Pascal Chartrand - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Pascal Chartrand
RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) localization is an important mechanism controlling local protein synthesis. ... more Messenger RNA (mRNA) localization is an important mechanism controlling local protein synthesis. In budding yeast, asymmetric localization of transcripts such asASH1mRNA to the bud tip depends on the She2 RNA-binding protein. She2 assembles as a tetramer to bind RNA, but the regulation of this process as part of the mRNA locasome is still unclear. Here, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis of She2 in vivo and identified new phosphosites, several of which are located at the dimerization or tetramerization interfaces of She2. Remarkably, phosphomimetic mutations at these residues disrupt the capacity of She2 to promote Ash1 asymmetric accumulation. A detailed analysis of one of these residues, T109, shows that a T109D mutation inhibits She2 oligomerization and its interaction with She3 and the importin-α Srp1. She2 proteins harboring the T109D mutation also display reduced expression. More importantly, this phosphomimetic mutation strongly impairs the capacity of She2 to bind RNA ...
mRNA to the dis-tal tip of budding yeast cells is essential for the proper regulation of mating t... more mRNA to the dis-tal tip of budding yeast cells is essential for the proper regulation of mating type switching in
RNA (New York, N.Y.), 1997
Fluorescent Proteins, 2008
This chapter presents the MS2-GFP system, a method to study the trafficking of RNA molecules in l... more This chapter presents the MS2-GFP system, a method to study the trafficking of RNA molecules in living cells. This system is based on two components: a fusion of the MS2 coat protein to a fluorescent protein and a reporter mRNA containing multimers of the RNA stem-loop recognized by the MS2 coat protein. The MS2-GFP protein bound to the RNA stem-loops acts as a beacon that allows the detection of this mRNA within a cell by epifluorescence or confocal microscopy. This chapter focuses on the use of this system in mammalian fibroblast cells and in yeast cells, and discusses several technical considerations of the MS2-GFP system. Detailed protocols for validating the MS2-GFP signal in fixed cells by fluorescent in situ hybridization of the target RNA using fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotide probes are also provided.
Frontiers in Genetics
Editorial on the Research Topic Coding and non-coding RNA-based complexes in organismal developme... more Editorial on the Research Topic Coding and non-coding RNA-based complexes in organismal development and disease pathogenesis Progress in "omics" technologies indicate that most of the human genome is transcribed at some point during development. While the importance of proteincoding mRNAs remains of primary interest, the majority of the cellular RNAs appear to be non-coding and subject to regulation (ENCODE Project Consortium, 2012; Hon et al., 2017). Non-coding RNAs could potentially have direct regulatory functions or affect gene expression through "noise". One open question remains how to connect the wealth of molecular detail with phenotypic effects such as changes in physiological function and adaptation. The articles included in this Research Topic explore fundamental, developmental and pathological processes that involve coding and non-coding RNAs. This series of articles constitute the second volume of a Research Topic on RNA in Development and Disease previously published in Frontiers in Genetics in 2020 (Chartrand et al., 2020). While the first volume focused on mechanisms of posttranscriptional gene regulation such as mRNA export, translational control and mRNA localization, this second volume covers new ground as it includes non-coding RNAs and mechanisms not previously discussed, such as alternative splicing and mRNA decay. A first group of articles focus on the evolution and function of non-coding RNAs. On the origin and evolution of non-coding RNAs, Palazzo and Kejiou offer a global view on non-darwinian evolution and describe how sloppy and inefficient processes within cells may explain how junk RNA can evolve toward functional non-coding RNA. Long noncoding RNAs have emerged as key regulators of gene expression, particularly due to their capacity to bind both protein cofactors (transcriptional regulators or DNA modifiers) and interact with DNA with high sequence specificity. In their article Alecki and Vera review the different non-canonical nucleic acid structures formed by non-coding RNA and DNA,
STAR Protocols, 2020
Advances in imaging technologies, gene editing, and fluorescent molecule development have made re... more Advances in imaging technologies, gene editing, and fluorescent molecule development have made real-time imaging of nucleic acids practical. Here, we detail methods for imaging the human telomerase RNA template, hTR via the use of three inserted MS2 stem loops and cognate MS2 coat protein (MCP) tagged with superfolder GFP or photoactivatable GFP. These technologies enable tracking of the dynamics of RNA species through Cajal bodies and offer insight into their residence time in Cajal bodies through photobleaching and photoactivation experiments.
Molecular & Cellular Oncology, 2020
Telomerase plays a key role in the immortalization of cancer cells by maintaining telomeres lengt... more Telomerase plays a key role in the immortalization of cancer cells by maintaining telomeres length. Using single-molecule imaging of telomerase RNA molecules in cancer cells, we recently reported novel insights into the role of Cajal bodies in telomerase biogenesis and the regulation of telomerase recruitment to telomeres.
Journal of Molecular Biology, 2020
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2018
Telomerase, the enzyme that elongates telomeres in most eukaryotes, is a ribonucleoprotein comple... more Telomerase, the enzyme that elongates telomeres in most eukaryotes, is a ribonucleoprotein complex composed of a reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit (TERT in human, Est2 in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae), regulatory factors and a noncoding RNA called hTERC (in human) or TLC1 (in budding yeast). Telomerase trafficking is a major process in the biogenesis and regulation of telomerase action at telomeres. Due to its higher signal-to-noise ratio, imaging of the telomerase RNA moiety is frequently used to determine telomerase intracellular localization. Here we describe how to image telomerase RNA in human and yeast cells using fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Current genetics, Jan 22, 2018
Telomeres are maintained in a heterochromatic state that represses transcription of subtelomeric ... more Telomeres are maintained in a heterochromatic state that represses transcription of subtelomeric genes, a phenomenon known as telomere position effect. Nevertheless, telomeric DNA is actively transcribed, leading to the synthesis of telomeric repeat-containing noncoding RNA or TERRA. This nuclear noncoding RNA has been proposed to play important roles at telomeres, regulating their silencing, capping, repair and elongation by telomerase. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TERRA accumulation is repressed by telomeric silencing and the Rat1 exonuclease. On the other hand, telomere shortening promotes expression of TERRA. So far, little is known about the biological processes that induce TERRA expression in yeast. Understanding the dynamics of TERRA expression and localization is essential to define its function in telomere biology. Here, we aim to study the dynamics of TERRA expression during yeast cell growth. Using live-cell imaging, RNA-FISH and quantitative RT-PCR, we ...
Methods, 2017
Single molecule RNA imaging using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) can provide quantitati... more Single molecule RNA imaging using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) can provide quantitative information on mRNA abundance and localization in a single cell. There is now a growing interest in screening for modifiers of RNA abundance and/or localization. For instance, microsatellite expansion within RNA can lead to toxic gain-of-function via mislocalization of these transcripts into RNA aggregate and sequestration of RNA-binding proteins. Screening for inhibitors of these RNA aggregate can be performed by high-throughput RNA FISH. Here we describe detailed methods to perform single molecule RNA FISH in multiwell plates for high-content screening (HCS) microscopy. We include protocols adapted for HCS with either standard RNA FISH with fluorescent oligonucleotide probes or the recent single molecule inexpensive FISH (smiFISH). Recommendations for success in HCS microscopy with high magnification objectives are discussed.
Acta pharmacologica Sinica, Jan 2, 2016
Recent evidence shows that localization of mRNAs and their protein products at cellular protrusio... more Recent evidence shows that localization of mRNAs and their protein products at cellular protrusions plays a decisive function in the metastasis of cancer cells. The aim of this study was to identify the variety of proteins encoded by protrusion-localized mRNAs and their roles in the metastasis and invasion of liver cancer cells. Highly metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HCCLM3 and non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 were examined. Cell protrusions (Ps) were separated from cell bodies (CB) using a Boyden chamber assay; total mRNA population in CB and Ps fractions was analyzed using high-throughput direct RNA sequencing. The localization of STAT3 mRNA and protein at Ps was confirmed using RT-qPCR, RNA FISH, and immunofluorescence assays. Cell migration capacity and invasiveness of HCCLM3 cells were evaluated using MTT, wound healing migration and in vitro invasion assays. The interaction between Stat3 and growth factor receptors was explored with co-...
Frontiers in genetics, 2015
Telomeres are dynamic nucleoprotein structures that protect the ends of chromosomes from degradat... more Telomeres are dynamic nucleoprotein structures that protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation and activation of DNA damage response. For this reason, telomeres are essential to genome integrity. Chromosome ends are enriched in heterochromatic marks and proper organization of telomeric chromatin is important to telomere stability. Despite their heterochromatic state, telomeres are transcribed giving rise to long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) called TERRA (telomeric repeat-containing RNA). TERRA molecules play critical roles in telomere biology, including regulation of telomerase activity and heterochromatin formation at chromosome ends. Emerging evidence indicate that TERRA transcripts form DNA-RNA hybrids at chromosome ends which can promote homologous recombination among telomeres, delaying cellular senescence and sustaining genome instability. Intriguingly, TERRA RNA-telomeric DNA hybrids are involved in telomere length homeostasis of telomerase-negative cancer cells. Furthermore...
Methods in Enzymology, 2000
Genetics, 2014
Telomere length is tightly regulated in cells that express telomerase. The Saccharomyces cerevisi... more Telomere length is tightly regulated in cells that express telomerase. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ku heterodimer, a DNA end-binding complex, positively regulates telomere length in a telomerase-dependent manner. Ku associates with the telomerase RNA subunit TLC1, and this association is required for TLC1 nuclear retention. Ku-TLC1 interaction also impacts the cell-cycle-regulated association of the telomerase catalytic subunit Est2 to telomeres. The promotion of TLC1 nuclear localization and Est2 recruitment have been proposed to be the principal role of Ku in telomere length maintenance, but neither model has been directly tested. Here we study the impact of forced recruitment of Est2 to telomeres on telomere length in the absence of Ku's ability to bind TLC1 or DNA ends. We show that tethering Est2 to telomeres does not promote efficient telomere elongation in the absence of Ku-TLC1 interaction or DNA end binding. Moreover, restoration of TLC1 nuclear localization, even when...
Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA
Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, protecting th... more Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, protecting them from degradation and activation of DNA damage response. For this reason, functional telomeres are vital to genome stability. For years, telomeres were assumed to be transcriptionally silent, because of their heterochromatic state. It was only recently shown that, in several organisms, telomeres are transcribed, giving rise to a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) called telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA). Several lines of evidence now indicate that TERRA molecules play crucial roles in telomere homeostasis and telomere functions. Recent studies have shown that the expression and regulation of TERRA are dynamically controlled by each chromosome end. TERRA has been involved in the regulation of telomere length, telomerase activity, and heterochromatin formation at telomeres. The correct regulation of the telomeric transcripts may be essential to genome stability, and altered TERRA levels a...
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2011
Localization of messenger RNA (mRNA) is a process used by eukaryotes to control the spatio-tempor... more Localization of messenger RNA (mRNA) is a process used by eukaryotes to control the spatio-temporal expression of proteins involved in cellular motility, asymmetric cell division, or polarized cell growth. A better understanding of this process relies on methods to detect specifically the position of an mRNA in fixed or living cells. This chapter presents methods to visualize mRNA in both fixed and living yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In fixed cells, position of mRNAs can be assessed by using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) that consists of the hybridization of fluorescent probes that target a specific transcript in situ. In living cells, dynamics of mRNAs can be monitored using a bipartite system composed of MS2 stem-loops inserted in the mRNA of interest. These stem-loops are recognized specifically by the MS2 RNA-binding protein, fused to a fluorescent protein. In vivo association between the reporter (fluorescent MS2 protein) and the MS2-tagged mRNA reconstitutes acti...
![Research paper thumbnail of [Telomerase biogenesis: a journey to the end of chromosomes]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92654368/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Médecine sciences : M/S, 2009
RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) localization is an important mechanism controlling local protein synthesis. ... more Messenger RNA (mRNA) localization is an important mechanism controlling local protein synthesis. In budding yeast, asymmetric localization of transcripts such asASH1mRNA to the bud tip depends on the She2 RNA-binding protein. She2 assembles as a tetramer to bind RNA, but the regulation of this process as part of the mRNA locasome is still unclear. Here, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis of She2 in vivo and identified new phosphosites, several of which are located at the dimerization or tetramerization interfaces of She2. Remarkably, phosphomimetic mutations at these residues disrupt the capacity of She2 to promote Ash1 asymmetric accumulation. A detailed analysis of one of these residues, T109, shows that a T109D mutation inhibits She2 oligomerization and its interaction with She3 and the importin-α Srp1. She2 proteins harboring the T109D mutation also display reduced expression. More importantly, this phosphomimetic mutation strongly impairs the capacity of She2 to bind RNA ...
mRNA to the dis-tal tip of budding yeast cells is essential for the proper regulation of mating t... more mRNA to the dis-tal tip of budding yeast cells is essential for the proper regulation of mating type switching in
RNA (New York, N.Y.), 1997
Fluorescent Proteins, 2008
This chapter presents the MS2-GFP system, a method to study the trafficking of RNA molecules in l... more This chapter presents the MS2-GFP system, a method to study the trafficking of RNA molecules in living cells. This system is based on two components: a fusion of the MS2 coat protein to a fluorescent protein and a reporter mRNA containing multimers of the RNA stem-loop recognized by the MS2 coat protein. The MS2-GFP protein bound to the RNA stem-loops acts as a beacon that allows the detection of this mRNA within a cell by epifluorescence or confocal microscopy. This chapter focuses on the use of this system in mammalian fibroblast cells and in yeast cells, and discusses several technical considerations of the MS2-GFP system. Detailed protocols for validating the MS2-GFP signal in fixed cells by fluorescent in situ hybridization of the target RNA using fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotide probes are also provided.
Frontiers in Genetics
Editorial on the Research Topic Coding and non-coding RNA-based complexes in organismal developme... more Editorial on the Research Topic Coding and non-coding RNA-based complexes in organismal development and disease pathogenesis Progress in "omics" technologies indicate that most of the human genome is transcribed at some point during development. While the importance of proteincoding mRNAs remains of primary interest, the majority of the cellular RNAs appear to be non-coding and subject to regulation (ENCODE Project Consortium, 2012; Hon et al., 2017). Non-coding RNAs could potentially have direct regulatory functions or affect gene expression through "noise". One open question remains how to connect the wealth of molecular detail with phenotypic effects such as changes in physiological function and adaptation. The articles included in this Research Topic explore fundamental, developmental and pathological processes that involve coding and non-coding RNAs. This series of articles constitute the second volume of a Research Topic on RNA in Development and Disease previously published in Frontiers in Genetics in 2020 (Chartrand et al., 2020). While the first volume focused on mechanisms of posttranscriptional gene regulation such as mRNA export, translational control and mRNA localization, this second volume covers new ground as it includes non-coding RNAs and mechanisms not previously discussed, such as alternative splicing and mRNA decay. A first group of articles focus on the evolution and function of non-coding RNAs. On the origin and evolution of non-coding RNAs, Palazzo and Kejiou offer a global view on non-darwinian evolution and describe how sloppy and inefficient processes within cells may explain how junk RNA can evolve toward functional non-coding RNA. Long noncoding RNAs have emerged as key regulators of gene expression, particularly due to their capacity to bind both protein cofactors (transcriptional regulators or DNA modifiers) and interact with DNA with high sequence specificity. In their article Alecki and Vera review the different non-canonical nucleic acid structures formed by non-coding RNA and DNA,
STAR Protocols, 2020
Advances in imaging technologies, gene editing, and fluorescent molecule development have made re... more Advances in imaging technologies, gene editing, and fluorescent molecule development have made real-time imaging of nucleic acids practical. Here, we detail methods for imaging the human telomerase RNA template, hTR via the use of three inserted MS2 stem loops and cognate MS2 coat protein (MCP) tagged with superfolder GFP or photoactivatable GFP. These technologies enable tracking of the dynamics of RNA species through Cajal bodies and offer insight into their residence time in Cajal bodies through photobleaching and photoactivation experiments.
Molecular & Cellular Oncology, 2020
Telomerase plays a key role in the immortalization of cancer cells by maintaining telomeres lengt... more Telomerase plays a key role in the immortalization of cancer cells by maintaining telomeres length. Using single-molecule imaging of telomerase RNA molecules in cancer cells, we recently reported novel insights into the role of Cajal bodies in telomerase biogenesis and the regulation of telomerase recruitment to telomeres.
Journal of Molecular Biology, 2020
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2018
Telomerase, the enzyme that elongates telomeres in most eukaryotes, is a ribonucleoprotein comple... more Telomerase, the enzyme that elongates telomeres in most eukaryotes, is a ribonucleoprotein complex composed of a reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit (TERT in human, Est2 in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae), regulatory factors and a noncoding RNA called hTERC (in human) or TLC1 (in budding yeast). Telomerase trafficking is a major process in the biogenesis and regulation of telomerase action at telomeres. Due to its higher signal-to-noise ratio, imaging of the telomerase RNA moiety is frequently used to determine telomerase intracellular localization. Here we describe how to image telomerase RNA in human and yeast cells using fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Current genetics, Jan 22, 2018
Telomeres are maintained in a heterochromatic state that represses transcription of subtelomeric ... more Telomeres are maintained in a heterochromatic state that represses transcription of subtelomeric genes, a phenomenon known as telomere position effect. Nevertheless, telomeric DNA is actively transcribed, leading to the synthesis of telomeric repeat-containing noncoding RNA or TERRA. This nuclear noncoding RNA has been proposed to play important roles at telomeres, regulating their silencing, capping, repair and elongation by telomerase. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TERRA accumulation is repressed by telomeric silencing and the Rat1 exonuclease. On the other hand, telomere shortening promotes expression of TERRA. So far, little is known about the biological processes that induce TERRA expression in yeast. Understanding the dynamics of TERRA expression and localization is essential to define its function in telomere biology. Here, we aim to study the dynamics of TERRA expression during yeast cell growth. Using live-cell imaging, RNA-FISH and quantitative RT-PCR, we ...
Methods, 2017
Single molecule RNA imaging using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) can provide quantitati... more Single molecule RNA imaging using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) can provide quantitative information on mRNA abundance and localization in a single cell. There is now a growing interest in screening for modifiers of RNA abundance and/or localization. For instance, microsatellite expansion within RNA can lead to toxic gain-of-function via mislocalization of these transcripts into RNA aggregate and sequestration of RNA-binding proteins. Screening for inhibitors of these RNA aggregate can be performed by high-throughput RNA FISH. Here we describe detailed methods to perform single molecule RNA FISH in multiwell plates for high-content screening (HCS) microscopy. We include protocols adapted for HCS with either standard RNA FISH with fluorescent oligonucleotide probes or the recent single molecule inexpensive FISH (smiFISH). Recommendations for success in HCS microscopy with high magnification objectives are discussed.
Acta pharmacologica Sinica, Jan 2, 2016
Recent evidence shows that localization of mRNAs and their protein products at cellular protrusio... more Recent evidence shows that localization of mRNAs and their protein products at cellular protrusions plays a decisive function in the metastasis of cancer cells. The aim of this study was to identify the variety of proteins encoded by protrusion-localized mRNAs and their roles in the metastasis and invasion of liver cancer cells. Highly metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HCCLM3 and non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 were examined. Cell protrusions (Ps) were separated from cell bodies (CB) using a Boyden chamber assay; total mRNA population in CB and Ps fractions was analyzed using high-throughput direct RNA sequencing. The localization of STAT3 mRNA and protein at Ps was confirmed using RT-qPCR, RNA FISH, and immunofluorescence assays. Cell migration capacity and invasiveness of HCCLM3 cells were evaluated using MTT, wound healing migration and in vitro invasion assays. The interaction between Stat3 and growth factor receptors was explored with co-...
Frontiers in genetics, 2015
Telomeres are dynamic nucleoprotein structures that protect the ends of chromosomes from degradat... more Telomeres are dynamic nucleoprotein structures that protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation and activation of DNA damage response. For this reason, telomeres are essential to genome integrity. Chromosome ends are enriched in heterochromatic marks and proper organization of telomeric chromatin is important to telomere stability. Despite their heterochromatic state, telomeres are transcribed giving rise to long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) called TERRA (telomeric repeat-containing RNA). TERRA molecules play critical roles in telomere biology, including regulation of telomerase activity and heterochromatin formation at chromosome ends. Emerging evidence indicate that TERRA transcripts form DNA-RNA hybrids at chromosome ends which can promote homologous recombination among telomeres, delaying cellular senescence and sustaining genome instability. Intriguingly, TERRA RNA-telomeric DNA hybrids are involved in telomere length homeostasis of telomerase-negative cancer cells. Furthermore...
Methods in Enzymology, 2000
Genetics, 2014
Telomere length is tightly regulated in cells that express telomerase. The Saccharomyces cerevisi... more Telomere length is tightly regulated in cells that express telomerase. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ku heterodimer, a DNA end-binding complex, positively regulates telomere length in a telomerase-dependent manner. Ku associates with the telomerase RNA subunit TLC1, and this association is required for TLC1 nuclear retention. Ku-TLC1 interaction also impacts the cell-cycle-regulated association of the telomerase catalytic subunit Est2 to telomeres. The promotion of TLC1 nuclear localization and Est2 recruitment have been proposed to be the principal role of Ku in telomere length maintenance, but neither model has been directly tested. Here we study the impact of forced recruitment of Est2 to telomeres on telomere length in the absence of Ku's ability to bind TLC1 or DNA ends. We show that tethering Est2 to telomeres does not promote efficient telomere elongation in the absence of Ku-TLC1 interaction or DNA end binding. Moreover, restoration of TLC1 nuclear localization, even when...
Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA
Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, protecting th... more Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, protecting them from degradation and activation of DNA damage response. For this reason, functional telomeres are vital to genome stability. For years, telomeres were assumed to be transcriptionally silent, because of their heterochromatic state. It was only recently shown that, in several organisms, telomeres are transcribed, giving rise to a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) called telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA). Several lines of evidence now indicate that TERRA molecules play crucial roles in telomere homeostasis and telomere functions. Recent studies have shown that the expression and regulation of TERRA are dynamically controlled by each chromosome end. TERRA has been involved in the regulation of telomere length, telomerase activity, and heterochromatin formation at telomeres. The correct regulation of the telomeric transcripts may be essential to genome stability, and altered TERRA levels a...
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2011
Localization of messenger RNA (mRNA) is a process used by eukaryotes to control the spatio-tempor... more Localization of messenger RNA (mRNA) is a process used by eukaryotes to control the spatio-temporal expression of proteins involved in cellular motility, asymmetric cell division, or polarized cell growth. A better understanding of this process relies on methods to detect specifically the position of an mRNA in fixed or living cells. This chapter presents methods to visualize mRNA in both fixed and living yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In fixed cells, position of mRNAs can be assessed by using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) that consists of the hybridization of fluorescent probes that target a specific transcript in situ. In living cells, dynamics of mRNAs can be monitored using a bipartite system composed of MS2 stem-loops inserted in the mRNA of interest. These stem-loops are recognized specifically by the MS2 RNA-binding protein, fused to a fluorescent protein. In vivo association between the reporter (fluorescent MS2 protein) and the MS2-tagged mRNA reconstitutes acti...
Médecine sciences : M/S, 2009