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Papers by Paris Georghiou
Pharmaceutics
Morin hydrate (MH) is a widely-used Asian phytomedicinal flavonoid with a wide range of reported ... more Morin hydrate (MH) is a widely-used Asian phytomedicinal flavonoid with a wide range of reported therapeutic activities. However, MH has limited oral bioavailability due to its low aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability, which in turn hinders its potential antiviral activity. The study reported herein was designed to encapsulate MH in polyethyleneglycolated (PEGylated) chylomicrons (PCMs) and to boost its antiviral activity and biological availability for oral administration using a rat experimental model. The PEGylated edge activator combined with the conventional components of chylomicrons (CMs) amplify the transport of the drug across the intestine and its circulation period, hence its therapeutic impact. The implementation of variables in the in vitro characterization of the vesicles was investigated. Using Design Expert® software, a 24 factorial design was conducted, and the resulting PCM formulations were fabricated utilizing a thin-film hydration technique. The effica...
New Journal of Chemistry, 2016
The metal binding properties of four new “capped” 1,2,3-triazole linked receptors6a–dare reported.
Supramolecular Chemistry, 2015
Many 1H NMR spectroscopic studies involving supramolecular binding of tetra-n-butylammonium halid... more Many 1H NMR spectroscopic studies involving supramolecular binding of tetra-n-butylammonium halides (TBAX) with a variety of molecular receptors have been reported to date. Previously we demonstrated that the reference residual proton signal of the deuterochloroform solvent itself in TBAX solutions shifted downfield in a linear TBAX concentration-dependent relationship. We now report that a similar downfield chemical shift behaviour of the residual protons of other commonly employed deuterated solvents with TBACl can be seen for dichloromethane-d2 and acetonitrile-d3, but in acetone-d6, methanol-d4 and DMSO-d6, upfield shifts are observed. A hypothesis based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) modelling is presented to account for this behaviour.
![Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis of a cone-conformer bimodal calix[4]arene-crown-5 which forms a sensitive cesium ion sensing layer on gold-coated microcantilevers](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85617526/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](New J. Chem., 2014
A “bimodal” or upper- and lower-rim functionalized “calix-crown-5” reported herein was unexpected... more A “bimodal” or upper- and lower-rim functionalized “calix-crown-5” reported herein was unexpectedly formed preferentially in a cone conformation and forms a SAM on Au.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2014
Enhanced iodide ingestion is known to accelerate the incidence and severity of spontaneous autoim... more Enhanced iodide ingestion is known to accelerate the incidence and severity of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis [iodide-accelerated spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (ISAT)] in NOD.H2(h4) mice. CD4+ cells are required for the development and maintenance of ISAT, but their target epitopes remain unknown. In this study, we show that the previously identified thyroglobulin (Tg) T cell epitope p2549-2560 containing thyroxine at position 2553 (T4p2553) induces thyroiditis as well as strong specific T and B cell responses in NOD.H2(h4) mice. In ISAT, activated CD4+ T cells specific for T4p2553 are detected before the disease onset in thyroid-draining cervical lymph nodes only in mice placed on an iodide-rich diet and not in age-matched controls. In addition, selective enrichment of CD4+ IFN-γ+ T4p2553-specific cells is observed among cervical lymph node cells and intrathyroidal lymphocytes. T4p2553 was equally detectable on dendritic cells obtained ex vivo from cervical lymph node cell...
![Research paper thumbnail of Detection of calcium ions using gold-coated micro-cantilever sensors using upper- and lower-rim functionalized calix[4]arenes](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85617434/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2014
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2016
A simple and convenient syntheses and characterization of selected amino acid esters, 1,2,4-triaz... more A simple and convenient syntheses and characterization of selected amino acid esters, 1,2,4-triazaoles, thiadiazoles and oxadiazoles in good yields using simple conditions are described. The antimicrobial activities of these new benzimidazole-acetamido conjugates are described.
A hydrometallurgical process has been developed for metal recovery from spent HPCs. After analysi... more A hydrometallurgical process has been developed for metal recovery from spent HPCs. After analysing our catalyst, preliminary experiments showed that aqua regia is the most effective leaching agent to dissolve metals from our spent catalyst samples. Two amine-based extractants (Alamine308 & Alamine336), and one quaternary ammonium salt (Aliquat336) were diluted in toluene and were tested for cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum extraction from leached catalysts in aqua regia. A central composite design (CCD) was employed for our experimental design, and the best extractant was selected based on the ICP analysis on the efficiency, concentration requirement (cost-effectiveness), and required contact time for optimum metal removal. The effects of significant parameters on the extraction processes have been measured, and statistical models were developed using Design Expert software. ANOVA results were also studied to measure the accuracy and significance of the fitted models. Optimization of...
![Research paper thumbnail of Correction: Metal ion binding properties of a bimodal triazolyl-functionalized calix[4]arene on a multi-array microcantilever system. Synthesis, fluorescence and DFT computation studies](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81042720/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](RSC Adv., 2016
Correction for ‘Metal ion binding properties of a bimodal triazolyl-functionalized calix[4]arene ... more Correction for ‘Metal ion binding properties of a bimodal triazolyl-functionalized calix[4]arene on a multi-array microcantilever system. Synthesis, fluorescence and DFT computation studies’ by Abdullah N. Alodhayb et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 4387–4396.
![Research paper thumbnail of Metal ion binding properties of a bimodal triazolyl-functionalized calix[4]arene on a multi-array microcantilever system. Synthesis, fluorescence and DFT computation studies](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81042722/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](RSC Adv., 2016
A bimodal calix[4]arene functionalized with triazolyl-linked anthracenyl and 3-propylthioacetate ... more A bimodal calix[4]arene functionalized with triazolyl-linked anthracenyl and 3-propylthioacetate groups is described.
(In 2 Volumes)Volume 1: Synthesis and Supramolecular SystemsVolume 2: Electron Transfer and Applications, 2011
Calixarenes and Beyond, 2016
Since the seminal contemporaneous discovery by Atwood and Shinkai in 1994 that p-tert-butylcalix[... more Since the seminal contemporaneous discovery by Atwood and Shinkai in 1994 that p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene could sequester and thus purify C60 from fullerite, the supramolecular relationships between bowl-shaped calixarenes and the fullerenes have continued to stimulate the interest of chemists. This review presents and summarizes the literature pertaining to calixarenes and C60 and C70 which has appeared since the end of 2000. The present review will also only focus mostly on examples in which calix[n]arenes, related molecules and their functionalized derivatives have been mainly associated with “pristine” C60 and C70 fullerenes.
New Journal of Chemistry
Thiacalix[4]arene receptors with two thiourea moieties and two 2-pyridyl moieties exhibited a het... more Thiacalix[4]arene receptors with two thiourea moieties and two 2-pyridyl moieties exhibited a heteroditopic dinuclear receptor with F− and Ag+ ions by a positive allosteric effect.
Molecules
Calixarene-analogous metacyclophanes (CAMs) are a special class of cyclophanes that are cyclic po... more Calixarene-analogous metacyclophanes (CAMs) are a special class of cyclophanes that are cyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons containing three or more aromatic rings linked by one or more methylene bridging groups. They can be considered to be analogues of calixarenes, since, in both types of molecules, the component aromatic rings are linked by methylene groups, which are meta to each other. Since the prototype or classical calix[4]arene consists of four benzene rings each linked by methylene bridges, which are also meta to each other, it can be considered to be an example of a functionalized [1.1.1.1]metacyclophane. A metacyclophane (MCP) that consists of three individual hydroxyl-group functionalized aromatic rings linked by methylene groups, e.g., a trihydroxy[1.1.1]MCP may therefore, by analogy, be termed in the broadest sense as a “calix[3]arene” or a “calix[3]arene-analogous metacyclophane”. Most of the CAMs reported have been synthesized by fragment coupling approaches. The desig...
Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
An unexpected formation of carbamothioates by a sodium hydride-mediated reaction of arylmethyl is... more An unexpected formation of carbamothioates by a sodium hydride-mediated reaction of arylmethyl isocyanides with xanthate esters in DMF is reported. The products thus obtained were compared with the carbamothioates obtained by the sodium hydride-mediated condensation of the corresponding benzylamines and xanthate esters in DMF. To account for these unexpected reactions, a mechanism is proposed in which the key steps are supported by quantum chemical calculations.
Pharmaceutics
Morin hydrate (MH) is a widely-used Asian phytomedicinal flavonoid with a wide range of reported ... more Morin hydrate (MH) is a widely-used Asian phytomedicinal flavonoid with a wide range of reported therapeutic activities. However, MH has limited oral bioavailability due to its low aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability, which in turn hinders its potential antiviral activity. The study reported herein was designed to encapsulate MH in polyethyleneglycolated (PEGylated) chylomicrons (PCMs) and to boost its antiviral activity and biological availability for oral administration using a rat experimental model. The PEGylated edge activator combined with the conventional components of chylomicrons (CMs) amplify the transport of the drug across the intestine and its circulation period, hence its therapeutic impact. The implementation of variables in the in vitro characterization of the vesicles was investigated. Using Design Expert® software, a 24 factorial design was conducted, and the resulting PCM formulations were fabricated utilizing a thin-film hydration technique. The effica...
New Journal of Chemistry, 2016
The metal binding properties of four new “capped” 1,2,3-triazole linked receptors6a–dare reported.
Supramolecular Chemistry, 2015
Many 1H NMR spectroscopic studies involving supramolecular binding of tetra-n-butylammonium halid... more Many 1H NMR spectroscopic studies involving supramolecular binding of tetra-n-butylammonium halides (TBAX) with a variety of molecular receptors have been reported to date. Previously we demonstrated that the reference residual proton signal of the deuterochloroform solvent itself in TBAX solutions shifted downfield in a linear TBAX concentration-dependent relationship. We now report that a similar downfield chemical shift behaviour of the residual protons of other commonly employed deuterated solvents with TBACl can be seen for dichloromethane-d2 and acetonitrile-d3, but in acetone-d6, methanol-d4 and DMSO-d6, upfield shifts are observed. A hypothesis based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) modelling is presented to account for this behaviour.
New J. Chem., 2014
A “bimodal” or upper- and lower-rim functionalized “calix-crown-5” reported herein was unexpected... more A “bimodal” or upper- and lower-rim functionalized “calix-crown-5” reported herein was unexpectedly formed preferentially in a cone conformation and forms a SAM on Au.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2014
Enhanced iodide ingestion is known to accelerate the incidence and severity of spontaneous autoim... more Enhanced iodide ingestion is known to accelerate the incidence and severity of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis [iodide-accelerated spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (ISAT)] in NOD.H2(h4) mice. CD4+ cells are required for the development and maintenance of ISAT, but their target epitopes remain unknown. In this study, we show that the previously identified thyroglobulin (Tg) T cell epitope p2549-2560 containing thyroxine at position 2553 (T4p2553) induces thyroiditis as well as strong specific T and B cell responses in NOD.H2(h4) mice. In ISAT, activated CD4+ T cells specific for T4p2553 are detected before the disease onset in thyroid-draining cervical lymph nodes only in mice placed on an iodide-rich diet and not in age-matched controls. In addition, selective enrichment of CD4+ IFN-γ+ T4p2553-specific cells is observed among cervical lymph node cells and intrathyroidal lymphocytes. T4p2553 was equally detectable on dendritic cells obtained ex vivo from cervical lymph node cell...
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2014
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2016
A simple and convenient syntheses and characterization of selected amino acid esters, 1,2,4-triaz... more A simple and convenient syntheses and characterization of selected amino acid esters, 1,2,4-triazaoles, thiadiazoles and oxadiazoles in good yields using simple conditions are described. The antimicrobial activities of these new benzimidazole-acetamido conjugates are described.
A hydrometallurgical process has been developed for metal recovery from spent HPCs. After analysi... more A hydrometallurgical process has been developed for metal recovery from spent HPCs. After analysing our catalyst, preliminary experiments showed that aqua regia is the most effective leaching agent to dissolve metals from our spent catalyst samples. Two amine-based extractants (Alamine308 & Alamine336), and one quaternary ammonium salt (Aliquat336) were diluted in toluene and were tested for cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum extraction from leached catalysts in aqua regia. A central composite design (CCD) was employed for our experimental design, and the best extractant was selected based on the ICP analysis on the efficiency, concentration requirement (cost-effectiveness), and required contact time for optimum metal removal. The effects of significant parameters on the extraction processes have been measured, and statistical models were developed using Design Expert software. ANOVA results were also studied to measure the accuracy and significance of the fitted models. Optimization of...
RSC Adv., 2016
Correction for ‘Metal ion binding properties of a bimodal triazolyl-functionalized calix[4]arene ... more Correction for ‘Metal ion binding properties of a bimodal triazolyl-functionalized calix[4]arene on a multi-array microcantilever system. Synthesis, fluorescence and DFT computation studies’ by Abdullah N. Alodhayb et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 4387–4396.
RSC Adv., 2016
A bimodal calix[4]arene functionalized with triazolyl-linked anthracenyl and 3-propylthioacetate ... more A bimodal calix[4]arene functionalized with triazolyl-linked anthracenyl and 3-propylthioacetate groups is described.
(In 2 Volumes)Volume 1: Synthesis and Supramolecular SystemsVolume 2: Electron Transfer and Applications, 2011
Calixarenes and Beyond, 2016
Since the seminal contemporaneous discovery by Atwood and Shinkai in 1994 that p-tert-butylcalix[... more Since the seminal contemporaneous discovery by Atwood and Shinkai in 1994 that p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene could sequester and thus purify C60 from fullerite, the supramolecular relationships between bowl-shaped calixarenes and the fullerenes have continued to stimulate the interest of chemists. This review presents and summarizes the literature pertaining to calixarenes and C60 and C70 which has appeared since the end of 2000. The present review will also only focus mostly on examples in which calix[n]arenes, related molecules and their functionalized derivatives have been mainly associated with “pristine” C60 and C70 fullerenes.
New Journal of Chemistry
Thiacalix[4]arene receptors with two thiourea moieties and two 2-pyridyl moieties exhibited a het... more Thiacalix[4]arene receptors with two thiourea moieties and two 2-pyridyl moieties exhibited a heteroditopic dinuclear receptor with F− and Ag+ ions by a positive allosteric effect.
Molecules
Calixarene-analogous metacyclophanes (CAMs) are a special class of cyclophanes that are cyclic po... more Calixarene-analogous metacyclophanes (CAMs) are a special class of cyclophanes that are cyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons containing three or more aromatic rings linked by one or more methylene bridging groups. They can be considered to be analogues of calixarenes, since, in both types of molecules, the component aromatic rings are linked by methylene groups, which are meta to each other. Since the prototype or classical calix[4]arene consists of four benzene rings each linked by methylene bridges, which are also meta to each other, it can be considered to be an example of a functionalized [1.1.1.1]metacyclophane. A metacyclophane (MCP) that consists of three individual hydroxyl-group functionalized aromatic rings linked by methylene groups, e.g., a trihydroxy[1.1.1]MCP may therefore, by analogy, be termed in the broadest sense as a “calix[3]arene” or a “calix[3]arene-analogous metacyclophane”. Most of the CAMs reported have been synthesized by fragment coupling approaches. The desig...
Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
An unexpected formation of carbamothioates by a sodium hydride-mediated reaction of arylmethyl is... more An unexpected formation of carbamothioates by a sodium hydride-mediated reaction of arylmethyl isocyanides with xanthate esters in DMF is reported. The products thus obtained were compared with the carbamothioates obtained by the sodium hydride-mediated condensation of the corresponding benzylamines and xanthate esters in DMF. To account for these unexpected reactions, a mechanism is proposed in which the key steps are supported by quantum chemical calculations.