P. Åkerfeldt - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by P. Åkerfeldt

Materials Science and Engineering: A

Materials, 2020

Titanium-based alloys are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE), a phenomenon that deteriora... more Titanium-based alloys are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE), a phenomenon that deteriorates fatigue properties. Ti-6Al-4V is the most widely used titanium alloy and the effect of hydrogen embrittlement on fatigue crack growth (FCG) was investigated by carrying out crack propagation tests in air and high-pressure H2 environment. The FCG test in hydrogen environment resulted in a drastic increase in crack growth rate at a certain Δ K, with crack propagation rates up to 13 times higher than those observed in air. Possible reasons for such behavior were discussed in this paper. The relationship between FCG results in high-pressure H2 environment and microstructure was investigated by comparison with already published results of cast and forged Ti-6Al-4V. Coarser microstructure was found to be more sensitive to HE. Moreover, the electron beam melting (EBM) materials experienced a crack growth acceleration in-between that of cast and wrought Ti-6Al-4V.

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2020

Texture in materials is important as it contributes to anisotropy in the bulk mechanical properti... more Texture in materials is important as it contributes to anisotropy in the bulk mechanical properties. Ti-6Al-4V built with the additive manufacturing process (AM) electron beam melting (EBM) has been found to have anisotropic mechanical properties. Therefore, this work has been performed to investigate the texture variations of EBM built Ti-6Al-4V with neutron time of flight (TOF). For the work, samples were produced with different build geometries off-set by 90 degrees. A cast sample was additionally analyzed to investigate the bulk texture of conventionally manufactured material. Microstructural characterization was performed and the cast material was found to have a coarse colony α microstructure, whereas the EBM built material had a finer basket weave microstructure. Overall, the texture of the EBM built material was found to be weak having an multiple of random distribution (MRD) index of ~1 for the α phase, whilst the cast material possessed more than twice the amount of prefer...

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2020

The alloy Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo is a titanium alloy for elevated temperatures often used in aerospac... more The alloy Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo is a titanium alloy for elevated temperatures often used in aerospace applications. Minor additions of silicon have proven to improve the creep resistance of this alloy. In this work, three different amounts of silicon (0.015, 0.07 and 0.162 wt% Si) were added to cast Ti-6242 and creep tests were performed at different temperatures and loads. Creep resistance increased significantly with silicon addition by means of silicide precipitation hindering dislocations movement. Silicon rich nanoparticles in the microstructure were detected and their effect on creep resistance was investigated. The instruments used in this study were light optical microscope (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Precipitates larger than 150 nm were found to be located heterogeneously in the microstructure, whereas smaller precipitates, ranging from 20-100 nm were homogeneously spread in the material. All silicides were predominantly situated next to the beta-phase in the...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017

The focus of this work has been microstructure characterisation of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by five... more The focus of this work has been microstructure characterisation of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by five different additive manufacturing (AM) processes. The microstructure features being characterised are the prior β size, grain boundary α and α lath thickness. It was found that material manufactured with powder bed fusion processes has smaller prior β grains than the material from directed energy deposition processes. The AM processes with fast cooling rate render in thinner α laths and also thinner, and in some cases discontinuous, grain boundary α. Furthermore, it has been observed that material manufactured with the directed energy deposition processes has parallel bands, except for one condition when the parameters were changed, while the powder bed fusion processes do not have any parallel bands.

Additive Manufacturing, 2018

Alpha texture variations in additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V investigated with neutron diffraction... more Alpha texture variations in additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V investigated with neutron diffraction, Additive Manufacturing (2018),

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2012

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2013

ABSTRACT Solid metal induced embrittlement (SMIE) occurs when a metal experiences tensile stress ... more ABSTRACT Solid metal induced embrittlement (SMIE) occurs when a metal experiences tensile stress and is in contact with another metal with lower melting temperature. SMIE is believed to be a combined action of surface self-diffusion of the embrittling species to the crack tip and adsorption of the embrittling species at the crack tip, which weakens the crack tip region. In the present study, both SMIE of the near alpha alloy Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V in contact with copper and its influence by crystallographic orientation have been studied. U-bend specimens coated with copper were heat treated at 480°C for 8 hours. One of the cracks was examined in detail using electron backscatter diffraction technique. A preferable crack path was found along high angle grain boundaries with grains oriented close to [0001] in the crack direction; this indicates that there is a connection between the SMIE crack characteristics and the crystallographic orientation.

Materials Science and Engineering: A

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2012

ABSTRACT Solid Metal Induced Embrittlement (SMIE) is caused by a specific combination of two soli... more ABSTRACT Solid Metal Induced Embrittlement (SMIE) is caused by a specific combination of two solid metals in intimate contact. Cadmium, gold, silver and copper are known to cause SMIE in certain titanium alloys. Solid copper is used in welding electrodes and fixtures in various manufacturing processes for titanium parts within the aerospace industry. In the case of resistance welding, titanium alloys are in intimate contact with solid copper, since the electrodes resistively heat the titanium part under pressure during the welding process. No previous published work that investigates the risk of using copper electrodes for welding of titanium alloys is available in the literature, but an initial study using U-bend testing indicates that solid copper in contact with Ti-8Al-1V-1Mo and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo could lead to SMIE. Therefore, in the present study, resistance welded Ti-8Al-1V-1Mo and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo have been evaluated to investigate the influence of copper electrodes on these alloys. Furthermore, resistance welded specimens sputtered with copper and gold to promote SMIE have also been evaluated. No SMIE was found in the resistance welded specimens, which may be explained by the short interaction time that the copper electrodes are in intimate contact with the titanium alloy, and/or the magnitude of residual stresses after welding, which may be too low to initiate SMIE.

Materials Science and Engineering: A

Materials, 2020

Titanium-based alloys are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE), a phenomenon that deteriora... more Titanium-based alloys are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE), a phenomenon that deteriorates fatigue properties. Ti-6Al-4V is the most widely used titanium alloy and the effect of hydrogen embrittlement on fatigue crack growth (FCG) was investigated by carrying out crack propagation tests in air and high-pressure H2 environment. The FCG test in hydrogen environment resulted in a drastic increase in crack growth rate at a certain Δ K, with crack propagation rates up to 13 times higher than those observed in air. Possible reasons for such behavior were discussed in this paper. The relationship between FCG results in high-pressure H2 environment and microstructure was investigated by comparison with already published results of cast and forged Ti-6Al-4V. Coarser microstructure was found to be more sensitive to HE. Moreover, the electron beam melting (EBM) materials experienced a crack growth acceleration in-between that of cast and wrought Ti-6Al-4V.

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2020

Texture in materials is important as it contributes to anisotropy in the bulk mechanical properti... more Texture in materials is important as it contributes to anisotropy in the bulk mechanical properties. Ti-6Al-4V built with the additive manufacturing process (AM) electron beam melting (EBM) has been found to have anisotropic mechanical properties. Therefore, this work has been performed to investigate the texture variations of EBM built Ti-6Al-4V with neutron time of flight (TOF). For the work, samples were produced with different build geometries off-set by 90 degrees. A cast sample was additionally analyzed to investigate the bulk texture of conventionally manufactured material. Microstructural characterization was performed and the cast material was found to have a coarse colony α microstructure, whereas the EBM built material had a finer basket weave microstructure. Overall, the texture of the EBM built material was found to be weak having an multiple of random distribution (MRD) index of ~1 for the α phase, whilst the cast material possessed more than twice the amount of prefer...

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2020

The alloy Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo is a titanium alloy for elevated temperatures often used in aerospac... more The alloy Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo is a titanium alloy for elevated temperatures often used in aerospace applications. Minor additions of silicon have proven to improve the creep resistance of this alloy. In this work, three different amounts of silicon (0.015, 0.07 and 0.162 wt% Si) were added to cast Ti-6242 and creep tests were performed at different temperatures and loads. Creep resistance increased significantly with silicon addition by means of silicide precipitation hindering dislocations movement. Silicon rich nanoparticles in the microstructure were detected and their effect on creep resistance was investigated. The instruments used in this study were light optical microscope (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Precipitates larger than 150 nm were found to be located heterogeneously in the microstructure, whereas smaller precipitates, ranging from 20-100 nm were homogeneously spread in the material. All silicides were predominantly situated next to the beta-phase in the...

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017

The focus of this work has been microstructure characterisation of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by five... more The focus of this work has been microstructure characterisation of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by five different additive manufacturing (AM) processes. The microstructure features being characterised are the prior β size, grain boundary α and α lath thickness. It was found that material manufactured with powder bed fusion processes has smaller prior β grains than the material from directed energy deposition processes. The AM processes with fast cooling rate render in thinner α laths and also thinner, and in some cases discontinuous, grain boundary α. Furthermore, it has been observed that material manufactured with the directed energy deposition processes has parallel bands, except for one condition when the parameters were changed, while the powder bed fusion processes do not have any parallel bands.

Additive Manufacturing, 2018

Alpha texture variations in additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V investigated with neutron diffraction... more Alpha texture variations in additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V investigated with neutron diffraction, Additive Manufacturing (2018),

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2012

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2013

ABSTRACT Solid metal induced embrittlement (SMIE) occurs when a metal experiences tensile stress ... more ABSTRACT Solid metal induced embrittlement (SMIE) occurs when a metal experiences tensile stress and is in contact with another metal with lower melting temperature. SMIE is believed to be a combined action of surface self-diffusion of the embrittling species to the crack tip and adsorption of the embrittling species at the crack tip, which weakens the crack tip region. In the present study, both SMIE of the near alpha alloy Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V in contact with copper and its influence by crystallographic orientation have been studied. U-bend specimens coated with copper were heat treated at 480°C for 8 hours. One of the cracks was examined in detail using electron backscatter diffraction technique. A preferable crack path was found along high angle grain boundaries with grains oriented close to [0001] in the crack direction; this indicates that there is a connection between the SMIE crack characteristics and the crystallographic orientation.

Materials Science and Engineering: A

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2012

ABSTRACT Solid Metal Induced Embrittlement (SMIE) is caused by a specific combination of two soli... more ABSTRACT Solid Metal Induced Embrittlement (SMIE) is caused by a specific combination of two solid metals in intimate contact. Cadmium, gold, silver and copper are known to cause SMIE in certain titanium alloys. Solid copper is used in welding electrodes and fixtures in various manufacturing processes for titanium parts within the aerospace industry. In the case of resistance welding, titanium alloys are in intimate contact with solid copper, since the electrodes resistively heat the titanium part under pressure during the welding process. No previous published work that investigates the risk of using copper electrodes for welding of titanium alloys is available in the literature, but an initial study using U-bend testing indicates that solid copper in contact with Ti-8Al-1V-1Mo and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo could lead to SMIE. Therefore, in the present study, resistance welded Ti-8Al-1V-1Mo and Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo have been evaluated to investigate the influence of copper electrodes on these alloys. Furthermore, resistance welded specimens sputtered with copper and gold to promote SMIE have also been evaluated. No SMIE was found in the resistance welded specimens, which may be explained by the short interaction time that the copper electrodes are in intimate contact with the titanium alloy, and/or the magnitude of residual stresses after welding, which may be too low to initiate SMIE.