Paramjit Grover - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Paramjit Grover
Toxicology, Oct 30, 2001
DNA damage induced by Mercuric chloride (HgCl 2) in leucocytes of Wistar albino male rats has bee... more DNA damage induced by Mercuric chloride (HgCl 2) in leucocytes of Wistar albino male rats has been studied in vivo. The comet assay or the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay was used to measure the DNA damage. The rats were administered orally with doses ranging from 0.0054, 0.0108, 0.0216, 0.0432 to 0.0864 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) of HgCl 2. The assay was performed on whole blood at 24, 48, 72 h, 1st and 2nd week. The reason leucocytes were used was to reflect biomarker studies in humans. A significant increase in mean comet tail length indicating DNA damage was observed at all time intervals with HgCl 2 except in 2nd week post treatment when compared to controls. The mean comet tail length revealed a clear dose dependent increase from 0.0054 to 0.0432 mg/kg b.wt. A maximum increase in mean comet tail length was observed at 0.0432 mg/kg b.wt. 24 h after treatment. From 48 h post treatment, the mean comet tail lengths of all the doses gradually decreased and by week 2 of post treatment, they had approached control levels, pointing to repair of the damaged DNA. These findings suggest that the comet assay is a highly sensitive technique to study DNA damage caused by metals.
Toxicology, May 1, 2003
Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous and toxic metal. Secondary Pb recovery unit workers are prone to possib... more Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous and toxic metal. Secondary Pb recovery unit workers are prone to possible occupational Pb exposure. Hence, this investigation was conducted to assess the genotoxic effect of Pb exposure in these workers. In the study, 45 workers were monitored for DNA damage in blood leucocytes. Simultaneously 36 subjects were used as control group in this study. All the subjects were estimated for Pb content in whole blood by ICP-MS. The alkali single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) was adopted for detecting the DNA damage. The air inside the premises of the unit had Pb concentrations of 4.2 mg/m 3. The level of DNA damage was determined as the percentage of cells with comets. The mean Pb content was found to be significantly higher in the study group (248.3 mg/l) when compared with the controls (27.49 mg/l). Significantly more cells with DNA damage (44.58%) were observed in the study group than in the control persons (21.14%). Smoking had a significant effect on DNA damage in the control group whereas an insignificant effect was noticed in the exposed workers. Study as well as the control group failed to show a significant effect on DNA damage with age (P /0.05). Pb content and years of exposure significantly correlated with DNA damage in the study group (r 0/0.602, r 0/0.690; P B/0.01). The increased levels of DNA damage observed in the exposed workers, justifies the use of the comet assay for the evaluation of genotoxic effects in humans exposed to Pb.
Journal of Applied Toxicology, Oct 24, 2022
Chemistry & Biodiversity, May 23, 2018
A series of novel ethyl 2,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-[(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro... more A series of novel ethyl 2,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-[(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate derivatives 7a - 7m were efficiently synthesized employing click chemistry approach and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activity against four tumor cell lines: A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell line), HepG2 (human hematoma), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), and SKOV3 (human ovarian carcinoma cell line). Among the compounds tested, the compounds 7a, 7b, 7f, 7l, and 7m have shown potential and selective activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) with IC ranging from 0.69 to 6.74 μm. Molecular docking studies revealed that the compounds 7a, 7b, 7f, 7l, and 7m are potent inhibitors of human DNA topoisomerase-II and also showed compliance with stranded parameters of drug likeness. The calculated binding constants, k , from UV/VIS absorptional binding studies of 7a and 7l with CT-DNA were 10.77 × 10 , 6.48 × 10 , respectively. Viscosity measurements revealed that the binding could be surface binding mainly due to groove binding. DNA cleavage study showed that 7a and 7l have the potential to cleave pBR322 plasmid DNA without any external agents.
Mutagenesis, Mar 1, 2003
The use of pesticides has been increasing in recent years, resulting in the need for increased pr... more The use of pesticides has been increasing in recent years, resulting in the need for increased production of pesticides. However, some pesticides may represent a hazard to human health, especially by causing cancer. Genotoxicity tests form an important part of cancer research and risk assessment of potential carcinogens. Therefore, in the current study the potential DNA damage associated with exposure to pesticides of Indian pesticide production workers was assessed using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay or Comet assay. Blood leukocytes of a group of 54 pesticide workers and an equal number of control subjects were examined for genotoxicity in this study. The two groups had similar mean ages and smoking prevalences. The mean comet tail length was used to measure DNA damage. The exposed workers had significantly greater mean comet tail lengths than those of controls (mean ⍨ SD 19.17 ⍨ 2.467 versus 8.938 ⍨ 2.889, P < 0.001). Smokers had significantly larger mean tail lengths than non-smokers (19.75 ⍨ 2.52 versus 18.26 ⍨ 2.13, P ⍧ 0.024). Analysis of covariance showed that occupational exposure (P < 0.05) and smoking (P < 0.05) had significant effects on mean tail length, whereas age and gender had no effect on DNA damage. The present study suggests that occupational exposure to pesticides and smoking can cause DNA damage. This investigation confirms the sensitivity of the Comet assay.
Mutation Research, Apr 1, 2002
Two organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (chloropyriphos and acephate) and cyclophosphamide (CP) (pos... more Two organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (chloropyriphos and acephate) and cyclophosphamide (CP) (positive control) were tested for their ability to induce in vivo genotoxic effect in leucocytes of Swiss albino mice using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay or comet assay. The mice were administered orally with doses ranging from 0.28 to 8.96 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) of chloropyriphos and 12.25 to 392.00 mg/kg b.wt. of acephate. The assay was performed on whole blood at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. A significant increase in mean comet tail length indicating DNA damage was observed at 24 h post-treatment (P < 0.05) with both pesticides in comparison to control. The damage was dose related. The mean comet tail length revealed a clear dose dependent increase. From 48 h post-treatment, a gradual decrease in mean tail length was noted. By 96 h of post-treatment the mean comet tail length reached control levels indicating repair of the damaged DNA. From the study it can be concluded that the comet assay is a sensitive assay for the detection of genotoxicity caused by pesticides.
The Nucleus, 2019
Testing of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) on established cell lines at cellular levels u... more Testing of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) on established cell lines at cellular levels using toxicological endpoints provide valuable information about their adverse effects upon exposure. In vitro toxicity assessment of MgO NPs and their microparticles was carried out at 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/mL concentrations by using cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis and cellular uptake studies in cancer (HepG2) and non-cancer (NRK 49F) cell lines after 24 h of treatment. IC50 concentration for MgO NPs was found to be > 400 µg/mL in both cell lines after 24 h treatment. A concentration dependent toxicity was noted in genotoxic studies and oxidative stress parameters. A significant increase in the comet tail DNA was recorded at 200 and 400 µg/mL concentrations of MgO NPs when compared with controls in HepG2 and NRK 49F cells. Exposure to MgO NPs led to an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both the cell types. Genotoxicity results were further supported by apoptotic analysis. MgO particles were found adhered to the cell membrane when assayed by ICP-OES. The results of this study showed that the MgO NPs were toxic at high concentrations only. Furthermore, MgO NPs are more toxic to cancerous cells compared to non-cancerous cells. ROS mediated genotoxicity was observed when treated with MgO NPs. The current study adds to the information on MgO particles. The results of this investigation may help in advancement of understanding of toxicological nature of MgO NPs and aid in their use.
Environmental toxicology, 2018
Increased utilization and exposure levels of Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs) to humans ... more Increased utilization and exposure levels of Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs) to humans and environment may raise unexpected consequences. The goal of this study was to evaluate the toxicological implications of MgO NPs and MPs after 28 day repeated oral administration in Wistar rats with three different doses (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg). The MgO particles were characterised systematically in order to get more insights of the toxicological behaviour. MgO NPs induced significant DNA damage and aberrations in chromosomes. Moreover, hepatic enzymes released into the systemic circulation caused significant elevated levels of physiological enzymes in blood. NPs could interfere with proteins and enzymes and alter the redox balance in cell environment. Significant accumulation of Mg in all tissues and clearance via urine and faeces was noted in size dependent kinetics. Oral administration of MgO NPs altered the biochemical and genotoxic parameters in dose dependent and gender indep...
Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 2018
The exigency of semiconductor and super capacitor tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WO NPs) is increa... more The exigency of semiconductor and super capacitor tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WO NPs) is increasing in various sectors. However, limited information on their toxicity and biological interactions are available. Hence, we explored the underlying mechanisms of toxicity induced by WO NPs and their microparticles (MPs) using different concentrations (0-300 μg ml ) in human lung carcinoma (A549) cells. The mean size of WO NPs and MPs by transmission electron microscopy was 53.84 nm and 3.88 μm, respectively. WO NPs induced reduction in cell viability, membrane damage and the degree of induction was size- and dose-dependent. There was a significant increase in the percentage tail DNA and micronuclei formation at 200 and 300 μg ml after 24 hours of exposure. The DNA damage induced by WO NPs could be attributed to increased oxidative stress and inflammation through reactive oxygen species generation, which correlated with the depletion of reduced glutathione content, catalase and an increa...
![Research paper thumbnail of 1,2,3-Triazole Tagged 3H-Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate Derivatives: Synthesis, in Vitro Cytotoxicity, Molecular Docking and DNA Interaction Studies](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/112989279/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Chemistry & biodiversity, 2018
A series of novel ethyl 2,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-[(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro... more A series of novel ethyl 2,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-[(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate derivatives 7a - 7m were efficiently synthesized employing click chemistry approach and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activity against four tumor cell lines: A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell line), HepG2 (human hematoma), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), and SKOV3 (human ovarian carcinoma cell line). Among the compounds tested, the compounds 7a, 7b, 7f, 7l, and 7m have shown potential and selective activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) with IC ranging from 0.69 to 6.74 μm. Molecular docking studies revealed that the compounds 7a, 7b, 7f, 7l, and 7m are potent inhibitors of human DNA topoisomerase-II and also showed compliance with stranded parameters of drug likeness. The calculated binding constants, k , from UV/VIS absorptional binding studies of 7a and 7l with CT-DNA were 10.77 × 10 , 6.48 × 10 , respectively. ...
Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals, Jan 24, 2016
This study was designed to determine the genotoxic effect of exposure to a mixture of pesticides ... more This study was designed to determine the genotoxic effect of exposure to a mixture of pesticides in 106 female agricultural workers employed in cotton fields from India. Comet, micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations tests were carried out in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Micronucleus test was also performed in buccal epithelial cells. Levels of antioxidant enzymes, RBC Acetylcholinesterase and hematological parameters were analyzed in the blood samples of the study subjects. The results indicated significant DNA damage, increased frequency of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in the exposed subjects (P < 0.05). The levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly lowered and rate of lipid peroxidation was elevated in the exposed subjects. The outcome of the study revealed increased risk of genotoxicity and health implications in female agricultural workers.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2014
The genotoxicological effects in 200 lead acid storage battery recycling and manufacturing indust... more The genotoxicological effects in 200 lead acid storage battery recycling and manufacturing industry workers in Hyderabad along with matched 200 controls were studied. The genetic damage was determined by comet, micronucleus (MN), and chromosomal aberration (CA) test in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The MN test was also carried out in buccal epithelial cells (BECs). Pb in ambient air, blood Pb (B-Pb) concentrations, and hematological parameters were measured. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) formed were also studied. The results of the present study showed that there was a statistically significant (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.01) increase in mean percent tail DNA, frequency of CA, and MN in PBL as well as in BEC as compared to controls. Pb in ambient air and B-Pb concentrations were found to be significantly higher (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.01). The hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell values were significantly lowered in Pb-exposed workers in comparison to controls. SOD, GPx, and CAT levels were significantly decreased while GSH and MDA levels increased in exposed group when compared to control group. The present study suggests that environmental health standards should be enforced to control Pb contamination from battery industries to reduce human health risk.
Pharmacognosy Research, 2014
Background: Ledebouria is a genus of deciduous or weakly evergreen bulbs in the Hyacinthaceae fam... more Background: Ledebouria is a genus of deciduous or weakly evergreen bulbs in the Hyacinthaceae family. This is recognized as the first collection made of the new taxon Ledebouria hyderabadensis, exist in the Hyderabad city of Andhra Pradesh, India. Objective: The goal of this work was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in the new specifies and also to evaluate the cytotoxic properties of the extracts and pure compounds against human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The anticancer activity was evaluated in in vitro mode by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. Results: Phytochemical investigation of underground bulbs of indigenous, rare, and recently identified herb L. hyderabadensis yielded a bioactive homoisoflavanone, Scillascillin 1. The structure of the compound was established on the basis of various nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral data. The compound Scillascillin was isolated for the first time from L. hyderabadensis. In vitro anticancer activity, performed using MTT assay, showed compound 1 as significantly active against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast cancer) and DU-145 (prostate cancer) with inhibitory concentration (IC) 50 values 9.59 and 11.32 µg/ml respectively when compared with herb methanol extract (IC 50 values 36.21 and 44.86 µg/ml respectively).
Toxicology, 2003
Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous and toxic metal. Secondary Pb recovery unit workers are prone to possib... more Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous and toxic metal. Secondary Pb recovery unit workers are prone to possible occupational Pb exposure. Hence, this investigation was conducted to assess the genotoxic effect of Pb exposure in these workers. In the study, 45 workers were monitored for DNA damage in blood leucocytes. Simultaneously 36 subjects were used as control group in this study. All the subjects were estimated for Pb content in whole blood by ICP-MS. The alkali single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) was adopted for detecting the DNA damage. The air inside the premises of the unit had Pb concentrations of 4.2 mg/m 3. The level of DNA damage was determined as the percentage of cells with comets. The mean Pb content was found to be significantly higher in the study group (248.3 mg/l) when compared with the controls (27.49 mg/l). Significantly more cells with DNA damage (44.58%) were observed in the study group than in the control persons (21.14%). Smoking had a significant effect on DNA damage in the control group whereas an insignificant effect was noticed in the exposed workers. Study as well as the control group failed to show a significant effect on DNA damage with age (P /0.05). Pb content and years of exposure significantly correlated with DNA damage in the study group (r 0/0.602, r 0/0.690; P B/0.01). The increased levels of DNA damage observed in the exposed workers, justifies the use of the comet assay for the evaluation of genotoxic effects in humans exposed to Pb.
Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 2002
Two organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (chloropyriphos and acephate) and cyclophosphamide (CP) (pos... more Two organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (chloropyriphos and acephate) and cyclophosphamide (CP) (positive control) were tested for their ability to induce in vivo genotoxic effect in leucocytes of Swiss albino mice using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay or comet assay. The mice were administered orally with doses ranging from 0.28 to 8.96 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) of chloropyriphos and 12.25 to 392.00 mg/kg b.wt. of acephate. The assay was performed on whole blood at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. A significant increase in mean comet tail length indicating DNA damage was observed at 24 h post-treatment (P < 0.05) with both pesticides in comparison to control. The damage was dose related. The mean comet tail length revealed a clear dose dependent increase. From 48 h post-treatment, a gradual decrease in mean tail length was noted. By 96 h of post-treatment the mean comet tail length reached control levels indicating repair of the damaged DNA. From the study it can be concluded that the comet assay is a sensitive assay for the detection of genotoxicity caused by pesticides.
Mutagenesis, 2009
Advances in nanotechnology and its usage in various fields have led to the exposure of humans to ... more Advances in nanotechnology and its usage in various fields have led to the exposure of humans to engineered nanomaterials (NMs) and there is a need to tackle the potential human health effects before these materials are fully exploited. The main purpose of the current study was to assess whether aluminium oxide NMs (Al 2 O 3-30 nm and Al 2 O 3-40 nm) could cause potential genotoxic effects in vivo. Characterization of Al 2 O 3-30 nm and Al 2 O 3-40 nm was done with transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler velocimetry prior to their use in this study. The genotoxicity end points considered in this study were the frequency of micronuclei (MN) and the percentage of tail DNA (% Tail DNA) migration in rat peripheral blood cells using the micronucleus test (MNT) and the comet assay, respectively. Genotoxic effects were evaluated in groups of female Wistar rats (five per group) after single doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of Al 2 O 3-30 nm, Al 2 O 3-40 nm and Al 2 O 3-bulk. Al 2 O 3-30 nm and Al 2 O 3-40 nm showed a statistically significant dose-related increase in % Tail DNA for Al 2 O 3-30 nm and Al 2 O 3-40 nm (P < 0.05). However, Al 2 O 3-bulk did not induce statistically significant changes over control values. The MNT also revealed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent increase in the frequency of MN, whereas Al 2 O 3-bulk did not show any significant increase in frequency of MN compared to control. Cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg bw) used as a positive control showed statistically significant (P < 0.001) increase in % Tail DNA and frequency of MN. The biodistribution of Al 2 O 3-30 nm and Al 2 O 3-40 nm and Al 2 O 3-bulk in different rat tissues, urine and feces was also studied 14 days after treatment using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The data indicated that tissue distribution of Al 2 O 3 was size dependent. Our findings suggest that Al 2 O 3 NMs were able to cause size-and dosedependent genotoxicity in vivo compared to Al 2 O 3-bulk and control groups.
Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2013
In the near future, nanotechnology is envisaged for large-scale use. Hence health and safety issu... more In the near future, nanotechnology is envisaged for large-scale use. Hence health and safety issues of nanoparticles (NPs) should be promptly addressed. Twenty-eight-day oral toxicity, genotoxicity, biochemical alterations, histopathological changes and tissue distribution of nano and microparticles (MPs) of manganese oxide (MnO2 ) in Wistar rats was studied. Genotoxicity was assessed using comet, micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays. The results demonstrated a significant increase in DNA damage in leukocytes, micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells after exposure of MnO2 -NPs at 1000, 300 mg kg(-1) bw per day and MnO2 -MPs at the dose of 1000 mg kg(-1) bw per day. Our findings showed acetylcholinestrase inhibition at 1000 as well as at 300 mg kg(-1) bw per day in blood and with all the doses in the brain indicating the toxicity of MnO2 -NPs. Further, the doses significantly inhibited different ATPases in the brain P2 fraction. Significant changes were observed in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver, kidney and serum in a dose-dependent manner. MnO2 -MPs at 1000 mg kg(-1) bw per day were found to induce significant alterations in biochemical enzymes. A significant distribution was found in all the tissues in a dose-dependent manner. MnO2 -NPs showed a much higher absorptivity and tissue distribution as compared with MnO2 -MPs. A large fraction of MnO2 -NPs and MnO2 -MPs was cleared by urine and feces. Histopathological analysis revealed that MnO2 -NPs caused alterations in liver, spleen, kidney and brain. The MnO2 -NPs induced toxicity at lower doses compared with MnO2 -MPs. Further, this study did not display gender differences after exposure to MnO2 -NPs and MnO2 -MPs. Therefore, the results suggested that prolonged exposure to MnO2 has the potential to cause genetic damage, biochemical alterations and histological changes.
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 2006
Arsenic (As) is a known human carcinogen; however, very little is known about the health conseque... more Arsenic (As) is a known human carcinogen; however, very little is known about the health consequences of occupational exposure to As. In the present study, we assessed the genotoxic damage in the blood cells and in the buccal cells of south Indian glass factory workers who are occupationally exposed to As. The As content in the whole blood of 200 workers and 165 controls was evaluated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Blood leukocytes from the subjects were monitored for the level of DNA damage using the Comet assay (mean comet tail length); buccal cells were used to determine the frequency of micronuclei (MN). The mean As concentration was significantly higher in the workers (56.76 μg/L) than in the controls (11.74 μg/L) (P < 0.001). The workers also had increased frequencies of MN in the buccal cells and increased levels of DNA damage in leukocytes compared to the controls (P < 0.001). There were significant correlations between the genotoxicity endpoints th...
Biomarkers, 2013
We aimed to study the genotoxic effects in traffic police who are occupationally exposed due to h... more We aimed to study the genotoxic effects in traffic police who are occupationally exposed due to higher free radical generation. Ambient and breathing zone air samples were analyzed blood samples were collected for analysis of antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and free radicals - nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels using a spectrophotometer. DNA damage was measured with the comet assay. Higher levels of benzene (BZ), toluene (TOL), carbon monoxide (CO), benzo([a])pyrene (BaP) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) was observed in traffic police. Elevated levels of NO, MDA and comet tail length and lower SOD and GPx levels observed in traffic police. The studied biomarkers, related to oxidative stress and DNA damage positively correlated in traffic police exposed to environmental air pollutants.
The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2010
Biomonitoring of exposure in workplaces has gained importance in evaluation of human health hazar... more Biomonitoring of exposure in workplaces has gained importance in evaluation of human health hazards. Since occupational exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons may have deleterious effects, genotoxicity risk among 200 fuel filling station attendants (FFSAs) and 200 matched controls was investigated. Methods: The probable genetic damage was determined by comet assay and micronucleus test in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of study subjects. Air and blood sample analysis was done to estimate the benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) concentrations using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of exposure on antioxidant enzymes was also studied by determining the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and rate of lipid peroxidation measured as concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) formed. Results: The results of the present study suggest that there was a statistically significant increase in mean comet tail length (25.09 versus 10.27 mm) and frequency of micronuclei in PBL (11.83 versus 5.83 0 / 00; P < 0.05) of FFSAs as compared to controls. BTX concentrations were found to be significantly higher in ambient air of petrol pumps and FFSAs showed elevated levels of these compounds in their breathing zone in comparison to controls (P < 0.05). Blood BTX levels were found to be significantly enhanced in FFSAs. SOD and GPx were significantly decreased with an increased rate of CAT and MDA in FFSAs as compared to controls. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that exposure to BTX has the potential to cause genetic changes in the exposed subjects. The data highlight the need to maintain safety measures and intervention to minimize exposure.
Toxicology, Oct 30, 2001
DNA damage induced by Mercuric chloride (HgCl 2) in leucocytes of Wistar albino male rats has bee... more DNA damage induced by Mercuric chloride (HgCl 2) in leucocytes of Wistar albino male rats has been studied in vivo. The comet assay or the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay was used to measure the DNA damage. The rats were administered orally with doses ranging from 0.0054, 0.0108, 0.0216, 0.0432 to 0.0864 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) of HgCl 2. The assay was performed on whole blood at 24, 48, 72 h, 1st and 2nd week. The reason leucocytes were used was to reflect biomarker studies in humans. A significant increase in mean comet tail length indicating DNA damage was observed at all time intervals with HgCl 2 except in 2nd week post treatment when compared to controls. The mean comet tail length revealed a clear dose dependent increase from 0.0054 to 0.0432 mg/kg b.wt. A maximum increase in mean comet tail length was observed at 0.0432 mg/kg b.wt. 24 h after treatment. From 48 h post treatment, the mean comet tail lengths of all the doses gradually decreased and by week 2 of post treatment, they had approached control levels, pointing to repair of the damaged DNA. These findings suggest that the comet assay is a highly sensitive technique to study DNA damage caused by metals.
Toxicology, May 1, 2003
Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous and toxic metal. Secondary Pb recovery unit workers are prone to possib... more Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous and toxic metal. Secondary Pb recovery unit workers are prone to possible occupational Pb exposure. Hence, this investigation was conducted to assess the genotoxic effect of Pb exposure in these workers. In the study, 45 workers were monitored for DNA damage in blood leucocytes. Simultaneously 36 subjects were used as control group in this study. All the subjects were estimated for Pb content in whole blood by ICP-MS. The alkali single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) was adopted for detecting the DNA damage. The air inside the premises of the unit had Pb concentrations of 4.2 mg/m 3. The level of DNA damage was determined as the percentage of cells with comets. The mean Pb content was found to be significantly higher in the study group (248.3 mg/l) when compared with the controls (27.49 mg/l). Significantly more cells with DNA damage (44.58%) were observed in the study group than in the control persons (21.14%). Smoking had a significant effect on DNA damage in the control group whereas an insignificant effect was noticed in the exposed workers. Study as well as the control group failed to show a significant effect on DNA damage with age (P /0.05). Pb content and years of exposure significantly correlated with DNA damage in the study group (r 0/0.602, r 0/0.690; P B/0.01). The increased levels of DNA damage observed in the exposed workers, justifies the use of the comet assay for the evaluation of genotoxic effects in humans exposed to Pb.
Journal of Applied Toxicology, Oct 24, 2022
Chemistry & Biodiversity, May 23, 2018
A series of novel ethyl 2,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-[(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro... more A series of novel ethyl 2,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-[(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate derivatives 7a - 7m were efficiently synthesized employing click chemistry approach and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activity against four tumor cell lines: A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell line), HepG2 (human hematoma), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), and SKOV3 (human ovarian carcinoma cell line). Among the compounds tested, the compounds 7a, 7b, 7f, 7l, and 7m have shown potential and selective activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) with IC ranging from 0.69 to 6.74 μm. Molecular docking studies revealed that the compounds 7a, 7b, 7f, 7l, and 7m are potent inhibitors of human DNA topoisomerase-II and also showed compliance with stranded parameters of drug likeness. The calculated binding constants, k , from UV/VIS absorptional binding studies of 7a and 7l with CT-DNA were 10.77 × 10 , 6.48 × 10 , respectively. Viscosity measurements revealed that the binding could be surface binding mainly due to groove binding. DNA cleavage study showed that 7a and 7l have the potential to cleave pBR322 plasmid DNA without any external agents.
Mutagenesis, Mar 1, 2003
The use of pesticides has been increasing in recent years, resulting in the need for increased pr... more The use of pesticides has been increasing in recent years, resulting in the need for increased production of pesticides. However, some pesticides may represent a hazard to human health, especially by causing cancer. Genotoxicity tests form an important part of cancer research and risk assessment of potential carcinogens. Therefore, in the current study the potential DNA damage associated with exposure to pesticides of Indian pesticide production workers was assessed using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay or Comet assay. Blood leukocytes of a group of 54 pesticide workers and an equal number of control subjects were examined for genotoxicity in this study. The two groups had similar mean ages and smoking prevalences. The mean comet tail length was used to measure DNA damage. The exposed workers had significantly greater mean comet tail lengths than those of controls (mean ⍨ SD 19.17 ⍨ 2.467 versus 8.938 ⍨ 2.889, P < 0.001). Smokers had significantly larger mean tail lengths than non-smokers (19.75 ⍨ 2.52 versus 18.26 ⍨ 2.13, P ⍧ 0.024). Analysis of covariance showed that occupational exposure (P < 0.05) and smoking (P < 0.05) had significant effects on mean tail length, whereas age and gender had no effect on DNA damage. The present study suggests that occupational exposure to pesticides and smoking can cause DNA damage. This investigation confirms the sensitivity of the Comet assay.
Mutation Research, Apr 1, 2002
Two organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (chloropyriphos and acephate) and cyclophosphamide (CP) (pos... more Two organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (chloropyriphos and acephate) and cyclophosphamide (CP) (positive control) were tested for their ability to induce in vivo genotoxic effect in leucocytes of Swiss albino mice using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay or comet assay. The mice were administered orally with doses ranging from 0.28 to 8.96 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) of chloropyriphos and 12.25 to 392.00 mg/kg b.wt. of acephate. The assay was performed on whole blood at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. A significant increase in mean comet tail length indicating DNA damage was observed at 24 h post-treatment (P < 0.05) with both pesticides in comparison to control. The damage was dose related. The mean comet tail length revealed a clear dose dependent increase. From 48 h post-treatment, a gradual decrease in mean tail length was noted. By 96 h of post-treatment the mean comet tail length reached control levels indicating repair of the damaged DNA. From the study it can be concluded that the comet assay is a sensitive assay for the detection of genotoxicity caused by pesticides.
The Nucleus, 2019
Testing of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) on established cell lines at cellular levels u... more Testing of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) on established cell lines at cellular levels using toxicological endpoints provide valuable information about their adverse effects upon exposure. In vitro toxicity assessment of MgO NPs and their microparticles was carried out at 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/mL concentrations by using cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis and cellular uptake studies in cancer (HepG2) and non-cancer (NRK 49F) cell lines after 24 h of treatment. IC50 concentration for MgO NPs was found to be > 400 µg/mL in both cell lines after 24 h treatment. A concentration dependent toxicity was noted in genotoxic studies and oxidative stress parameters. A significant increase in the comet tail DNA was recorded at 200 and 400 µg/mL concentrations of MgO NPs when compared with controls in HepG2 and NRK 49F cells. Exposure to MgO NPs led to an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both the cell types. Genotoxicity results were further supported by apoptotic analysis. MgO particles were found adhered to the cell membrane when assayed by ICP-OES. The results of this study showed that the MgO NPs were toxic at high concentrations only. Furthermore, MgO NPs are more toxic to cancerous cells compared to non-cancerous cells. ROS mediated genotoxicity was observed when treated with MgO NPs. The current study adds to the information on MgO particles. The results of this investigation may help in advancement of understanding of toxicological nature of MgO NPs and aid in their use.
Environmental toxicology, 2018
Increased utilization and exposure levels of Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs) to humans ... more Increased utilization and exposure levels of Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs) to humans and environment may raise unexpected consequences. The goal of this study was to evaluate the toxicological implications of MgO NPs and MPs after 28 day repeated oral administration in Wistar rats with three different doses (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg). The MgO particles were characterised systematically in order to get more insights of the toxicological behaviour. MgO NPs induced significant DNA damage and aberrations in chromosomes. Moreover, hepatic enzymes released into the systemic circulation caused significant elevated levels of physiological enzymes in blood. NPs could interfere with proteins and enzymes and alter the redox balance in cell environment. Significant accumulation of Mg in all tissues and clearance via urine and faeces was noted in size dependent kinetics. Oral administration of MgO NPs altered the biochemical and genotoxic parameters in dose dependent and gender indep...
Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 2018
The exigency of semiconductor and super capacitor tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WO NPs) is increa... more The exigency of semiconductor and super capacitor tungsten oxide nanoparticles (WO NPs) is increasing in various sectors. However, limited information on their toxicity and biological interactions are available. Hence, we explored the underlying mechanisms of toxicity induced by WO NPs and their microparticles (MPs) using different concentrations (0-300 μg ml ) in human lung carcinoma (A549) cells. The mean size of WO NPs and MPs by transmission electron microscopy was 53.84 nm and 3.88 μm, respectively. WO NPs induced reduction in cell viability, membrane damage and the degree of induction was size- and dose-dependent. There was a significant increase in the percentage tail DNA and micronuclei formation at 200 and 300 μg ml after 24 hours of exposure. The DNA damage induced by WO NPs could be attributed to increased oxidative stress and inflammation through reactive oxygen species generation, which correlated with the depletion of reduced glutathione content, catalase and an increa...
Chemistry & biodiversity, 2018
A series of novel ethyl 2,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-[(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro... more A series of novel ethyl 2,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-[(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate derivatives 7a - 7m were efficiently synthesized employing click chemistry approach and evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activity against four tumor cell lines: A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell line), HepG2 (human hematoma), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), and SKOV3 (human ovarian carcinoma cell line). Among the compounds tested, the compounds 7a, 7b, 7f, 7l, and 7m have shown potential and selective activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) with IC ranging from 0.69 to 6.74 μm. Molecular docking studies revealed that the compounds 7a, 7b, 7f, 7l, and 7m are potent inhibitors of human DNA topoisomerase-II and also showed compliance with stranded parameters of drug likeness. The calculated binding constants, k , from UV/VIS absorptional binding studies of 7a and 7l with CT-DNA were 10.77 × 10 , 6.48 × 10 , respectively. ...
Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals, Jan 24, 2016
This study was designed to determine the genotoxic effect of exposure to a mixture of pesticides ... more This study was designed to determine the genotoxic effect of exposure to a mixture of pesticides in 106 female agricultural workers employed in cotton fields from India. Comet, micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations tests were carried out in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Micronucleus test was also performed in buccal epithelial cells. Levels of antioxidant enzymes, RBC Acetylcholinesterase and hematological parameters were analyzed in the blood samples of the study subjects. The results indicated significant DNA damage, increased frequency of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in the exposed subjects (P < 0.05). The levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly lowered and rate of lipid peroxidation was elevated in the exposed subjects. The outcome of the study revealed increased risk of genotoxicity and health implications in female agricultural workers.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2014
The genotoxicological effects in 200 lead acid storage battery recycling and manufacturing indust... more The genotoxicological effects in 200 lead acid storage battery recycling and manufacturing industry workers in Hyderabad along with matched 200 controls were studied. The genetic damage was determined by comet, micronucleus (MN), and chromosomal aberration (CA) test in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The MN test was also carried out in buccal epithelial cells (BECs). Pb in ambient air, blood Pb (B-Pb) concentrations, and hematological parameters were measured. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) formed were also studied. The results of the present study showed that there was a statistically significant (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.01) increase in mean percent tail DNA, frequency of CA, and MN in PBL as well as in BEC as compared to controls. Pb in ambient air and B-Pb concentrations were found to be significantly higher (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.01). The hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell values were significantly lowered in Pb-exposed workers in comparison to controls. SOD, GPx, and CAT levels were significantly decreased while GSH and MDA levels increased in exposed group when compared to control group. The present study suggests that environmental health standards should be enforced to control Pb contamination from battery industries to reduce human health risk.
Pharmacognosy Research, 2014
Background: Ledebouria is a genus of deciduous or weakly evergreen bulbs in the Hyacinthaceae fam... more Background: Ledebouria is a genus of deciduous or weakly evergreen bulbs in the Hyacinthaceae family. This is recognized as the first collection made of the new taxon Ledebouria hyderabadensis, exist in the Hyderabad city of Andhra Pradesh, India. Objective: The goal of this work was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in the new specifies and also to evaluate the cytotoxic properties of the extracts and pure compounds against human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The anticancer activity was evaluated in in vitro mode by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. Results: Phytochemical investigation of underground bulbs of indigenous, rare, and recently identified herb L. hyderabadensis yielded a bioactive homoisoflavanone, Scillascillin 1. The structure of the compound was established on the basis of various nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral data. The compound Scillascillin was isolated for the first time from L. hyderabadensis. In vitro anticancer activity, performed using MTT assay, showed compound 1 as significantly active against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast cancer) and DU-145 (prostate cancer) with inhibitory concentration (IC) 50 values 9.59 and 11.32 µg/ml respectively when compared with herb methanol extract (IC 50 values 36.21 and 44.86 µg/ml respectively).
Toxicology, 2003
Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous and toxic metal. Secondary Pb recovery unit workers are prone to possib... more Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous and toxic metal. Secondary Pb recovery unit workers are prone to possible occupational Pb exposure. Hence, this investigation was conducted to assess the genotoxic effect of Pb exposure in these workers. In the study, 45 workers were monitored for DNA damage in blood leucocytes. Simultaneously 36 subjects were used as control group in this study. All the subjects were estimated for Pb content in whole blood by ICP-MS. The alkali single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) was adopted for detecting the DNA damage. The air inside the premises of the unit had Pb concentrations of 4.2 mg/m 3. The level of DNA damage was determined as the percentage of cells with comets. The mean Pb content was found to be significantly higher in the study group (248.3 mg/l) when compared with the controls (27.49 mg/l). Significantly more cells with DNA damage (44.58%) were observed in the study group than in the control persons (21.14%). Smoking had a significant effect on DNA damage in the control group whereas an insignificant effect was noticed in the exposed workers. Study as well as the control group failed to show a significant effect on DNA damage with age (P /0.05). Pb content and years of exposure significantly correlated with DNA damage in the study group (r 0/0.602, r 0/0.690; P B/0.01). The increased levels of DNA damage observed in the exposed workers, justifies the use of the comet assay for the evaluation of genotoxic effects in humans exposed to Pb.
Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 2002
Two organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (chloropyriphos and acephate) and cyclophosphamide (CP) (pos... more Two organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (chloropyriphos and acephate) and cyclophosphamide (CP) (positive control) were tested for their ability to induce in vivo genotoxic effect in leucocytes of Swiss albino mice using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay or comet assay. The mice were administered orally with doses ranging from 0.28 to 8.96 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) of chloropyriphos and 12.25 to 392.00 mg/kg b.wt. of acephate. The assay was performed on whole blood at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. A significant increase in mean comet tail length indicating DNA damage was observed at 24 h post-treatment (P < 0.05) with both pesticides in comparison to control. The damage was dose related. The mean comet tail length revealed a clear dose dependent increase. From 48 h post-treatment, a gradual decrease in mean tail length was noted. By 96 h of post-treatment the mean comet tail length reached control levels indicating repair of the damaged DNA. From the study it can be concluded that the comet assay is a sensitive assay for the detection of genotoxicity caused by pesticides.
Mutagenesis, 2009
Advances in nanotechnology and its usage in various fields have led to the exposure of humans to ... more Advances in nanotechnology and its usage in various fields have led to the exposure of humans to engineered nanomaterials (NMs) and there is a need to tackle the potential human health effects before these materials are fully exploited. The main purpose of the current study was to assess whether aluminium oxide NMs (Al 2 O 3-30 nm and Al 2 O 3-40 nm) could cause potential genotoxic effects in vivo. Characterization of Al 2 O 3-30 nm and Al 2 O 3-40 nm was done with transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler velocimetry prior to their use in this study. The genotoxicity end points considered in this study were the frequency of micronuclei (MN) and the percentage of tail DNA (% Tail DNA) migration in rat peripheral blood cells using the micronucleus test (MNT) and the comet assay, respectively. Genotoxic effects were evaluated in groups of female Wistar rats (five per group) after single doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of Al 2 O 3-30 nm, Al 2 O 3-40 nm and Al 2 O 3-bulk. Al 2 O 3-30 nm and Al 2 O 3-40 nm showed a statistically significant dose-related increase in % Tail DNA for Al 2 O 3-30 nm and Al 2 O 3-40 nm (P < 0.05). However, Al 2 O 3-bulk did not induce statistically significant changes over control values. The MNT also revealed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent increase in the frequency of MN, whereas Al 2 O 3-bulk did not show any significant increase in frequency of MN compared to control. Cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg bw) used as a positive control showed statistically significant (P < 0.001) increase in % Tail DNA and frequency of MN. The biodistribution of Al 2 O 3-30 nm and Al 2 O 3-40 nm and Al 2 O 3-bulk in different rat tissues, urine and feces was also studied 14 days after treatment using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The data indicated that tissue distribution of Al 2 O 3 was size dependent. Our findings suggest that Al 2 O 3 NMs were able to cause size-and dosedependent genotoxicity in vivo compared to Al 2 O 3-bulk and control groups.
Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2013
In the near future, nanotechnology is envisaged for large-scale use. Hence health and safety issu... more In the near future, nanotechnology is envisaged for large-scale use. Hence health and safety issues of nanoparticles (NPs) should be promptly addressed. Twenty-eight-day oral toxicity, genotoxicity, biochemical alterations, histopathological changes and tissue distribution of nano and microparticles (MPs) of manganese oxide (MnO2 ) in Wistar rats was studied. Genotoxicity was assessed using comet, micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays. The results demonstrated a significant increase in DNA damage in leukocytes, micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells after exposure of MnO2 -NPs at 1000, 300 mg kg(-1) bw per day and MnO2 -MPs at the dose of 1000 mg kg(-1) bw per day. Our findings showed acetylcholinestrase inhibition at 1000 as well as at 300 mg kg(-1) bw per day in blood and with all the doses in the brain indicating the toxicity of MnO2 -NPs. Further, the doses significantly inhibited different ATPases in the brain P2 fraction. Significant changes were observed in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver, kidney and serum in a dose-dependent manner. MnO2 -MPs at 1000 mg kg(-1) bw per day were found to induce significant alterations in biochemical enzymes. A significant distribution was found in all the tissues in a dose-dependent manner. MnO2 -NPs showed a much higher absorptivity and tissue distribution as compared with MnO2 -MPs. A large fraction of MnO2 -NPs and MnO2 -MPs was cleared by urine and feces. Histopathological analysis revealed that MnO2 -NPs caused alterations in liver, spleen, kidney and brain. The MnO2 -NPs induced toxicity at lower doses compared with MnO2 -MPs. Further, this study did not display gender differences after exposure to MnO2 -NPs and MnO2 -MPs. Therefore, the results suggested that prolonged exposure to MnO2 has the potential to cause genetic damage, biochemical alterations and histological changes.
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 2006
Arsenic (As) is a known human carcinogen; however, very little is known about the health conseque... more Arsenic (As) is a known human carcinogen; however, very little is known about the health consequences of occupational exposure to As. In the present study, we assessed the genotoxic damage in the blood cells and in the buccal cells of south Indian glass factory workers who are occupationally exposed to As. The As content in the whole blood of 200 workers and 165 controls was evaluated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Blood leukocytes from the subjects were monitored for the level of DNA damage using the Comet assay (mean comet tail length); buccal cells were used to determine the frequency of micronuclei (MN). The mean As concentration was significantly higher in the workers (56.76 μg/L) than in the controls (11.74 μg/L) (P < 0.001). The workers also had increased frequencies of MN in the buccal cells and increased levels of DNA damage in leukocytes compared to the controls (P < 0.001). There were significant correlations between the genotoxicity endpoints th...
Biomarkers, 2013
We aimed to study the genotoxic effects in traffic police who are occupationally exposed due to h... more We aimed to study the genotoxic effects in traffic police who are occupationally exposed due to higher free radical generation. Ambient and breathing zone air samples were analyzed blood samples were collected for analysis of antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and free radicals - nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels using a spectrophotometer. DNA damage was measured with the comet assay. Higher levels of benzene (BZ), toluene (TOL), carbon monoxide (CO), benzo([a])pyrene (BaP) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) was observed in traffic police. Elevated levels of NO, MDA and comet tail length and lower SOD and GPx levels observed in traffic police. The studied biomarkers, related to oxidative stress and DNA damage positively correlated in traffic police exposed to environmental air pollutants.
The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2010
Biomonitoring of exposure in workplaces has gained importance in evaluation of human health hazar... more Biomonitoring of exposure in workplaces has gained importance in evaluation of human health hazards. Since occupational exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons may have deleterious effects, genotoxicity risk among 200 fuel filling station attendants (FFSAs) and 200 matched controls was investigated. Methods: The probable genetic damage was determined by comet assay and micronucleus test in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of study subjects. Air and blood sample analysis was done to estimate the benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) concentrations using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of exposure on antioxidant enzymes was also studied by determining the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and rate of lipid peroxidation measured as concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) formed. Results: The results of the present study suggest that there was a statistically significant increase in mean comet tail length (25.09 versus 10.27 mm) and frequency of micronuclei in PBL (11.83 versus 5.83 0 / 00; P < 0.05) of FFSAs as compared to controls. BTX concentrations were found to be significantly higher in ambient air of petrol pumps and FFSAs showed elevated levels of these compounds in their breathing zone in comparison to controls (P < 0.05). Blood BTX levels were found to be significantly enhanced in FFSAs. SOD and GPx were significantly decreased with an increased rate of CAT and MDA in FFSAs as compared to controls. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that exposure to BTX has the potential to cause genetic changes in the exposed subjects. The data highlight the need to maintain safety measures and intervention to minimize exposure.