Sunil Pattnaik - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Sunil Pattnaik
Maritime archaeological studies confirm that stone weight anchors were the earliest device to hol... more Maritime archaeological studies confirm that stone weight anchors were the earliest device to hold watercraft in place. Different shapes and sizes of stone weight anchors were developed and used during different periods by various cultures (Curryer 1999; Frost 1973; Hadas et al. 2005; Kapit n 1984; Nibbi 1984; Whitehouse 1970). Some varieties of stone anchors have been reported along with lead-filled or lead stock wooden hook anchors from shipwrecks, harbours and trade routes around the world (Green 1971; Wachsmann 1998; Agius 2002). The development from stone weight anchors led to wooden hook anchors (Haldane 1986; Haldane 1990; van Duivenvoorde 2012), lead-stock anchors and iron anchors. Maritime archaeological explorations along the east and west coasts of India have yielded stone anchors (single hole, composite, Indo-Arabian, and ring stone [mushroom]), which were used until the middle of the 20th century. However, no lead-core or all lead stock wooden hook anchors have ever bee...
International Review of Social Research, 2019
International Review of Social Research, 2019
"the great thinkers, great mystics, great sages […], by their uncommon intellect, and supreme wis... more "the great thinkers, great mystics, great sages […], by their uncommon intellect, and supreme wisdom made a great impression upon the thought of people; the sculptors and artists and Buddhism hewed great cave temples and stupas which are to this day among the great achievement of humankind" (Sankrityayan, 1973: 328-349 apud Ahir, 2013: ix). In its long history, Buddhism became the national religion of India during King Aśoka, reaching its zenith during the reign of Harsavardhana (606-647 C.E.), the last "Buddhist Emperor". Different researchers have defined the historical phases of the evolution of Buddhism in India as: consolidation, systematic propagation, becoming a popular religion, struggling and maintaining, massacre and regression, followed by a period of apparently disappearance (see Naik, 2006). A renaissance and revival of Buddhism is agreed to have started in India as early as 1891, with the intention of restoring the sacred Buddhist shrines, as well as with the discovery of numerous relics on the Indian territory, or the return of the relics kept abroad. After 1947, "the Buddhist revival movement came to be associated with nationalism and ancient Indian culture" (ibid: 9). In 1956, to mark 2500 years of Buddhist Era commenced on the day of the Mahaparinirvana celebrated worldwide, in India a Buddha Jayanti Celebrations Committee has been appointed; the same year, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar adhered to Buddhism, along with half a million followers. While a significant increase in the Buddhist population in India took place since then, Buddhism in India is still far from having the power of a living religion (Ahir, 2011: 201). Starting with 1950, India Archeological Survey also started systematic archeological works and restoration of Buddhist heritage, the Buddhist sites being nowadays among the most important travel and tourism destinations, nationally and internationally. India is now represented as "The Land of Buddha", in the Ministry of Tourism promotion campaigns. In the context of all Indian religions, Buddhism occupies a unique place, firstly for addressing and accepting people of all strata of society, but also populations like the Indo-Greeks and Indo-Scythians, who settled in India at the time, and secondly, for its
International Review of Social Research
"the great thinkers, great mystics, great sages […], by their uncommon intellect, and supreme wis... more "the great thinkers, great mystics, great sages […], by their uncommon intellect, and supreme wisdom made a great impression upon the thought of people; the sculptors and artists and Buddhism hewed great cave temples and stupas which are to this day among the great achievement of humankind" (Sankrityayan, 1973: 328-349 apud Ahir, 2013: ix). In its long history, Buddhism became the national religion of India during King Aśoka, reaching its zenith during the reign of Harsavardhana (606-647 C.E.), the last "Buddhist Emperor". Different researchers have defined the historical phases of the evolution of Buddhism in India as: consolidation, systematic propagation, becoming a popular religion, struggling and maintaining, massacre and regression, followed by a period of apparently disappearance (see Naik, 2006). A renaissance and revival of Buddhism is agreed to have started in India as early as 1891, with the intention of restoring the sacred Buddhist shrines, as well as with the discovery of numerous relics on the Indian territory, or the return of the relics kept abroad. After 1947, "the Buddhist revival movement came to be associated with nationalism and ancient Indian culture" (ibid: 9). In 1956, to mark 2500 years of Buddhist Era commenced on the day of the Mahaparinirvana celebrated worldwide, in India a Buddha Jayanti Celebrations Committee has been appointed; the same year, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar adhered to Buddhism, along with half a million followers. While a significant increase in the Buddhist population in India took place since then, Buddhism in India is still far from having the power of a living religion (Ahir, 2011: 201). Starting with 1950, India Archeological Survey also started systematic archeological works and restoration of Buddhist heritage, the Buddhist sites being nowadays among the most important travel and tourism destinations, nationally and internationally. India is now represented as "The Land of Buddha", in the Ministry of Tourism promotion campaigns. In the context of all Indian religions, Buddhism occupies a unique place, firstly for addressing and accepting people of all strata of society, but also populations like the Indo-Greeks and Indo-Scythians, who settled in India at the time, and secondly, for its
International Review of Social Research, Jun 1, 2019
The advent of Buddhism in India is usually dated back to 6th century BCE. Siddhartha Goutama, a S... more The advent of Buddhism in India is usually dated back to 6th century BCE. Siddhartha Goutama, a Sakya Prince left for quest of truth and reality of life. He was showered with the divine light of enlightenment, then, instead of keeping it to himself, Gautama preferred to enlighten others. The teachings preached and propounded by Gautama Buddha were warmly accepted by a large number of people and emerged as a new school of thought i.e. Buddhism which later turned into a major religion of the world and the Buddhist remains discovered through archaeological investigations help us to reconstruct our past. (Chakrabarti, 2006: 315) It is a well known fact that various the kings of different kingdoms like Magadha, Vaisali, the Sakayas, the Bullis, the Koliyas, the Mallas, the Moriyas and Kalinga (Ancient Odisha) sought for the relics of the Buddha after the parinirvana. (Kern, 1989: 46) The emperors, kings, traders and commoners extended patronage and built monuments, kept relics, offered gifts to pay ovation to the Master Teacher. This historical phenomenon is known from various forms of Buddhist monuments built across India. Odisha, a geographical orbit of South Eastern India, is fortunate to have received a good deal of Buddhist monuments and relics. This paper is intended to present an account of different forms of Buddhist monuments that have been discovered so far, such as Stupas, Chaitys, Monasteries under the possible patronage of Buddhism in this part of India from third century BCE to sixth-seventh century CE.
Arnava Vol. IX, No 2, 2020
This paper examines the three sites in their historical context, taking together the recent explo... more This paper examines the three sites in their historical context, taking together the recent explorations and observation in continuation with similar such culture complexes of Odisha. An effort is made to historicize the archaeological, cultural and settlement contexts antecedent to Early Historic period urbanism, states and Buddhist monasticism in Kalinga or Ancient Odisha. The The developments that are exemplified by the urban settlement at Dantapura, monastic settlement at Salihundam and a Stupa site at Kalingapattnam on the bank of the river Vamsadhara and its contemporary similar such sites on the bank of the river Daya at Dhauli and Aragarh and on the bank of the river Brahamani, Radhanagar –Kayama and Langudi.
Maritime archaeological studies confirm that stone weight anchors were the earliest device to hol... more Maritime archaeological studies confirm that stone weight anchors were the earliest device to hold watercraft in place. Different shapes and sizes of stone weight anchors were developed and used during different periods by various cultures (Curryer 1999; Frost 1973; Hadas et al. 2005; Kapit n 1984; Nibbi 1984; Whitehouse 1970). Some varieties of stone anchors have been reported along with lead-filled or lead stock wooden hook anchors from shipwrecks, harbours and trade routes around the world (Green 1971; Wachsmann 1998; Agius 2002). The development from stone weight anchors led to wooden hook anchors (Haldane 1986; Haldane 1990; van Duivenvoorde 2012), lead-stock anchors and iron anchors. Maritime archaeological explorations along the east and west coasts of India have yielded stone anchors (single hole, composite, Indo-Arabian, and ring stone [mushroom]), which were used until the middle of the 20th century. However, no lead-core or all lead stock wooden hook anchors have ever bee...
International Review of Social Research, 2019
International Review of Social Research, 2019
"the great thinkers, great mystics, great sages […], by their uncommon intellect, and supreme wis... more "the great thinkers, great mystics, great sages […], by their uncommon intellect, and supreme wisdom made a great impression upon the thought of people; the sculptors and artists and Buddhism hewed great cave temples and stupas which are to this day among the great achievement of humankind" (Sankrityayan, 1973: 328-349 apud Ahir, 2013: ix). In its long history, Buddhism became the national religion of India during King Aśoka, reaching its zenith during the reign of Harsavardhana (606-647 C.E.), the last "Buddhist Emperor". Different researchers have defined the historical phases of the evolution of Buddhism in India as: consolidation, systematic propagation, becoming a popular religion, struggling and maintaining, massacre and regression, followed by a period of apparently disappearance (see Naik, 2006). A renaissance and revival of Buddhism is agreed to have started in India as early as 1891, with the intention of restoring the sacred Buddhist shrines, as well as with the discovery of numerous relics on the Indian territory, or the return of the relics kept abroad. After 1947, "the Buddhist revival movement came to be associated with nationalism and ancient Indian culture" (ibid: 9). In 1956, to mark 2500 years of Buddhist Era commenced on the day of the Mahaparinirvana celebrated worldwide, in India a Buddha Jayanti Celebrations Committee has been appointed; the same year, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar adhered to Buddhism, along with half a million followers. While a significant increase in the Buddhist population in India took place since then, Buddhism in India is still far from having the power of a living religion (Ahir, 2011: 201). Starting with 1950, India Archeological Survey also started systematic archeological works and restoration of Buddhist heritage, the Buddhist sites being nowadays among the most important travel and tourism destinations, nationally and internationally. India is now represented as "The Land of Buddha", in the Ministry of Tourism promotion campaigns. In the context of all Indian religions, Buddhism occupies a unique place, firstly for addressing and accepting people of all strata of society, but also populations like the Indo-Greeks and Indo-Scythians, who settled in India at the time, and secondly, for its
International Review of Social Research
"the great thinkers, great mystics, great sages […], by their uncommon intellect, and supreme wis... more "the great thinkers, great mystics, great sages […], by their uncommon intellect, and supreme wisdom made a great impression upon the thought of people; the sculptors and artists and Buddhism hewed great cave temples and stupas which are to this day among the great achievement of humankind" (Sankrityayan, 1973: 328-349 apud Ahir, 2013: ix). In its long history, Buddhism became the national religion of India during King Aśoka, reaching its zenith during the reign of Harsavardhana (606-647 C.E.), the last "Buddhist Emperor". Different researchers have defined the historical phases of the evolution of Buddhism in India as: consolidation, systematic propagation, becoming a popular religion, struggling and maintaining, massacre and regression, followed by a period of apparently disappearance (see Naik, 2006). A renaissance and revival of Buddhism is agreed to have started in India as early as 1891, with the intention of restoring the sacred Buddhist shrines, as well as with the discovery of numerous relics on the Indian territory, or the return of the relics kept abroad. After 1947, "the Buddhist revival movement came to be associated with nationalism and ancient Indian culture" (ibid: 9). In 1956, to mark 2500 years of Buddhist Era commenced on the day of the Mahaparinirvana celebrated worldwide, in India a Buddha Jayanti Celebrations Committee has been appointed; the same year, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar adhered to Buddhism, along with half a million followers. While a significant increase in the Buddhist population in India took place since then, Buddhism in India is still far from having the power of a living religion (Ahir, 2011: 201). Starting with 1950, India Archeological Survey also started systematic archeological works and restoration of Buddhist heritage, the Buddhist sites being nowadays among the most important travel and tourism destinations, nationally and internationally. India is now represented as "The Land of Buddha", in the Ministry of Tourism promotion campaigns. In the context of all Indian religions, Buddhism occupies a unique place, firstly for addressing and accepting people of all strata of society, but also populations like the Indo-Greeks and Indo-Scythians, who settled in India at the time, and secondly, for its
International Review of Social Research, Jun 1, 2019
The advent of Buddhism in India is usually dated back to 6th century BCE. Siddhartha Goutama, a S... more The advent of Buddhism in India is usually dated back to 6th century BCE. Siddhartha Goutama, a Sakya Prince left for quest of truth and reality of life. He was showered with the divine light of enlightenment, then, instead of keeping it to himself, Gautama preferred to enlighten others. The teachings preached and propounded by Gautama Buddha were warmly accepted by a large number of people and emerged as a new school of thought i.e. Buddhism which later turned into a major religion of the world and the Buddhist remains discovered through archaeological investigations help us to reconstruct our past. (Chakrabarti, 2006: 315) It is a well known fact that various the kings of different kingdoms like Magadha, Vaisali, the Sakayas, the Bullis, the Koliyas, the Mallas, the Moriyas and Kalinga (Ancient Odisha) sought for the relics of the Buddha after the parinirvana. (Kern, 1989: 46) The emperors, kings, traders and commoners extended patronage and built monuments, kept relics, offered gifts to pay ovation to the Master Teacher. This historical phenomenon is known from various forms of Buddhist monuments built across India. Odisha, a geographical orbit of South Eastern India, is fortunate to have received a good deal of Buddhist monuments and relics. This paper is intended to present an account of different forms of Buddhist monuments that have been discovered so far, such as Stupas, Chaitys, Monasteries under the possible patronage of Buddhism in this part of India from third century BCE to sixth-seventh century CE.
Arnava Vol. IX, No 2, 2020
This paper examines the three sites in their historical context, taking together the recent explo... more This paper examines the three sites in their historical context, taking together the recent explorations and observation in continuation with similar such culture complexes of Odisha. An effort is made to historicize the archaeological, cultural and settlement contexts antecedent to Early Historic period urbanism, states and Buddhist monasticism in Kalinga or Ancient Odisha. The The developments that are exemplified by the urban settlement at Dantapura, monastic settlement at Salihundam and a Stupa site at Kalingapattnam on the bank of the river Vamsadhara and its contemporary similar such sites on the bank of the river Daya at Dhauli and Aragarh and on the bank of the river Brahamani, Radhanagar –Kayama and Langudi.