Paul Nathanail - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Paul Nathanail
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2018
Environmental Pollution, 2017
Heavy metal soil contamination is associated with potential toxicity to humans or ecotoxicity. Sc... more Heavy metal soil contamination is associated with potential toxicity to humans or ecotoxicity. Scholars have increasingly used a combination of geographical information science (GIS) with geostatistical and multivariate statistical analysis techniques to examine the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils at a regional scale. A review of such studies showed that most soil sampling programs were based on grid patterns and composite sampling methodologies. Many programs intended to characterize various soil types and land use types. The most often used sampling depth intervals were 0e0.10 m, or 0e0.20 m, below surface; and the sampling densities used ranged from 0.0004 to 6.1 samples per km 2 , with a median of 0.4 samples per km 2. The most widely used spatial interpolators were inverse distance weighted interpolation and ordinary kriging; and the most often used multivariate statistical analysis techniques were principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The review also identified several determining and correlating factors in heavy metal distribution in soils, including soil type, soil pH, soil organic matter, land use type, Fe, Al, and heavy metal concentrations. The major natural and anthropogenic sources of heavy metals were found to derive from lithogenic origin, roadway and transportation, atmospheric deposition, wastewater and runoff from industrial and mining facilities, fertilizer application, livestock manure, and sewage sludge. This review argues that the full potential of integrated GIS and multivariate statistical analysis for assessing heavy metal distribution in soils on a regional scale has not yet been fully realized. It is proposed that future research be conducted to map multivariate results in GIS to pinpoint specific anthropogenic sources, to analyze temporal trends in addition to spatial patterns, to optimize modeling parameters, and to expand the use of different multivariate analysis tools beyond principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA).
Gasparatos, A. (2010): Embedded value systems in sustainability assessment tools and their implic... more Gasparatos, A. (2010): Embedded value systems in sustainability assessment tools and their implications. Journal of Environmental Management 91, 1613–1622. Hartmuth, G., Huber, K., Rink, D. (2008): Operationalization and contextualization of sustainability at the local Level. Sustain. Dev. 16(4), 261–270
Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications, 1998
Abstract The Department of the Environment commissioned Wimpey Environmental Limited, with the Na... more Abstract The Department of the Environment commissioned Wimpey Environmental Limited, with the National House-Building Council, to undertake research to establish whether planners should take greater account of foundation conditions in preparing development plans and in considering planning applications. Existing information on factors such as compressible ground, shrinkage and swelling, saturated and loose granular deposits, frost susceptibility, groundwater conditions, durability of construction materials, and gas emissions, was reviewed. It was concluded that some of these factors may be material planning considerations whilst others are likely to remain only a matter for site development and Building Control. Soil survey digital data were used as a basis for 1:250 000 and 1:625 000 scale maps showing the general geographical extent of selected potential foundation problems in Great Britain. These, together with reports, provide information on ground conditions to planners and developers which will help to increase awareness of the problems and of the purposes, procedures and benefits of thorough site investigation. The preparation of the maps was guided by a database of site investigation information which should be of use to those who are undertaking more detailed consideration of sites.
The Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe suggests that by 2050 there should be no net land take... more The Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe suggests that by 2050 there should be no net land take sealed by built development. This will only be possible with effective “recycling” of formerly used land for buildings and infrastructure (“hard development”) and unsealed uses (“soft development”). Of course across Europe a large amount of land recycling already takes place under the influence or normal market forces. However, in some cases the recycling of formerly used land is stalled for a variety of environmental, economic and/or social reasons, and these “Brownfield” sites are often in or near urban areas. The dynamics of land use are cyclic, where site developments are planned, realised and then utilised and maintained until the site is decommissioned or simply abandoned, after which a new cycle for site re-development starts. The land use cycle basically consists of periods of beneficial use alternated by periods of transition. Brownfields reflect periods of stagnation and parti...
Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, 2012
In sub-seabed storage, CO 2 is injected under the seafl oor in geological structures that are abl... more In sub-seabed storage, CO 2 is injected under the seafl oor in geological structures that are able to trap and retain it. Even if the overall procedure is considered safe, the effects of potential seepage must be addressed in order to develop a reliable risk assessment of the process. This study focuses on the effects of CO 2 seepage on the chemistry of sediments and on the overlying water column in shallow-water environments. To study these effects, an experimental rig was designed, fabricated, and tested. The main unit of the rig is a transparent Plexiglas vertical cylindrical vessel that can be fi lled with sediment in the bottom section and water in the upper part. CO 2 is injected as gas from the bottom through nozzles fed by a CO 2 cylinder. Sensors are used to monitor the variation of the main physical and chemical properties of water and sediments. Gas, water, and sediment samples can be collected for further analysis. The results highlight a fast response of the system to the injected CO 2 with a sharp reduction of the pH values of the interstitial water inside the sediments; once the injection stops, a recovery toward the initial values is recorded. The water above the sediment is also affected by the presence of CO 2 ; in this case the gas-water interaction is controlled by the water movements induced by the rising bubble column.
Water Resources Management, 2012
We write in response to “Precipitation Forecasting Using Wavelet-Genetic Programming and Wavelet-... more We write in response to “Precipitation Forecasting Using Wavelet-Genetic Programming and Wavelet-Neuro-Fuzzy Conjunction Models” (Kisi and Shiri 2011). Gene Expression Programming (GEP: Ferreira 2001) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS: Jang 1993; Jang and Sun 1995) solutions were compared and contrasted using a common methodology: an extended version of that employed by Partal and Kisi (2007). Kisi and Shiri (2011) combined precipitation records and an integrated wavelet-based series according to lag. We comment below on issues regarding their GEP precipitation forecasting solution for the rain gauge station at Izmir:
![Research paper thumbnail of Comments on “Empirical modelling of plate load test moduli of soil via gene expression programming” by Ali Mollahasani, Amir Hossein Alavi and Amir Hossein Gandomi [Computers and Geotechnics 38 (2011) 281–286]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93618805/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Computers and Geotechnics, 2012
Computers & Geosciences, 2013
Applied Geochemistry, 2013
Land Contamination & Reclamation, 2005
ABSTRACT
Environmental Modelling & Software, 2013
Data-driven modelling is used to develop two alternative types of predictive environmental model:... more Data-driven modelling is used to develop two alternative types of predictive environmental model: a simulator, a model of a real-world process developed from either a conceptual understanding of physical relations and/or using measured records, and an emulator, an imitator of some other model developed on predicted outputs calculated by that source model. A simple four-way typology called Emulation Simulation Typology (EST) is proposed that distinguishes between (i) model type and (ii) different uses of model development period and model test period datasets. To address the question of to what extent simulator and emulator solutions might be considered interchangeable i.e. provide similar levels of output accuracy when tested on data different from that used in their development, a pair of counterpart pan evaporation models was created using symbolic regression. Each model type delivered similar levels of predictive skill to that other of published solutions. Inputeoutput sensitivity analysis of the two different model types likewise confirmed two very similar underlying response functions. This study demonstrates that the type and quality of data on which a model is tested, has a greater influence on model accuracy assessment, than the type and quality of data on which a model is developed, providing that the development record is sufficiently representative of the conceptual underpinnings of the system being examined. Thus, previously reported substantial disparities occurring in goodness-of-fit statistics for pan evaporation models are most likely explained by the use of either measured or calculated data to test particular models, where lower scores do not necessarily represent major deficiencies in the solution itself.
Many countries encourage brownfield regeneration as a means of sustainable development but define... more Many countries encourage brownfield regeneration as a means of sustainable development but define "brownfield" differently. Specifically, the definitions of brownfield in the regeneration policies of countries with higher population densities usually promote recycling land that is previously developed, whether or not there is chemical contamination. Further, the de facto definition of brownfield used by the UK government focuses on previously developed land that is unused or underused. The ANOVA in this study revealed that local authorities in England (n = 296) with higher percentages of derelict and vacant land tended to be more deprived based on the English Indices of Multiple Deprivation, which evaluate deprivation from the aspects of income, employment, health, education, housing, crime, and living environment. However, the percentage of previously developed land in use but with further development potential had no significant effect on the deprivation conditions. The Blair-Brown Government (1997~2010) encouraged more than 60% of new dwellings to be established on the previously developed land in England. The analyses in this study showed that this target, combined with the definition of brownfield in the policy, may have facilitated higher densities of residential development on previously developed land but without addressing the deprivation problems. These observations indicate that a definition of brownfield in regeneration policies should focus on previously developed land that is now vacant or derelict if land recycling is to contribute to sustainable communities.
The current research builds on the findings of a systematic literature review by the authors whic... more The current research builds on the findings of a systematic literature review by the authors which recommends the need to work towards a standardised method for measuring the in vitro dermal absorption of HMW-PAH in soils. One part of the method is understanding the partitioning of the high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAH) from soil to sebum found in skin. In vitro HMW-PAH soil-sebum partition coefficients (KSS) were measured for twelve soils collected from former UK gasworks. Concentrations of ∑16 USEPA PAH in the soils ranged from 51 to 1440 mg/kg, benzo[a]pyrene ranged from 3.2 to 132 mg/kg. Time series extractions (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h) at skin temperature (32°C) of HMW-PAH from sebum to soil for two samples were conducted to determine the maximum release time-step. The maximum HMW-PAH release timestep was determined as 4 h, which was subsequently used as the extraction time for the remaining samples. Evaluation of KSS data for the 4 h extractions ...
PLOS ONE, 2021
Current farm systems rely on the use of Plant Protection Products (PPP) to secure high productivi... more Current farm systems rely on the use of Plant Protection Products (PPP) to secure high productivity and control threats to the quality of the crops. However, PPP use may have considerable impacts on human health and the environment. A study protocol is presented aiming to determine the occurrence and levels of PPP residues in plants (crops), animals (livestock), humans and other non-target species (ecosystem representatives) for exposure modelling and impact assessment. To achieve this, we designed a cross-sectional study to compare conventional and organic farm systems across Europe. Environmental and biological samples were/are being/will be collected during the 2021 growing season, at 10 case study sites in Europe covering a range of climate zones and crops. An additional study site in Argentina will inform the impact of PPP use on growing soybean which is an important European protein-source in animal feed. We will study the impact of PPP mixtures using an integrated risk assess...
Remediation Journal, 2017
Sustainable remediation is the elimination and/or control of unacceptable risks in a safe and tim... more Sustainable remediation is the elimination and/or control of unacceptable risks in a safe and timely manner while optimizing the environmental, social, and economic value of the work. Forthcoming International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guidance on sustainable remediation will allow countries without the capacity to develop their own guidance to benefit from work done over the past decade by various groups around the world. The ISO standard has progressed through the committee draft (ISO/CD 18504) and draft international standard (ISO DIS 18504) stages. The risk-based approach to managing the legacy of historically contaminated soil and groundwater has been incorporated into policy, legislation, and practice around the world. It helps determine the need for remediation and the end point of such remediation. Remediation begins with an options appraisal that short lists strategies that could deliver the required reduction in risk. A remediation strategy comprises one or more remediation technologies that will deliver the safe and timely elimination and/or control of unacceptable risks. The ISO standard will help assessors identify the most sustainable among the shortlisted, valid alternative remediation strategies. Practitioners presenting case studies claiming to constitute sustainable remediation should now report how they have aligned their work with the new standard. Indicators are used to compare alternative remediation strategies. The simplest metric that allows a characteristic to act as an indicator should be chosen. Weightings indicators can become a contested exercise and should only be undertaken where there is a clear desire for it by stakeholders and a clear need for it in identifying a preferred strategy. The simplest means of ranking alternative remediation strategies should be adopted.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2018
Environmental Pollution, 2017
Heavy metal soil contamination is associated with potential toxicity to humans or ecotoxicity. Sc... more Heavy metal soil contamination is associated with potential toxicity to humans or ecotoxicity. Scholars have increasingly used a combination of geographical information science (GIS) with geostatistical and multivariate statistical analysis techniques to examine the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils at a regional scale. A review of such studies showed that most soil sampling programs were based on grid patterns and composite sampling methodologies. Many programs intended to characterize various soil types and land use types. The most often used sampling depth intervals were 0e0.10 m, or 0e0.20 m, below surface; and the sampling densities used ranged from 0.0004 to 6.1 samples per km 2 , with a median of 0.4 samples per km 2. The most widely used spatial interpolators were inverse distance weighted interpolation and ordinary kriging; and the most often used multivariate statistical analysis techniques were principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The review also identified several determining and correlating factors in heavy metal distribution in soils, including soil type, soil pH, soil organic matter, land use type, Fe, Al, and heavy metal concentrations. The major natural and anthropogenic sources of heavy metals were found to derive from lithogenic origin, roadway and transportation, atmospheric deposition, wastewater and runoff from industrial and mining facilities, fertilizer application, livestock manure, and sewage sludge. This review argues that the full potential of integrated GIS and multivariate statistical analysis for assessing heavy metal distribution in soils on a regional scale has not yet been fully realized. It is proposed that future research be conducted to map multivariate results in GIS to pinpoint specific anthropogenic sources, to analyze temporal trends in addition to spatial patterns, to optimize modeling parameters, and to expand the use of different multivariate analysis tools beyond principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA).
Gasparatos, A. (2010): Embedded value systems in sustainability assessment tools and their implic... more Gasparatos, A. (2010): Embedded value systems in sustainability assessment tools and their implications. Journal of Environmental Management 91, 1613–1622. Hartmuth, G., Huber, K., Rink, D. (2008): Operationalization and contextualization of sustainability at the local Level. Sustain. Dev. 16(4), 261–270
Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications, 1998
Abstract The Department of the Environment commissioned Wimpey Environmental Limited, with the Na... more Abstract The Department of the Environment commissioned Wimpey Environmental Limited, with the National House-Building Council, to undertake research to establish whether planners should take greater account of foundation conditions in preparing development plans and in considering planning applications. Existing information on factors such as compressible ground, shrinkage and swelling, saturated and loose granular deposits, frost susceptibility, groundwater conditions, durability of construction materials, and gas emissions, was reviewed. It was concluded that some of these factors may be material planning considerations whilst others are likely to remain only a matter for site development and Building Control. Soil survey digital data were used as a basis for 1:250 000 and 1:625 000 scale maps showing the general geographical extent of selected potential foundation problems in Great Britain. These, together with reports, provide information on ground conditions to planners and developers which will help to increase awareness of the problems and of the purposes, procedures and benefits of thorough site investigation. The preparation of the maps was guided by a database of site investigation information which should be of use to those who are undertaking more detailed consideration of sites.
The Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe suggests that by 2050 there should be no net land take... more The Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe suggests that by 2050 there should be no net land take sealed by built development. This will only be possible with effective “recycling” of formerly used land for buildings and infrastructure (“hard development”) and unsealed uses (“soft development”). Of course across Europe a large amount of land recycling already takes place under the influence or normal market forces. However, in some cases the recycling of formerly used land is stalled for a variety of environmental, economic and/or social reasons, and these “Brownfield” sites are often in or near urban areas. The dynamics of land use are cyclic, where site developments are planned, realised and then utilised and maintained until the site is decommissioned or simply abandoned, after which a new cycle for site re-development starts. The land use cycle basically consists of periods of beneficial use alternated by periods of transition. Brownfields reflect periods of stagnation and parti...
Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, 2012
In sub-seabed storage, CO 2 is injected under the seafl oor in geological structures that are abl... more In sub-seabed storage, CO 2 is injected under the seafl oor in geological structures that are able to trap and retain it. Even if the overall procedure is considered safe, the effects of potential seepage must be addressed in order to develop a reliable risk assessment of the process. This study focuses on the effects of CO 2 seepage on the chemistry of sediments and on the overlying water column in shallow-water environments. To study these effects, an experimental rig was designed, fabricated, and tested. The main unit of the rig is a transparent Plexiglas vertical cylindrical vessel that can be fi lled with sediment in the bottom section and water in the upper part. CO 2 is injected as gas from the bottom through nozzles fed by a CO 2 cylinder. Sensors are used to monitor the variation of the main physical and chemical properties of water and sediments. Gas, water, and sediment samples can be collected for further analysis. The results highlight a fast response of the system to the injected CO 2 with a sharp reduction of the pH values of the interstitial water inside the sediments; once the injection stops, a recovery toward the initial values is recorded. The water above the sediment is also affected by the presence of CO 2 ; in this case the gas-water interaction is controlled by the water movements induced by the rising bubble column.
Water Resources Management, 2012
We write in response to “Precipitation Forecasting Using Wavelet-Genetic Programming and Wavelet-... more We write in response to “Precipitation Forecasting Using Wavelet-Genetic Programming and Wavelet-Neuro-Fuzzy Conjunction Models” (Kisi and Shiri 2011). Gene Expression Programming (GEP: Ferreira 2001) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS: Jang 1993; Jang and Sun 1995) solutions were compared and contrasted using a common methodology: an extended version of that employed by Partal and Kisi (2007). Kisi and Shiri (2011) combined precipitation records and an integrated wavelet-based series according to lag. We comment below on issues regarding their GEP precipitation forecasting solution for the rain gauge station at Izmir:
Computers and Geotechnics, 2012
Computers & Geosciences, 2013
Applied Geochemistry, 2013
Land Contamination & Reclamation, 2005
ABSTRACT
Environmental Modelling & Software, 2013
Data-driven modelling is used to develop two alternative types of predictive environmental model:... more Data-driven modelling is used to develop two alternative types of predictive environmental model: a simulator, a model of a real-world process developed from either a conceptual understanding of physical relations and/or using measured records, and an emulator, an imitator of some other model developed on predicted outputs calculated by that source model. A simple four-way typology called Emulation Simulation Typology (EST) is proposed that distinguishes between (i) model type and (ii) different uses of model development period and model test period datasets. To address the question of to what extent simulator and emulator solutions might be considered interchangeable i.e. provide similar levels of output accuracy when tested on data different from that used in their development, a pair of counterpart pan evaporation models was created using symbolic regression. Each model type delivered similar levels of predictive skill to that other of published solutions. Inputeoutput sensitivity analysis of the two different model types likewise confirmed two very similar underlying response functions. This study demonstrates that the type and quality of data on which a model is tested, has a greater influence on model accuracy assessment, than the type and quality of data on which a model is developed, providing that the development record is sufficiently representative of the conceptual underpinnings of the system being examined. Thus, previously reported substantial disparities occurring in goodness-of-fit statistics for pan evaporation models are most likely explained by the use of either measured or calculated data to test particular models, where lower scores do not necessarily represent major deficiencies in the solution itself.
Many countries encourage brownfield regeneration as a means of sustainable development but define... more Many countries encourage brownfield regeneration as a means of sustainable development but define "brownfield" differently. Specifically, the definitions of brownfield in the regeneration policies of countries with higher population densities usually promote recycling land that is previously developed, whether or not there is chemical contamination. Further, the de facto definition of brownfield used by the UK government focuses on previously developed land that is unused or underused. The ANOVA in this study revealed that local authorities in England (n = 296) with higher percentages of derelict and vacant land tended to be more deprived based on the English Indices of Multiple Deprivation, which evaluate deprivation from the aspects of income, employment, health, education, housing, crime, and living environment. However, the percentage of previously developed land in use but with further development potential had no significant effect on the deprivation conditions. The Blair-Brown Government (1997~2010) encouraged more than 60% of new dwellings to be established on the previously developed land in England. The analyses in this study showed that this target, combined with the definition of brownfield in the policy, may have facilitated higher densities of residential development on previously developed land but without addressing the deprivation problems. These observations indicate that a definition of brownfield in regeneration policies should focus on previously developed land that is now vacant or derelict if land recycling is to contribute to sustainable communities.
The current research builds on the findings of a systematic literature review by the authors whic... more The current research builds on the findings of a systematic literature review by the authors which recommends the need to work towards a standardised method for measuring the in vitro dermal absorption of HMW-PAH in soils. One part of the method is understanding the partitioning of the high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAH) from soil to sebum found in skin. In vitro HMW-PAH soil-sebum partition coefficients (KSS) were measured for twelve soils collected from former UK gasworks. Concentrations of ∑16 USEPA PAH in the soils ranged from 51 to 1440 mg/kg, benzo[a]pyrene ranged from 3.2 to 132 mg/kg. Time series extractions (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h) at skin temperature (32°C) of HMW-PAH from sebum to soil for two samples were conducted to determine the maximum release time-step. The maximum HMW-PAH release timestep was determined as 4 h, which was subsequently used as the extraction time for the remaining samples. Evaluation of KSS data for the 4 h extractions ...
PLOS ONE, 2021
Current farm systems rely on the use of Plant Protection Products (PPP) to secure high productivi... more Current farm systems rely on the use of Plant Protection Products (PPP) to secure high productivity and control threats to the quality of the crops. However, PPP use may have considerable impacts on human health and the environment. A study protocol is presented aiming to determine the occurrence and levels of PPP residues in plants (crops), animals (livestock), humans and other non-target species (ecosystem representatives) for exposure modelling and impact assessment. To achieve this, we designed a cross-sectional study to compare conventional and organic farm systems across Europe. Environmental and biological samples were/are being/will be collected during the 2021 growing season, at 10 case study sites in Europe covering a range of climate zones and crops. An additional study site in Argentina will inform the impact of PPP use on growing soybean which is an important European protein-source in animal feed. We will study the impact of PPP mixtures using an integrated risk assess...
Remediation Journal, 2017
Sustainable remediation is the elimination and/or control of unacceptable risks in a safe and tim... more Sustainable remediation is the elimination and/or control of unacceptable risks in a safe and timely manner while optimizing the environmental, social, and economic value of the work. Forthcoming International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guidance on sustainable remediation will allow countries without the capacity to develop their own guidance to benefit from work done over the past decade by various groups around the world. The ISO standard has progressed through the committee draft (ISO/CD 18504) and draft international standard (ISO DIS 18504) stages. The risk-based approach to managing the legacy of historically contaminated soil and groundwater has been incorporated into policy, legislation, and practice around the world. It helps determine the need for remediation and the end point of such remediation. Remediation begins with an options appraisal that short lists strategies that could deliver the required reduction in risk. A remediation strategy comprises one or more remediation technologies that will deliver the safe and timely elimination and/or control of unacceptable risks. The ISO standard will help assessors identify the most sustainable among the shortlisted, valid alternative remediation strategies. Practitioners presenting case studies claiming to constitute sustainable remediation should now report how they have aligned their work with the new standard. Indicators are used to compare alternative remediation strategies. The simplest metric that allows a characteristic to act as an indicator should be chosen. Weightings indicators can become a contested exercise and should only be undertaken where there is a clear desire for it by stakeholders and a clear need for it in identifying a preferred strategy. The simplest means of ranking alternative remediation strategies should be adopted.