Paolo Carbone - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Paolo Carbone

This paper has the main purpose to give an introductory survey on the various systems that exploi... more This paper has the main purpose to give an introductory survey on the various systems that exploit magnetic fields for positioning. Such systems find applications in those scenarios, both indoors and outdoors, where Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are not available or fail to provide information with the needed accuracy. While the main idea of using electromagnetic fields to provide position information dates back to the past century, new application-led research on this topic has emerged in recent years. Results have expanded the application range of Magnetic Positioning (MP) technologies and form now a domain of knowledge that enables realization of positioning systems applicable to indoor and outdoor environments. The paper provides the main characteristics of different positioning systems with focus on those solutions that are based on low-frequency magnetic fields. Some background theory is presented and positioning results from the literature are analyzed and compared.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Feb 1, 2017

Several issues related to the practical synthesis of ternary sequences with specified spectra are... more Several issues related to the practical synthesis of ternary sequences with specified spectra are addressed in this paper. Specifically, sequences with harmonic multiples of two and three suppressed are studied, given their relevance when testing and characterizing nonlinear systems. In particular, the effect of non-uniform Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) levels on the spectral properties of the generated signal is analyzed. It is analytically shown that the DAC non-uniform levels result in degraded harmonic suppression performance. Moreover, a new approach is proposed for designing ternary sequences, which is flexible and can be adapted to suit different requirements. The resulting sequences, denoted as randomized constrained sequences, are characterized theoretically by deriving an analytical expression of the power spectral density. Furthermore, they are extensively compared with three synthesis approaches proposed in the literature. The approach is validated by numerical simulations and experimental results, showing the potential to achieve harmonic suppression performance of approximately 100 dB.

This paper introduces a novel procedure for quick estimation of the parameters in a sum of sinuso... more This paper introduces a novel procedure for quick estimation of the parameters in a sum of sinusoidal signals based on one-bit measurements. Amplitude, phases and, frequencies of the signal components are assumed unknown, as well as the threshold level of the comparator used to produce measurement results. To provide enough information at the one-bit quantizer input, a sinewave is assumed to dither one of the two comparator’s inputs. To ease the procedure's application, only the peak-to-peak amplitude of this dither signal is assumed known.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, May 1, 2018

The problem of measuring the best linear approximation of a nonlinear system by means of multilev... more The problem of measuring the best linear approximation of a nonlinear system by means of multilevel excitation sequences is analyzed. A comparison between different types of sequences applied at the input of Wiener systems is provided by numerical simulations and by experiments on a practical circuit including an analog filter and a clipping nonlinearity. The performance of the sequences is compared with a white Gaussian noise signal for reference purposes. The theoretical characterization of the best linear approximation when using randomized constrained sequences is derived analytically for the cubic nonlinearity case. Numerical and experimental results show that the randomized constrained approach for designing ternary sequences has a low sensitivity to both even and odd order nonlinearities, resulting in a response close to the actual response of the underlying linear system.

The problem of measuring the best linear approximation of a nonlinear system by means of multilev... more The problem of measuring the best linear approximation of a nonlinear system by means of multilevel excitation sequences is analyzed. A comparison between different types of sequences applied at the input of Wiener systems is provided by numerical simulations. The performance of the sequences is compared with a white Gaussian noise signal for reference purposes. It is shown that the randomized constrained approach for designing ternary sequences has a low sensitivity to even and odd order nonlinearity, resulting in a response close to the actual response of the underlying linear system.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, May 1, 2017

This paper investigates the applicability of a developed Magnetic Positioning System (MPS) as a s... more This paper investigates the applicability of a developed Magnetic Positioning System (MPS) as a support for a dead-reckoning inertial navigation system (DR-INS) for pedestrian applications. The integrated system combines the complementary properties of the separate systems, operating over long periods of time and in cluttered indoor areas with partial nonline-of-sight conditions. The obtained results show that the proposed approach can effectively improve the coverage area of the MPS and the operation time with bounded errors of the DR-INS. In particular, a solution that provides bounded position errors of 1-2 m over significantly long periods of time up to 45 min, in realistic indoor environments, is demonstrated. Moreover, system applicability is also shown in those scenarios where arbitrary orientations of the MPS mobile node are considered and an MPS position estimate is not available due to less than three distance measurements.

In this paper, the development of a system capable of tracking finger motion is presented. The pr... more In this paper, the development of a system capable of tracking finger motion is presented. The proposed wearable tracking unit is placed on the finger and it is wirelessly powered without using cables or batteries, thus enhancing freedom of movement. The system is comprised by two sections: a measurement unit and a wireless power transfer apparatus. The measurement unit consists of an electronic board able to measure, acquire and transmit sensors signals; a stretch sensor and an inertial measurement unit are integrated on the measurement unit. Furthermore, the wireless power transfer apparatus is implemented by means of inductively-coupled resonant circuits. A prototype of the developed system is characterized by experimental tests. Results show the feasibility of the proposed approach. The measuring system can track finger movement with a sample rate of 30 Hz, while the wireless power transfer system demonstrates the capability of transferring 67.72 mW, necessary to power the measurement unit, at a maximum distance of about 8 cm.

In this paper, the use of binary sequences for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of ba... more In this paper, the use of binary sequences for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of battery cells is experimentally investigated by implementing them on a VLSI 1-bit current digital-to-analog converter. Two types of binary sequences are considered, i.e. sigma-delta modulated multisine sequences and maximum-length binary sequences. Their performance is evaluated using a low-complexity experimental setup. Results prove that the two types of sequences are capable of estimating the complex impedance of a battery in the frequency range of interest 1 Hz-200 Hz with an RMSE smaller than 5% with respect to a reference instrument. Both sequences are suitable for implementing online in-situ EIS monitoring, because they enable fast measurement and simple integration within the battery cell itself.

In this paper, the problem of generating ternary signals with high spectral purity using imperfec... more In this paper, the problem of generating ternary signals with high spectral purity using imperfect equipment is addressed. In particular, a low-cost setup comprised of a non-uniform digital-to-analog converter (DAC), an analog filter, and a non-uniform analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is considered. First, the effect of DAC nonlinearity on the spectrum of randomized constrained sequences (RCS) is described and validated. Then, based on this effect, a method for generating RCS signals with high spectral purity is proposed. The feasibility of this method is evaluated by numerical simulations and experimental tests.

In this paper, simultaneous estimation of 3D position and attitude of a single coil using a set o... more In this paper, simultaneous estimation of 3D position and attitude of a single coil using a set of anchors, with known position and magnetic dipole, is analyzed. Effect of noise and geometric properties of the anchors' constellation is considered. Several parameters are analyzed and discussed, including placement of anchors in a single or in multiple orthogonal planes. It is shown that adding space and orientation diversity anchors may lead to a more robust performance when the mobile node attitude changes in time.

arXiv (Cornell University), Apr 20, 2018

This paper considers least-square based estimation of the amplitude and square amplitude of a qua... more This paper considers least-square based estimation of the amplitude and square amplitude of a quantized sine wave, done by considering random initial record phase. Using amplitude-and frequency-domain modeling techniques, it is shown that the estimator is inconsistent, biased and has a variance that may be underestimated if the simple model of quantization is applied. The effects of both sine wave offset values and additive Gaussian noise are taken into account. General estimator properties are derived, without making simplifying assumptions on the role of the quantization process, to allow assessment of measurement uncertainty, when this least-square procedure is used.

The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wi... more The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP URL' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.

Computer Standards & Interfaces, Jun 1, 1999

ABSTRACT

This paper has the main purpose to give an introductory survey on the various systems that exploi... more This paper has the main purpose to give an introductory survey on the various systems that exploit magnetic fields for positioning. Such systems find applications in those scenarios, both indoors and outdoors, where Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are not available or fail to provide information with the needed accuracy. While the main idea of using electromagnetic fields to provide position information dates back to the past century, new application-led research on this topic has emerged in recent years. Results have expanded the application range of Magnetic Positioning (MP) technologies and form now a domain of knowledge that enables realization of positioning systems applicable to indoor and outdoor environments. The paper provides the main characteristics of different positioning systems with focus on those solutions that are based on low-frequency magnetic fields. Some background theory is presented and positioning results from the literature are analyzed and compared.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Feb 1, 2017

Several issues related to the practical synthesis of ternary sequences with specified spectra are... more Several issues related to the practical synthesis of ternary sequences with specified spectra are addressed in this paper. Specifically, sequences with harmonic multiples of two and three suppressed are studied, given their relevance when testing and characterizing nonlinear systems. In particular, the effect of non-uniform Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) levels on the spectral properties of the generated signal is analyzed. It is analytically shown that the DAC non-uniform levels result in degraded harmonic suppression performance. Moreover, a new approach is proposed for designing ternary sequences, which is flexible and can be adapted to suit different requirements. The resulting sequences, denoted as randomized constrained sequences, are characterized theoretically by deriving an analytical expression of the power spectral density. Furthermore, they are extensively compared with three synthesis approaches proposed in the literature. The approach is validated by numerical simulations and experimental results, showing the potential to achieve harmonic suppression performance of approximately 100 dB.

This paper introduces a novel procedure for quick estimation of the parameters in a sum of sinuso... more This paper introduces a novel procedure for quick estimation of the parameters in a sum of sinusoidal signals based on one-bit measurements. Amplitude, phases and, frequencies of the signal components are assumed unknown, as well as the threshold level of the comparator used to produce measurement results. To provide enough information at the one-bit quantizer input, a sinewave is assumed to dither one of the two comparator’s inputs. To ease the procedure's application, only the peak-to-peak amplitude of this dither signal is assumed known.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, May 1, 2018

The problem of measuring the best linear approximation of a nonlinear system by means of multilev... more The problem of measuring the best linear approximation of a nonlinear system by means of multilevel excitation sequences is analyzed. A comparison between different types of sequences applied at the input of Wiener systems is provided by numerical simulations and by experiments on a practical circuit including an analog filter and a clipping nonlinearity. The performance of the sequences is compared with a white Gaussian noise signal for reference purposes. The theoretical characterization of the best linear approximation when using randomized constrained sequences is derived analytically for the cubic nonlinearity case. Numerical and experimental results show that the randomized constrained approach for designing ternary sequences has a low sensitivity to both even and odd order nonlinearities, resulting in a response close to the actual response of the underlying linear system.

The problem of measuring the best linear approximation of a nonlinear system by means of multilev... more The problem of measuring the best linear approximation of a nonlinear system by means of multilevel excitation sequences is analyzed. A comparison between different types of sequences applied at the input of Wiener systems is provided by numerical simulations. The performance of the sequences is compared with a white Gaussian noise signal for reference purposes. It is shown that the randomized constrained approach for designing ternary sequences has a low sensitivity to even and odd order nonlinearity, resulting in a response close to the actual response of the underlying linear system.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, May 1, 2017

This paper investigates the applicability of a developed Magnetic Positioning System (MPS) as a s... more This paper investigates the applicability of a developed Magnetic Positioning System (MPS) as a support for a dead-reckoning inertial navigation system (DR-INS) for pedestrian applications. The integrated system combines the complementary properties of the separate systems, operating over long periods of time and in cluttered indoor areas with partial nonline-of-sight conditions. The obtained results show that the proposed approach can effectively improve the coverage area of the MPS and the operation time with bounded errors of the DR-INS. In particular, a solution that provides bounded position errors of 1-2 m over significantly long periods of time up to 45 min, in realistic indoor environments, is demonstrated. Moreover, system applicability is also shown in those scenarios where arbitrary orientations of the MPS mobile node are considered and an MPS position estimate is not available due to less than three distance measurements.

In this paper, the development of a system capable of tracking finger motion is presented. The pr... more In this paper, the development of a system capable of tracking finger motion is presented. The proposed wearable tracking unit is placed on the finger and it is wirelessly powered without using cables or batteries, thus enhancing freedom of movement. The system is comprised by two sections: a measurement unit and a wireless power transfer apparatus. The measurement unit consists of an electronic board able to measure, acquire and transmit sensors signals; a stretch sensor and an inertial measurement unit are integrated on the measurement unit. Furthermore, the wireless power transfer apparatus is implemented by means of inductively-coupled resonant circuits. A prototype of the developed system is characterized by experimental tests. Results show the feasibility of the proposed approach. The measuring system can track finger movement with a sample rate of 30 Hz, while the wireless power transfer system demonstrates the capability of transferring 67.72 mW, necessary to power the measurement unit, at a maximum distance of about 8 cm.

In this paper, the use of binary sequences for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of ba... more In this paper, the use of binary sequences for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of battery cells is experimentally investigated by implementing them on a VLSI 1-bit current digital-to-analog converter. Two types of binary sequences are considered, i.e. sigma-delta modulated multisine sequences and maximum-length binary sequences. Their performance is evaluated using a low-complexity experimental setup. Results prove that the two types of sequences are capable of estimating the complex impedance of a battery in the frequency range of interest 1 Hz-200 Hz with an RMSE smaller than 5% with respect to a reference instrument. Both sequences are suitable for implementing online in-situ EIS monitoring, because they enable fast measurement and simple integration within the battery cell itself.

In this paper, the problem of generating ternary signals with high spectral purity using imperfec... more In this paper, the problem of generating ternary signals with high spectral purity using imperfect equipment is addressed. In particular, a low-cost setup comprised of a non-uniform digital-to-analog converter (DAC), an analog filter, and a non-uniform analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is considered. First, the effect of DAC nonlinearity on the spectrum of randomized constrained sequences (RCS) is described and validated. Then, based on this effect, a method for generating RCS signals with high spectral purity is proposed. The feasibility of this method is evaluated by numerical simulations and experimental tests.

In this paper, simultaneous estimation of 3D position and attitude of a single coil using a set o... more In this paper, simultaneous estimation of 3D position and attitude of a single coil using a set of anchors, with known position and magnetic dipole, is analyzed. Effect of noise and geometric properties of the anchors' constellation is considered. Several parameters are analyzed and discussed, including placement of anchors in a single or in multiple orthogonal planes. It is shown that adding space and orientation diversity anchors may lead to a more robust performance when the mobile node attitude changes in time.

arXiv (Cornell University), Apr 20, 2018

This paper considers least-square based estimation of the amplitude and square amplitude of a qua... more This paper considers least-square based estimation of the amplitude and square amplitude of a quantized sine wave, done by considering random initial record phase. Using amplitude-and frequency-domain modeling techniques, it is shown that the estimator is inconsistent, biased and has a variance that may be underestimated if the simple model of quantization is applied. The effects of both sine wave offset values and additive Gaussian noise are taken into account. General estimator properties are derived, without making simplifying assumptions on the role of the quantization process, to allow assessment of measurement uncertainty, when this least-square procedure is used.

The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wi... more The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP URL' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.

Computer Standards & Interfaces, Jun 1, 1999

ABSTRACT