Patrick Garrow - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Patrick Garrow

Southeastern Archaeology, 1984

Practicing anthropology, Jun 1, 1993

Contract archaeology as practiced today is a product of the environmental movement that began in ... more Contract archaeology as practiced today is a product of the environmental movement that began in the 1960s. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 required that a number of environmental factors, including archaeology, be taken into account prior to initiation of federal projects or actions. Additional legislation since 1969 has further strengthened requirements, and federal undertakings have been broadly defined to include not only federally funded projects, but also all projects that require federal permitting. The current application of cultural resources laws and regulations means that thousands of archaeological projects are conducted each year in this country. This translates into hundreds of millions of dollars spent annually on compliance-based archaeological research in the United States.

Cultural resource management, normally referred to as “CRM,” may be defined as cultural heritage ... more Cultural resource management, normally referred to as “CRM,” may be defined as cultural heritage management within a framework of federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and guidelines. Cultural heritage, in terms of cultural resource management, may be defined as those places, objects, structures, buildings, and evidence of past material culture and life that are important to understanding, appreciating, or preserving the past. CRM is similar to heritage programs in other countries, but the term and practice of CRM as defined here is unique to the United States. America’s concern with cultural resources was reflected early in the 20th century with passage of the American Antiquities Act of 1906, which authorized the president to establish national monuments of federally owned or controlled properties, and for the secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and the Army to issue permits for investigations of archaeological sites and objects on lands they controlled. The National Park Service was created in 1916 and assumed responsibility for cultural resources associated with national parks and monuments. Archaeology played a prominent role in the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and other relief programs during the Great Depression, and large-scale investigations that employed thousands were conducted across the country. Cultural resource management, as it is currently practiced, was a product of the environmental movement of the 1960s, when federal cultural resources were given the same level of protection as elements of the natural environment, such as wetlands and protected plant and animal species. Cultural resource management deals with a range of resource types, and the breadth of the field will be reflected in the discussions that follow.

Southeastern Archaeology, 1984

Practicing anthropology, Jun 1, 1993

Contract archaeology as practiced today is a product of the environmental movement that began in ... more Contract archaeology as practiced today is a product of the environmental movement that began in the 1960s. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 required that a number of environmental factors, including archaeology, be taken into account prior to initiation of federal projects or actions. Additional legislation since 1969 has further strengthened requirements, and federal undertakings have been broadly defined to include not only federally funded projects, but also all projects that require federal permitting. The current application of cultural resources laws and regulations means that thousands of archaeological projects are conducted each year in this country. This translates into hundreds of millions of dollars spent annually on compliance-based archaeological research in the United States.

Cultural resource management, normally referred to as “CRM,” may be defined as cultural heritage ... more Cultural resource management, normally referred to as “CRM,” may be defined as cultural heritage management within a framework of federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and guidelines. Cultural heritage, in terms of cultural resource management, may be defined as those places, objects, structures, buildings, and evidence of past material culture and life that are important to understanding, appreciating, or preserving the past. CRM is similar to heritage programs in other countries, but the term and practice of CRM as defined here is unique to the United States. America’s concern with cultural resources was reflected early in the 20th century with passage of the American Antiquities Act of 1906, which authorized the president to establish national monuments of federally owned or controlled properties, and for the secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, and the Army to issue permits for investigations of archaeological sites and objects on lands they controlled. The National Park Service was created in 1916 and assumed responsibility for cultural resources associated with national parks and monuments. Archaeology played a prominent role in the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and other relief programs during the Great Depression, and large-scale investigations that employed thousands were conducted across the country. Cultural resource management, as it is currently practiced, was a product of the environmental movement of the 1960s, when federal cultural resources were given the same level of protection as elements of the natural environment, such as wetlands and protected plant and animal species. Cultural resource management deals with a range of resource types, and the breadth of the field will be reflected in the discussions that follow.

The City of Knoxville experienced considerable growth after the Civil War, as the population quad... more The City of Knoxville experienced considerable growth after the Civil War, as the population quadrupled by 1900. The residential growth of the city was matched by commercial growth, particularly along Gay Street. Both the residential and commercial growth was made possible by the growth of public services that provided clean water, disposal of sewage, and sanitary trash disposal. This chapter discusses historical and archaeological investigations conducted on a block in the commercial district on South Gay Street. That investigation focused on two lots on South Gay Street and one large lot on Cumberland Avenue. All of the investigated lots contained privies that predated the advent of city services, and one lot had a large cistern. The privies and the cistern contained artifacts that spanned the period from the ca. 1880s to ca. 1920, and all served commercial contexts. Study of the lots and their archaeological contexts yielded significant insights into how Knoxville changed after the Civil War and how the modern city emerged.

quadrupled by 1900. The residential growth of the city was matched by commercial growth, particul... more quadrupled by 1900. The residential growth of the city was matched by commercial growth, particularly along Gay Street. Both the residential and commercial growth was made possible by the growth of public services that provided clean water, disposal of sewage, and sanitary trash disposal. This chapter discusses historical and archaeological investigations conducted on a block in the commercial district on South Gay Street. That investigation focused on two lots on South Gay Street and one large lot on Cumberland Avenue. All of the investigated lots contained privies that predated the advent of city services, and one lot had a large cistern. The privies and the cistern contained artifacts that spanned the period from the ca. 1880s to ca. 1920, and all served commercial contexts. Study of the lots and their archaeological contexts yielded significant insights into how Knoxville changed after the Civil War and how the modern city emerged.

Archaeological data recovery operations conducted at La Iglesia de Maragiiez (PO-39) from 1989 to... more Archaeological data recovery operations conducted at La Iglesia de Maragiiez (PO-39) from 1989 to 1991 revealed a relatively small site with a major component that dated to the eleventh century A.D. The site consisted of a batey, or ball court, with petroglyphs, a buried midden deposit on a slope below the batey, and a single structure on a ridge nose to the south of the buried midden. PO-39 apparently was used only as a local ceremonial center, and there was no evidence it had ever been used as a domestic site. This paper discusses the results of the PO-39 excavation, and presents the data that support the interpretation of the site as a local ceremonial center.

A proposed expansion of the Florence National Cemetery triggered archaeological data recovery of ... more A proposed expansion of the Florence National Cemetery triggered archaeological data recovery of a ten-acre area adjacent to the Florence Stockade. The Florence Stockade was constructed in Florence, South Carolina in September 1864 to house Union enlisted prisoners of war. The prison was an open stockade on the Andersonville model, and guard camps for regular troops and South Carolina reserves were placed around the stockade. The area excavated for the cemetery expansion contained the eastern end of a guard camp first used by the 5th Georgia Infantry. Reanalysis of the distribution of bullets in the excavated area and the use of requisitions in regimental service records led to reassessment of the functions of the excavated area.

This is a Power Point program presented before the 2016 annual meeting of the Southeastern Confer... more This is a Power Point program presented before the 2016 annual meeting of the Southeastern Conference on Historic Sites Archaeology. The presentation presents the results of a major excavation of a block in downtown Knoxville, Tennessee, that was conducted in 1994. The study block was where the first Constitutional Convention for Tennessee was held, and became a totally commercial block after the Civil War.

This paper describes a ceramic assemblage recovered from a burned house in Cobb County, Georgia. ... more This paper describes a ceramic assemblage recovered from a burned house in Cobb County, Georgia. It was possible to reconstruct the house room-by-room based on recognizable content that survived the burning of the house in ca. 1911-1912. The house was located within a woolen mill property at the time of the fire, and probably had been occupied by a mill worker.