable method to find optimal 2 nd-order perturbations of generic flow instability problems and any boundary control (such as boundary forcing, shape modulation or suction).

Physical review fluids, Apr 14, 2023

Using experiments and numerical simulations, we investigate the spontaneous spreading of droplets... more Using experiments and numerical simulations, we investigate the spontaneous spreading of droplets of aqueous glycerol (Newtonian) and aqueous polymer (shear-thinning) solutions on smooth surfaces. We find that in the first millisecond the spreading of the shear-thinning solutions is identical to the spreading of water, regardless of the polymer concentration. In contrast, aqueous glycerol solutions show a different behavior, namely, a significantly slower spreading rate than water. In the initial rapid spreading phase, the dominating forces that can resist the wetting are inertial forces and contact-line friction. For the glycerol solutions, an increase in glycerol concentration effectively increases the contact-line friction, resulting in increased resistance to wetting. For the polymeric solutions, however, an increase in polymer concentration does not modify contact-line friction. As a consequence, the energy dissipation at the contact line cannot be controlled by varying the amount of additives for shear-thinning fluids. The reduction of the spreading rate of shear-thinning fluids on smooth surfaces in the rapid-wetting regime can only be achieved by increasing solvent viscosity. Our results have implications for phase-change applications where the control of the rapid spreading rate is central, such as anti-icing and soldering.

The global stability of a liquid sheet in gas is studied. The global 3D stability problem for a 2... more The global stability of a liquid sheet in gas is studied. The global 3D stability problem for a 2D base flow is formulated, including surface tension of the interface, and the viscosity and density of both phases. The implementational requirements are clarified, and met by using a parallel code for eigenvalue computations based on the mathematical software libraries PARPACK and ScaLAPACK. Preliminary eigenvalue spectra and eigenmodes are presented for the case of water jet surrounded by air.

It has previously been shown that MD streaks are created in the headbox jet, which is closely con... more It has previously been shown that MD streaks are created in the headbox jet, which is closely connected to the appearance of waves on the jet surface. The fundamental mechanism behind this break-up ...

arXiv (Cornell University), Oct 27, 2021

The dynamics of a single elastoviscoplastic drop immersed in plane shear flow of a Newtonian flui... more The dynamics of a single elastoviscoplastic drop immersed in plane shear flow of a Newtonian fluid is studied by three-dimensional direct numerical simulations using a finite-difference/level set method combined with the Saramito model for the elastoviscoplastic fluid. This model gives rise to a yield stress behavior, where the unyielded state of the material is described as a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic solid and the yielded state as a viscoelastic Oldroyd-B fluid. Yielding of an initially solid drop of Carbopol is simulated under successively increasing shear rates. We proceed to examine the roles of nondimensional parameters on the yielding process; in particular, the Bingham number, the capillary number, the Weissenberg number and the ratio of solvent and total drop viscosity are varied. We find that all of these parameters have a significant influence on the drop dynamics, and not only the Bingham number. Numerical simulations predict that the volume of the unyielded region inside the droplet increases with the Bingham number and the Weissenberg number, while it decreases with the capillary number at low Weissenberg and Bingham numbers. A new regime map is obtained for the prediction of the yielded, unyielded and partly yielded modes as a function of the Bingham and Weissenberg numbers. The drop deformation is studied and explained by examining the stresses in the vicinity of the drop interface. The deformation has a complex dependence on the Bingham and Weissenberg numbers. At low Bingham numbers, the droplet deformation shows a non-monotonic behaviour with an increasing drop viscoelasticity. In contrast, at moderate and high Bingham numbers, droplet deformation always increases with drop viscoelasticity. Moreover, it is found that the deformation increases with the capillary number and with the solvent to total drop viscosity ratio. A simple ordinary differential equation model is developed to explain the various behaviours observed numerically. The presented results are in contrast with the heuristic idea that viscoelasticity in the dispersed phase always inhibits deformation.

Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Nov 23, 2019

Particle-resolved direct numerical simulations are performed to investigate the combined effects ... more Particle-resolved direct numerical simulations are performed to investigate the combined effects of soluble surfactant and viscoelasticity on structure of pressure-driven turbulent bubbly channel flow (Re τ = 180). Incompressible flow equations are solved fully coupled with FENE-P viscoelastic model and soluble interfacial and bulk surfactant concentration equations. A non-linear equation of state relates surface tension to interfacial surfactant concentration. The method is first validated using benchmark turbulent single-and two-phase flows. Then massively parallel simulations are performed to examine effects of viscoelasticity and surfactant on turbulent bubbly flows. We found that clean bubbles move toward the walls due to inertial lift force, resulting in formation of wall-layers and a significant decrease in the flow rate. An addition of strong enough surfactant alters the direction of lateral migration of bubbles resulting in a nearly uniform bubble distribution across the channel. For the viscoelastic case, shear-thinning effects promote inertial lift, enhancing formation of bubbly wall-layers and consequently strong decrease in the flow rate. Formation of wall-layers is determined by the interplay of viscoelasticity and surfactant, when they act together.

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Oct 1, 2021

Direct numerical simulations are carried out to study the effect of finite Weissenberg number up ... more Direct numerical simulations are carried out to study the effect of finite Weissenberg number up to Wi = 16 on laminar and turbulent channel flows of an elastoviscoplastic (EVP) fluid, at a fixed bulk Reynolds number of 2800. The incompressible flow equations are coupled with the evolution equation for the EVP stress tensor by a modified Saramito model that extends both the Bingham viscoplastic and the finite extensible nonlinear elastic-Peterlin (FENE-P) viscoelastic models. In turbulent flow, we find that drag decreases with both the Bingham and Weissenberg numbers, until the flow laminarises at high enough elastic and yield stresses. Hence, a higher drag reduction is achieved than in the viscoelastic flow at the same Weissenberg number. The drag reduction persists at Bingham numbers up to 20, in contrast to viscoplastic flow, where the drag increases in the laminar regime compared with a Newtonian flow. Moreover, elasticity affects the laminarisation of an EVP flow in a non-monotonic fashion, delaying it at lower and promoting it at higher Weissenberg numbers. A hibernation phenomenon is observed in the EVP flow, leading to large changes in the unyielded regions. Finally, plasticity is observed to affect both low-and high-speed streaks equally, attenuating the turbulent dissipation and the fragmentation of turbulent structures.

Rheologica Acta, Nov 13, 2019

We perform immersed-boundary-method numerical simulations of oscillatory shear flow of suspension... more We perform immersed-boundary-method numerical simulations of oscillatory shear flow of suspensions of mono-disperse non-colloidal rigid spherical particles in a Newtonian liquid from the dilute to the concentrated regime. Both small and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow (SAOS and LAOS, respectively) are studied and the effects of particle concentration, fluid inertia, particle-to-fluid density ratio, and deformation amplitude on the measured apparent viscoelastic moduli of the suspensions are quantified. In the SAOS regime, a non-zero storage modulus G is always detected: inertia acts as an apparent elasticity. G-values significantly change with inertia, but depend on the volume fraction of the solid phase only for suspensions of particles denser than the fluid. On the other hand, the loss modulus G increases with both inertia and particle concentration. In the LAOS regime, the moduli are only weakly dependent on the deformation amplitude for a dilute suspension, whereas non-monotonic variations are observed at high concentrations. Keywords Rheology • Suspensions • Oscillatory shear flow • Inertia • Numerical simulations with η s the suspension viscosity and η the viscosity of the suspending liquid. Since then, numerous theoretical, experimental, and numerical papers have investigated the rheology of suspensions with Newtonian matrices. A very recent review of these studies is provided by Tanner (2018).

Journal of Rheology, Sep 1, 2021

ABSTRACT Hydrodynamic oscillations in gas turbine fuel injectors help to mix the fuel and air but... more ABSTRACT Hydrodynamic oscillations in gas turbine fuel injectors help to mix the fuel and air but can also contribute to thermoacoustic instability. Small changes to some parts of a fuel injector greatly affect the frequency and amplitude of these oscillations. These regions can be identified efficiently with adjoint-based sensitivity analysis. This is a linear technique that identifies the region of the flow that causes the oscillation, the regions of the flow that are most sensitive to external forcing, and the regions of the flow that, when altered, have most influence on the oscillation. In this paper, we extend this to the flow from a gas turbine’s single stream radial swirler, which has been extensively studied experimentally (GT2008-50278) [8]. The swirling annular flow enters the combustion chamber and expands to the chamber walls, forming a conical recirculation zone along the centreline and an annular recirculation zone in the upstream corner. In this study, the steady base flow and the stability analysis are calculated at Re 200-3800 based on the mean flow velocity and inlet diameter. The velocity field is similar to that found from experiments and LES, and the local stability results are close to those at higher Re (GT2012-68253) [11]. All the analyses (experiments, LES, uRANS, local stability, and the global stability in this paper) show that a helical motion develops around the central recirculation zone. This develops into a precessing vortex core. The adjoint-based sensitivity analysis reveals that the frequency and growth rate of the oscillation is dictated by conditions just upstream of the central recirculation zone (the wavemaker region). It also reveals that this oscillation is very receptive to forcing at the sharp edges of the injector. In practical situations, this forcing could arise from an impinging acoustic wave, showing that these edges could be influential in the feedback mechanism that causes thermoacoustic instability. The analysis also shows how the growth rate and frequency of the oscillation change with either small shape changes of the nozzle, or additional suction or blowing at the walls of the injector. It reveals that the oscillations originate in a very localized region at the entry to the combustion chamber, which lies near the separation point at the outer inlet, and extends to the outlet of the inner pipe. Any scheme designed to control the frequency and amplitude of the oscillation only needs to change the flow in this localized region.

Computers & Fluids, Nov 1, 2020

Abstract Interface-resolved direct numerical simulations are performed to examine the combined ef... more Abstract Interface-resolved direct numerical simulations are performed to examine the combined effects of soluble surfactant and viscoelasticity on the structure of a bubbly turbulent channel flow. The incompressible flow equations are solved fully coupled with the FENE-P viscoelastic model and the equations governing interfacial and bulk surfactant concentrations. The latter coupling is achieved through a non-linear equation of state which relates the surface tension to the surfactant concentration at the interface. The two-fluid Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a front-tracking method, augmented with a very efficient FFT-based pressure projection method that allows for massively parallel simulations of turbulent flows. It is found that, for the surfactant-free case, bubbles move toward the wall due to inertial lift force, resulting in formation of wall layers and a significant decrease in the flow rate. Conversely, a high-enough concentration of surfactant changes the direction of lateral migration of bubbles, i.e., the contaminated bubbles move toward the core region and spread out across the channel. When viscoelasticity is considered, viscoelastic stresses counteract the Marangoni stresses, promoting formation of bubbly wall-layers and consequently strong decrease in the flow rate. The formation of bubble wall-layers for combined case depends on the interplay of the inertial and elastic, and Marangoni forces.

Soft Matter, 2019

Self-assembly of soft matter, such as droplets or colloids, has become a promising scheme to engi... more Self-assembly of soft matter, such as droplets or colloids, has become a promising scheme to engineer novel materials, model living matter, and explore non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. In this article, we present detailed numerical simulations of few non-Brownian droplets in various flow conditions, specifically, focusing on their self-assembly within a short distance in a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic channel, cf. [Shen et al., Adv. Sci., 2016, 3(6), 1600012]. Contrary to quasi two-dimensional (q2D) systems, where dipolar interaction is the key mechanism for droplet rearrangement, droplets in 3D confinement produce much less disturbance to the underlying flow, thus experiencing weaker dipolar interactions. Using confined simple shear and Poiseuille flows as reference flows, we show that the droplet dynamics is mostly affected by the shear-induced cross-stream migration, which favors chain structures if the droplets are under an attractive depletion force. For more compact clusters, such as three droplets in a triangular shape, our results suggest that an inhomogeneous cross-sectional inflow profile is further required. Overall, the accelerated self-assembly of a small-size droplet cluster results from the combined effects of strong depletion forces, confinement-mediated shear alignments, and fine-tuned inflow conditions. The deterministic nature of the flow-assisted self-assembly implies the possibility of large throughputs, though calibration of all different effects to directly produce large droplet crystals is generally difficult.

arXiv (Cornell University), Jun 23, 2020

We study the role of surface topology, surface chemistry, and wall superheat temperature on the o... more We study the role of surface topology, surface chemistry, and wall superheat temperature on the onset of boiling, bubble nucleation and growth, and the possible formation of an insulating vapour film by means of large-scale MD simulations. In the numerical experiments, we control the system pressure by imposing a constant force on a moving piston. The simulations reveal that the presence of a nanostructure triggers the bubble formation, determines the nucleation site and facilitates the energy transfer from the hot substrate to the water. The surface chemistry, on the other hand, governs the shape of the formed bubble. A hydrophilic surface chemistry accelerates the bubble nucleation, however, decelerates the bubble expansion, thus postponing the formation of the film of vapour. Therefore, a hydrophilic surface provides better energy transfer from the hot wall to the water. By analysing the system energy, we show that irrespective of wall topology and chemistry, there is a wall temperature for which the amount of transferred energy is maximum.

Journal of Computational Physics, Oct 1, 2021

We present a fully Eulerian hybrid immersed-boundary/phase-field model to simulate wetting and co... more We present a fully Eulerian hybrid immersed-boundary/phase-field model to simulate wetting and contact line motion over any arbitrary geometry. The solid wall is described with a volume-penalisation ghost-cell immersed boundary whereas the interface between the two fluids by a diffuse-interface method. The contact line motion on the complex wall is prescribed via slip velocity in the momentum equation and static/dynamic contact angle condition for the order parameter of the Cahn-Hilliard model. This combination requires accurate computations of the normal and tangential gradients of the scalar order parameter and of the components of the velocity. However, the present algorithm requires the computation of averaging weights and other geometrical variables as a preprocessing step. Several validation tests are reported in the manuscript, together with 2D simulations of a droplet spreading over a sinusoidal wall with different contact angles and slip length and a spherical droplet spreading over a sphere, showing that the proposed algorithm is capable to deal with the threephase contact line motion over any complex wall. The Eulerian feature of the algorithm facilitates the implementation and provides a straightforward and potentially highly scalable parallelisation. The employed parallelisation of the underlying Navier-Stokes solver can be efficiently used for the multiphase part

Physical review fluids, Nov 2, 2020

Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2017

In this paper, asymptotic multiple-scale methods are used to formulate a mathematically consisten... more In this paper, asymptotic multiple-scale methods are used to formulate a mathematically consistent set of thermo-acoustic equations in the low-Mach number limit for linear stability analysis. The resulting sets of nonlinear equations for hydrodynamics and acoustics are two-way coupled. The coupling strength depends on which multiple scales are used. The double-time-double-space (2T-2S), double-time-single-space (2T-1S) and single-time-double-space (1T-2S) limits are revisited, derived and linearized. It is shown that only the 1T-2S limit produces a two-way coupled linearized system. Therefore this limit is adopted and implemented in a finite-element solver. The methodology is applied to a coaxial jet combustor. By using an adjoint method and introducing the intrinsic sensitivity, (i) the interaction between the acoustic and hydrodynamic subsystems is calculated and (ii) the role of the global acceleration term, which is the coupling term from the acoustics to the hydrodynamics, is analyzed. For the confined coaxial jet diffusion flame studied here, (i) the growth rate of the thermo-acoustic oscillations is found to be more sensitive to small changes in the hydrodynamic field around the flame and (ii) increasing the global acceleration term is found to be stabilizing in agreement with the Rayleigh Criterion.

Journal of Non-newtonian Fluid Mechanics, Aug 1, 2018

We investigate the elastoviscoplastic flow through porous media by numerical simulations. We solv... more We investigate the elastoviscoplastic flow through porous media by numerical simulations. We solve the Navier-Stokes equations combined with the elastoviscoplastic model proposed by Saramito for the stress tensor evolution [1]. In this model, the material behaves as a viscoelastic solid when unyielded, and as a viscoelastic Oldroyd-B fluid for stresses higher than the yield stress. The porous media is made of a symmetric array of cylinders, and we solve the flow in one periodic cell. We find that the solution is time-dependent even at low Reynolds numbers as we observe oscillations in time of the unyielded region especially at high Bingham numbers. The volume of the unyielded region slightly decreases with the Reynolds number and strongly increases with the Bingham number; up to 70% of the total volume is unyielded for the highest Bingham numbers considered here. The flow is mainly shear dominated in the yielded region, while shear and elongational flow are equally distributed in the unyielded region. We compute the relation between the pressure drop and the flow rate in the porous medium and present an empirical closure as function of the Bingham and Reynolds numbers. The apparent permeability, normalized with the case of Newtonian fluids, is shown to be greater than 1 at low Bingham numbers, corresponding to lower pressure drops due to the flow elasticity, and smaller than 1 for high Bingham numbers, indicating larger dissipation in the flow owing to the presence of the yielded regions. Finally we investigate the effect of the Weissenberg number on the distribution of the unyielded regions and on the pressure gradient.