Paul Carling - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Paul Carling
Here we use an excess shear stress model of the form E = k(tau-tauc), where E is the erosion rate... more Here we use an excess shear stress model of the form E = k(tau-tauc), where E is the erosion rate per unit time and unit bank area, tau is the boundary shear stress, and k and tauc are erodibility parameters (erodibility coefficient, k, and critical shear stress, tauc) to estimate river bank erosion at study sites (Ang Nyay and Pakse,
Sedimentary Geology, 1997
Sampling was concentrated on the North Moor region and the series of ditches which drained this a... more Sampling was concentrated on the North Moor region and the series of ditches which drained this area to the Bristol Channel. Although most ditches were not deep the mud substratum precluded sampling from within the habitat. All samples were taken with a pond net from the banks. Efforts were made to sample each part of the habitat although in some ditches the macrophyte growth was so intense as to make sampling difficult particularly of the sediments. Organisms were identified on the 10 sampling sites.
Debris-flow activity within the UK is largely confined to upland regions and certain coastal loca... more Debris-flow activity within the UK is largely confined to upland regions and certain coastal locations. Within the uplands, debris-flow and hyperconcentrated flood waters pose a local but significant threat to life and infrastructure. Research effort has been fragmented between disciplines, but this paper reviews the contributions of a variety of disciplines within a context of prediction and control. This latter requirement has received greater impetus following debate concerning regional climatic change. This debate has coincided with a decade (1980's) of apparent increase in catastrophic upland flooding and geomorphic change.
Nio/Holocene Marine Sedimentation in the North Sea Basin, 2009
Regulated Streams, 1987
Deposits of gravel in upland streams are a valuable ecological resource used by salmonid fish for... more Deposits of gravel in upland streams are a valuable ecological resource used by salmonid fish for spawning. Most of these gravels exhibit two distinct modes in the grain-size distribution. Generally the coarse mode is dominant and forms the framework of the deposit whilst a secondary mode, referred to as the matrix, consists of finer sediments (Carling & Reader 1982) which fill or partially fill the interstitial spaces between the framework particles. These fine sediments, if present in sufficient quantity, will cause a reduction in porosity and hydrostatic permeability, so that the volume of water held within the deposit and the intragravel velocity will be reduced. Consequently, oxygen supply-rates to fish eggs and the rate of removal of metabolic waste products will fall; possibly to lethal levels. Although some of these latter aspects have been investigated (Milner et al. 1981) the mechanisms by which bimodal gravel deposits form are poorly understood. Gravels characterized by an absence of matrix are termed open-work gravels (Cary 1951). Deposition of coarse and fine sediments may occur contemporaneously but this is not common (Fraser 1935); usually such deposits are characterised by a dilated framework whereby the matrix forms at least 20 to 30% of the deposit and would require a sudden reduction in sediment transport energy to develop (Dyer 1972). More usually in fluvial systems subject to steady changes in transportation energy, coarse particles are deposited first whilst fine material is held in suspension. Consequently the matrix in bimodal deposits usually fills the void space within the coarse deposit by a process of secondary infiltration of the stable bed (Smith 1974).
Hydrological Processes, 2012
Abstract: Thailand experiences severe floods and droughts that affect agriculture. New techniques... more Abstract: Thailand experiences severe floods and droughts that affect agriculture. New techniques, such as Data-Based-Mechanistic modelling are being developed to study rainfall and river flow to improve flood and drought alleviation policies and practices. Dynamic Harmonic Regression models are used to analyze rainfall and discharge time series across Thailand to define seasonality, trends and to forecast rainfall and discharge and their spatial distribution. Statistical patterns in the frequency of extreme rainfall and flow periods are identified with a view to improving predictions of medium and longer-term rainfall and river flow patterns. The results show temporal and spatial variation within the annual rainfall pattern in the study catchments. For example, the seasonality of the rainfall in the south is less pronounced (more equatorial). The discharge seasonal pattern shows stronger semi-annual cycles, with the weakest pattern in the south of country, whereas the strongest dis...
Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 2015
Japan Geoscience Union, Mar 13, 2020
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water and Maritime Engineering, 2002
Geophysical Research Letters, 2021
The design and construction of four experimental channels at Grassholme reservoir in Teesdale, Co... more The design and construction of four experimental channels at Grassholme reservoir in Teesdale, County Durham (UK) are briefly described. The problem of obtaining valid replication between channels is examined using published data obtained for previous experiments in the channels. It is concluded that replication may be obtained by careful experimental design. The limitations of the existing configuration of pipework and channel design are discussed and solutions suggested. Finally a list of the main components of the channels and suppliers is appended. Alternative materials and suppliers could well be found for most items. (PDF contains 23 pages)
Here we use an excess shear stress model of the form E = k(tau-tauc), where E is the erosion rate... more Here we use an excess shear stress model of the form E = k(tau-tauc), where E is the erosion rate per unit time and unit bank area, tau is the boundary shear stress, and k and tauc are erodibility parameters (erodibility coefficient, k, and critical shear stress, tauc) to estimate river bank erosion at study sites (Ang Nyay and Pakse,
Sedimentary Geology, 1997
Sampling was concentrated on the North Moor region and the series of ditches which drained this a... more Sampling was concentrated on the North Moor region and the series of ditches which drained this area to the Bristol Channel. Although most ditches were not deep the mud substratum precluded sampling from within the habitat. All samples were taken with a pond net from the banks. Efforts were made to sample each part of the habitat although in some ditches the macrophyte growth was so intense as to make sampling difficult particularly of the sediments. Organisms were identified on the 10 sampling sites.
Debris-flow activity within the UK is largely confined to upland regions and certain coastal loca... more Debris-flow activity within the UK is largely confined to upland regions and certain coastal locations. Within the uplands, debris-flow and hyperconcentrated flood waters pose a local but significant threat to life and infrastructure. Research effort has been fragmented between disciplines, but this paper reviews the contributions of a variety of disciplines within a context of prediction and control. This latter requirement has received greater impetus following debate concerning regional climatic change. This debate has coincided with a decade (1980's) of apparent increase in catastrophic upland flooding and geomorphic change.
Nio/Holocene Marine Sedimentation in the North Sea Basin, 2009
Regulated Streams, 1987
Deposits of gravel in upland streams are a valuable ecological resource used by salmonid fish for... more Deposits of gravel in upland streams are a valuable ecological resource used by salmonid fish for spawning. Most of these gravels exhibit two distinct modes in the grain-size distribution. Generally the coarse mode is dominant and forms the framework of the deposit whilst a secondary mode, referred to as the matrix, consists of finer sediments (Carling & Reader 1982) which fill or partially fill the interstitial spaces between the framework particles. These fine sediments, if present in sufficient quantity, will cause a reduction in porosity and hydrostatic permeability, so that the volume of water held within the deposit and the intragravel velocity will be reduced. Consequently, oxygen supply-rates to fish eggs and the rate of removal of metabolic waste products will fall; possibly to lethal levels. Although some of these latter aspects have been investigated (Milner et al. 1981) the mechanisms by which bimodal gravel deposits form are poorly understood. Gravels characterized by an absence of matrix are termed open-work gravels (Cary 1951). Deposition of coarse and fine sediments may occur contemporaneously but this is not common (Fraser 1935); usually such deposits are characterised by a dilated framework whereby the matrix forms at least 20 to 30% of the deposit and would require a sudden reduction in sediment transport energy to develop (Dyer 1972). More usually in fluvial systems subject to steady changes in transportation energy, coarse particles are deposited first whilst fine material is held in suspension. Consequently the matrix in bimodal deposits usually fills the void space within the coarse deposit by a process of secondary infiltration of the stable bed (Smith 1974).
Hydrological Processes, 2012
Abstract: Thailand experiences severe floods and droughts that affect agriculture. New techniques... more Abstract: Thailand experiences severe floods and droughts that affect agriculture. New techniques, such as Data-Based-Mechanistic modelling are being developed to study rainfall and river flow to improve flood and drought alleviation policies and practices. Dynamic Harmonic Regression models are used to analyze rainfall and discharge time series across Thailand to define seasonality, trends and to forecast rainfall and discharge and their spatial distribution. Statistical patterns in the frequency of extreme rainfall and flow periods are identified with a view to improving predictions of medium and longer-term rainfall and river flow patterns. The results show temporal and spatial variation within the annual rainfall pattern in the study catchments. For example, the seasonality of the rainfall in the south is less pronounced (more equatorial). The discharge seasonal pattern shows stronger semi-annual cycles, with the weakest pattern in the south of country, whereas the strongest dis...
Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 2015
Japan Geoscience Union, Mar 13, 2020
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water and Maritime Engineering, 2002
Geophysical Research Letters, 2021
The design and construction of four experimental channels at Grassholme reservoir in Teesdale, Co... more The design and construction of four experimental channels at Grassholme reservoir in Teesdale, County Durham (UK) are briefly described. The problem of obtaining valid replication between channels is examined using published data obtained for previous experiments in the channels. It is concluded that replication may be obtained by careful experimental design. The limitations of the existing configuration of pipework and channel design are discussed and solutions suggested. Finally a list of the main components of the channels and suppliers is appended. Alternative materials and suppliers could well be found for most items. (PDF contains 23 pages)
River planform change has been predicted using probabilistic methods as deterministic methods are... more River planform change has been predicted using probabilistic methods as deterministic methods are not always suitable for prediction of channel behaviour, especially for channels with high rates of planform mobility (Graf, 1984; Winterbottom et al., 2000). Historical records of channel location derived from aerial photographs and maps are a vital input to spatially-defined statistical models for estimating the probability of a given land cell being destroyed by erosion and the probability of a given channel cell being replaced by accretion. This methodology has been applied to small and medium rivers, but has not been applied to the largest rivers on Earth. The River Ganga, one of the major rivers in India, is characterized by changes in its course over human time scales; particularly in its seaward reaches before it enters the Bay of Bengal. The river is prone to bank erosion during high discharge leading to change in its planform. Change in the planform of this river has been recorded in the historical literature and the floodplain is characterized by spill channels and older meander scrolls as remnants. Satellite sensor data are widely used to study Earth surface processes, especially monitoring changes in the planform of large and dynamic rivers. This is due to the potentially large area coverage, synoptic view and repeatable data acquisition capability. Thus, satellite sensor data have great potential for providing standardized mapping of river planform at regular intervals. Landsat data, being freely available, have enabled time-series data analyses from as early as mid-1972. The present study incorporates time-series data from Landsat and Indian remote sensing satellite sensors to map the change in planform of the River Ganga through time and use these quantified changes as an input to a spatially-distributed probabilistic model for forecasting future planforms of the river system. Planform maps were prepared from the time-series data using conventional data processing, taking into account the different confounding variables, such as spatial resolution, while creating a consistent time series. The planform maps were then converted into maps of transition probabilities based on the probability of individual cells changing from land to river (and vice versa), as a function of the location of the cell relative to the river, the properties of the nearest part of the river and the substratum. Besides the transition probability maps, vulnerability maps were prepared taking into consideration various dimensions such as land/agricultural value, livelihood value and infrastructure value. The two sets of maps then were combined to produce risk maps for future mitigation of the planform change hazard. The transition probability maps were used also to draw different realisations from a random field with specific models of spatial continuity to produce realistic channel patterns. We conclude that the forecasting of channel pattern can be accomplished only over a short period of time (1-5 years) because, when the channel shifts more than around five grid cells, the forecast becomes unrealistic as the approach does not include creating side channels.