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Citrus, orange in particular, is an important crop grown in Greece. Part of the fruit yield is us... more Citrus, orange in particular, is an important crop grown in Greece. Part of the fruit yield is used for making juice in canning industry, leaving citrus pulp as the main by-product. On the other hand sheep keeping is the main animal production activity in the area. Therefore the utilisation of citrus industry by-products as animal feeds for this sector suggests itself. Attempts have been made over the years in Greece to study the nutritive value of various types of citrus by-products as feeds for sheep. Firstly, a citrus canning industry by-product, namely Dried Citrus Pulp, has been studied in sheep nutrition. In addition, ensiling of fresh citrus pulp has been tried and characteristics of fermentation have been recorded. Ensiled Citrus Pulp was fed to small ruminants and performance of lactating animals, as well as, quantitative and qualitative traits of milk were assessed. Furthermore, the use of Ensiled Surplus Oranges was studied with lactating dairy sheep. Finally, the biotechnological upgrading of citrus pulp, protein enrichment in particular has been also attempted. Some sensible results emerged from these studies, among them, that ewes fed ensiled citrus feed tended to have higher fat content in milk. Results show that the inclusion of citrus by-products in diets of lactating sheep is a viable proposition, particularly for the dairy breed of sheep whose milk is used for cheese manufacturing industry in countries round the Mediterranean basin but also elsewhere.
Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 2009
Introduction Feed hygiene is important for the safety of foods of animal origin. Feed hazards inc... more Introduction Feed hygiene is important for the safety of foods of animal origin. Feed hazards include mycotoxins and pathogenic bacteria responsible for foodborne diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of samples consisting of compound feeds, feed materials and premixes, and provide information for the food chain. Methods Three series of samples were taken for analyses at monthy intervals from 25 batches of various types of feeds (75 in total) at a feed manufacturers. Standard and established methods were used for both microbiological and physico-chemical analyses. Results The water activity of the samples ranged from 0.578 to 0.648 and 0.659 to 0.741, whereas pH ranged from 5.78 to 6.19 and 5.82 to 6.41 in loose and pelleted compound feeds, respectively. The total bacterial count in loose feeds ranged from 4.44 to 6.30, yeasts-moulds 3.30 to 4.07, Enterobacteriaceae 3.23 to 4.74 and coliforms 3.21 to 4.89 log CFU g À1. Total bacterial count in pelleted feeds ranged from o 2.0 to 3.7 log CFU g À1 , whereas values for other variables were negligible. Wheat bran was most heavily loaded with microbes. Staphylococcus aureus and aflatoxin were not found in any of the 75 samples, whereas Escherichia coli was detected in soybean, sunflower and three out of 30 samples of compound feeds. Listeria spp. was found in only one out of three batches of sugarbeet pulp and in one out of three batches of two pelleted feed not containing sugarbeet pulp. Salmonella spp. was detected in two out of 15 samples of loose feeds. Conclusion These data meet demands of recent European Union legislation on feed hygiene for establishing specific microbiological criteria for feed manufacturers and fill gaps on the traceability and development of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points system in the animal production sector.
Food Control, 2014
During validation and verification of the system for the proper implementation of HACCP principle... more During validation and verification of the system for the proper implementation of HACCP principles, it is essential to rely on microbiological data. Considerable science research has been carried out during the last twenty years on sampling and testing of carcasses for hygiene criteria. This includes the preferable indicator microorganisms to be used, in order to indicate the general hygiene of slaughtering procedures, the evaluation of microbiological data gathered and the sampling methods. Furthermore, European Union (EU) and the United States have adopted the procedures for HACCP validation and verification in their legislation. The aim of this review is to demonstrate the relevant modern trends in this field of food science. In conclusion, microbiological data based on the indicators should be interpreted only to assess general trends in the hygiene process of the operator in order to take corrective action. Microbiological results, obtained only at the end of the slaughtering process, do not provide information on the cause of the problem. Therefore, 'process-based' microbiological criteria which are based on values measured at various stages of the process, including final carcass values, should be used. Finally, in order to implement an adequate monitoring system, non-destructive techniques of carcass sampling could be used instead of excision. The microbial recovery may be lower, but it is proportional to the excision recovery and therefore, non-destructive techniques, like swabbing with sponges, could be a practical sampling method for the estimation of indicators during the slaughtering procedure and hygiene evaluation.
Food Control, 2012
In meat slaughterhouses, the enumeration of certain microorganisms as microbiological quality ind... more In meat slaughterhouses, the enumeration of certain microorganisms as microbiological quality indicators is very important for verifying effectiveness of the Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) systems. Microbiological testing of final products as part of the HACCP verifying process may provide information that a process is in control. The aim of this work was to exploit the data from a poultry slaughterhouse implementing HACCP and demonstrate an alternative approach to the conventional statistical analysis using the principles of the Six Sigma quality. The data collected on Total Viable, Total Coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus counts were used to construct control charts (X bareR control chart) and perform process capability analysis. Based on X bareR control charts, the process was in a statistical control state but this before its automation was not capable since process capability and process performance indices were below 1.00, indicating the production of poultry carcasses with poor microbiological quality. After process automation, the indices were much higher than 2.00, indicating that the process was capable of producing poultry carcasses within the specification limits.
British Food Journal, 2013
Purpose – The aim of this study is to evaluate the food safety management system (HACCP – type sy... more Purpose – The aim of this study is to evaluate the food safety management system (HACCP – type system) implemented in Greek food businesses, examine the techno-managerial factors influencing its application according to enterprises' opinion and correlate these answers to the HACCP evaluation results. Design/methodology/approach – The study involved 33 slaughterhouses located throughout Greece. Two types of questionnaires were used (IF questionnaire – for the influencing factors and HE questionnaire – for HACCP evaluation). Reliability or item analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data obtained from the survey. Findings – The results showed that the companies identifying the benefits of HACCP implementation as very important have fully understood possible problems and had the best results as regards HACCP evaluation. Companies not identifying the benefits as important had poor score in HACCP evaluation. Businesses with HACCP certification for longer period...
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2004
Samples (n = 302) of animal feeds were collected from farms throughout Greece to determine some m... more Samples (n = 302) of animal feeds were collected from farms throughout Greece to determine some microbiological parameters by enumerating total bacteria, yeast and moulds, and determining aflatoxin B 1 levels as well as moisture content. Another 211 feed samples were obtained from feed manufacturer's establishments to evaluate the incidence of Salmonella spp. in compound feeds and raw materials of vegetable origin. Feeds had high bacterial count (5.3-5.7 log 10 cfu/g), and maize grain the highest yeast and mould count (4.9 log 10 cfu/g) and moisture (121.4 g/kg). Seven of 183 (3.8%) raw materials, and none of 119 compound feed samples, were positive for aflatoxin B 1. Two of 138 (1.4%) feeds, and none of 73 compound feed samples, were positive for Salmonella spp. The information from the present study will contribute to appropriate measures taken by the Hellenic State, to cope with EU legislation on food safety, to develop traceability systems and to establish a HACCP system as well as GAP programme for Greece.
Sustainability, 2013
Adoption of organic animal production legislation, particularly at the Community level, is done w... more Adoption of organic animal production legislation, particularly at the Community level, is done with a spirit of compromise and an attempt to reach consensus. In this sense, legal tools are used to solve technical problems so that an appreciable number of derogations (exceptions) are introduced. These may allow the use of certain feed additives, tethered animals or even application of castration. However, derogations should be avoided in legislation where harmonization is pursued, since they bring about distortion in the marketing of organic products. The validity of these derogations has expiry dates. However, at least the EU was hesitant to proceed with the necessary amendments to lift these derogations so that eliminate ambiguities and block loopholes. In turn, mention is made to geographical issues raised from the exceptions question posed again with the new EU Regulations. Furthermore some thoughts are expressed concerning the relationship between setting standards and the crucial role of values in agriculture, organic in particular, social aspects and pursued policy. Finally, the essential feature of this work is that derogations in legislation inevitably lead to conventionalization of organic animal production, which necessitates the clear definition of-organic‖. To substantiate this, relevant arguments are put forward.
Citrus, orange in particular, is an important crop grown in Greece. Part of the fruit yield is us... more Citrus, orange in particular, is an important crop grown in Greece. Part of the fruit yield is used for making juice in canning industry, leaving citrus pulp as the main by-product. On the other hand sheep keeping is the main animal production activity in the area. Therefore the utilisation of citrus industry by-products as animal feeds for this sector suggests itself. Attempts have been made over the years in Greece to study the nutritive value of various types of citrus by-products as feeds for sheep. Firstly, a citrus canning industry by-product, namely Dried Citrus Pulp, has been studied in sheep nutrition. In addition, ensiling of fresh citrus pulp has been tried and characteristics of fermentation have been recorded. Ensiled Citrus Pulp was fed to small ruminants and performance of lactating animals, as well as, quantitative and qualitative traits of milk were assessed. Furthermore, the use of Ensiled Surplus Oranges was studied with lactating dairy sheep. Finally, the biotechnological upgrading of citrus pulp, protein enrichment in particular has been also attempted. Some sensible results emerged from these studies, among them, that ewes fed ensiled citrus feed tended to have higher fat content in milk. Results show that the inclusion of citrus by-products in diets of lactating sheep is a viable proposition, particularly for the dairy breed of sheep whose milk is used for cheese manufacturing industry in countries round the Mediterranean basin but also elsewhere.
Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 2009
Introduction Feed hygiene is important for the safety of foods of animal origin. Feed hazards inc... more Introduction Feed hygiene is important for the safety of foods of animal origin. Feed hazards include mycotoxins and pathogenic bacteria responsible for foodborne diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of samples consisting of compound feeds, feed materials and premixes, and provide information for the food chain. Methods Three series of samples were taken for analyses at monthy intervals from 25 batches of various types of feeds (75 in total) at a feed manufacturers. Standard and established methods were used for both microbiological and physico-chemical analyses. Results The water activity of the samples ranged from 0.578 to 0.648 and 0.659 to 0.741, whereas pH ranged from 5.78 to 6.19 and 5.82 to 6.41 in loose and pelleted compound feeds, respectively. The total bacterial count in loose feeds ranged from 4.44 to 6.30, yeasts-moulds 3.30 to 4.07, Enterobacteriaceae 3.23 to 4.74 and coliforms 3.21 to 4.89 log CFU g À1. Total bacterial count in pelleted feeds ranged from o 2.0 to 3.7 log CFU g À1 , whereas values for other variables were negligible. Wheat bran was most heavily loaded with microbes. Staphylococcus aureus and aflatoxin were not found in any of the 75 samples, whereas Escherichia coli was detected in soybean, sunflower and three out of 30 samples of compound feeds. Listeria spp. was found in only one out of three batches of sugarbeet pulp and in one out of three batches of two pelleted feed not containing sugarbeet pulp. Salmonella spp. was detected in two out of 15 samples of loose feeds. Conclusion These data meet demands of recent European Union legislation on feed hygiene for establishing specific microbiological criteria for feed manufacturers and fill gaps on the traceability and development of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points system in the animal production sector.
Food Control, 2014
During validation and verification of the system for the proper implementation of HACCP principle... more During validation and verification of the system for the proper implementation of HACCP principles, it is essential to rely on microbiological data. Considerable science research has been carried out during the last twenty years on sampling and testing of carcasses for hygiene criteria. This includes the preferable indicator microorganisms to be used, in order to indicate the general hygiene of slaughtering procedures, the evaluation of microbiological data gathered and the sampling methods. Furthermore, European Union (EU) and the United States have adopted the procedures for HACCP validation and verification in their legislation. The aim of this review is to demonstrate the relevant modern trends in this field of food science. In conclusion, microbiological data based on the indicators should be interpreted only to assess general trends in the hygiene process of the operator in order to take corrective action. Microbiological results, obtained only at the end of the slaughtering process, do not provide information on the cause of the problem. Therefore, 'process-based' microbiological criteria which are based on values measured at various stages of the process, including final carcass values, should be used. Finally, in order to implement an adequate monitoring system, non-destructive techniques of carcass sampling could be used instead of excision. The microbial recovery may be lower, but it is proportional to the excision recovery and therefore, non-destructive techniques, like swabbing with sponges, could be a practical sampling method for the estimation of indicators during the slaughtering procedure and hygiene evaluation.
Food Control, 2012
In meat slaughterhouses, the enumeration of certain microorganisms as microbiological quality ind... more In meat slaughterhouses, the enumeration of certain microorganisms as microbiological quality indicators is very important for verifying effectiveness of the Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) systems. Microbiological testing of final products as part of the HACCP verifying process may provide information that a process is in control. The aim of this work was to exploit the data from a poultry slaughterhouse implementing HACCP and demonstrate an alternative approach to the conventional statistical analysis using the principles of the Six Sigma quality. The data collected on Total Viable, Total Coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus counts were used to construct control charts (X bareR control chart) and perform process capability analysis. Based on X bareR control charts, the process was in a statistical control state but this before its automation was not capable since process capability and process performance indices were below 1.00, indicating the production of poultry carcasses with poor microbiological quality. After process automation, the indices were much higher than 2.00, indicating that the process was capable of producing poultry carcasses within the specification limits.
British Food Journal, 2013
Purpose – The aim of this study is to evaluate the food safety management system (HACCP – type sy... more Purpose – The aim of this study is to evaluate the food safety management system (HACCP – type system) implemented in Greek food businesses, examine the techno-managerial factors influencing its application according to enterprises' opinion and correlate these answers to the HACCP evaluation results. Design/methodology/approach – The study involved 33 slaughterhouses located throughout Greece. Two types of questionnaires were used (IF questionnaire – for the influencing factors and HE questionnaire – for HACCP evaluation). Reliability or item analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data obtained from the survey. Findings – The results showed that the companies identifying the benefits of HACCP implementation as very important have fully understood possible problems and had the best results as regards HACCP evaluation. Companies not identifying the benefits as important had poor score in HACCP evaluation. Businesses with HACCP certification for longer period...
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2004
Samples (n = 302) of animal feeds were collected from farms throughout Greece to determine some m... more Samples (n = 302) of animal feeds were collected from farms throughout Greece to determine some microbiological parameters by enumerating total bacteria, yeast and moulds, and determining aflatoxin B 1 levels as well as moisture content. Another 211 feed samples were obtained from feed manufacturer's establishments to evaluate the incidence of Salmonella spp. in compound feeds and raw materials of vegetable origin. Feeds had high bacterial count (5.3-5.7 log 10 cfu/g), and maize grain the highest yeast and mould count (4.9 log 10 cfu/g) and moisture (121.4 g/kg). Seven of 183 (3.8%) raw materials, and none of 119 compound feed samples, were positive for aflatoxin B 1. Two of 138 (1.4%) feeds, and none of 73 compound feed samples, were positive for Salmonella spp. The information from the present study will contribute to appropriate measures taken by the Hellenic State, to cope with EU legislation on food safety, to develop traceability systems and to establish a HACCP system as well as GAP programme for Greece.
Sustainability, 2013
Adoption of organic animal production legislation, particularly at the Community level, is done w... more Adoption of organic animal production legislation, particularly at the Community level, is done with a spirit of compromise and an attempt to reach consensus. In this sense, legal tools are used to solve technical problems so that an appreciable number of derogations (exceptions) are introduced. These may allow the use of certain feed additives, tethered animals or even application of castration. However, derogations should be avoided in legislation where harmonization is pursued, since they bring about distortion in the marketing of organic products. The validity of these derogations has expiry dates. However, at least the EU was hesitant to proceed with the necessary amendments to lift these derogations so that eliminate ambiguities and block loopholes. In turn, mention is made to geographical issues raised from the exceptions question posed again with the new EU Regulations. Furthermore some thoughts are expressed concerning the relationship between setting standards and the crucial role of values in agriculture, organic in particular, social aspects and pursued policy. Finally, the essential feature of this work is that derogations in legislation inevitably lead to conventionalization of organic animal production, which necessitates the clear definition of-organic‖. To substantiate this, relevant arguments are put forward.