Paul Anderson - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Paul Anderson

Nature, 2019

Range of recycling technologies Recycling Complexity of process 'Mixing' of materials streams Amo... more Range of recycling technologies Recycling Complexity of process 'Mixing' of materials streams Amount of materials recovered Value of materials recovered Fig. 1 | The waste management hierarchy and range of recycling options. The waste management hierarchy is a concept that was developed from the Council Directive 75/442/EEC of 15 July 1975 (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31975L0442) on waste by the Dutch politician Ad Lansink, in 1979, who presented to the Dutch parliament a simple schematic representation that has been termed 'Lansink's Ladder', ranking waste management options from the most to least environmentally desirable options. Here, that hierarchy is expanded to consider the range of battery recycling technologies. 'Prevention' means that LIBs are designed to use less-critical materials (high economic importance, but at risk of short supply) and that electric vehicles should be lighter and have smaller batteries. 'Re-use' means that electric-vehicle batteries should have a second use. 'Recycling' means that batteries should be recycled, recovering as much material as possible and preserving any structural value and quality (for example, preventing contamination). 'Recovery' means using some battery materials as energy for processes such as fuel for pyrometallurgy. Finally, 'disposal' means that no value is recovered and the waste goes to landfill.

Journal of Materials Chemistry a, 2013

In this paper we report the synthesis, structure and Li ion conductivity of a new tetragonal garn... more In this paper we report the synthesis, structure and Li ion conductivity of a new tetragonal garnet phase Nd 3 Zr 2 Li 7 O 12. In line with other tetragonal garnet systems, the Li is shown to be ordered in the tetrahedral and distorted octahedral sites, and the Li ion conductivity is consequently low. In an effort to improve the ionic conductivity of the parent material, we have also investigated Al doping to reduce the Li content, Nd 3 Zr 2 Li 5.5 Al 0.5 O 12 , and hence introduce disorder on the Li sublattice. This was found to be successful leading to a change in the unit cell symmetry from tetragonal to cubic, and an enhanced Li ion conductivity. Neutron diffraction studies showed that the Al was introduced onto the ideal tetrahedral garnet site, a site preference also supported by the results of computer modelling studies. The effect of moisture on the conductivity of these systems was also examined, showing significant changes at low temperatures consistent with a protonic contribution in humid atmospheres. In line with these observations, computational modelling suggests favourable exchange energy for the Li + /H + exchange process.

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2012

BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting... more BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research.

Archives of Oral Biology, 1996

Mineral content gradients in two composite enamel pearls from permanent human upper molars were m... more Mineral content gradients in two composite enamel pearls from permanent human upper molars were measured by X-ray microtomography (XMT) at a resolution of 15-30 # m. This non-destructive microscopic technique was used to make 15-tim thick XMT slices with 100-/tm separation through one pearl and 250-pm separation through the other. Average mineral contents were calculated from the linear absorption coefficients determined from regions of the XMT slices assuming the inorganic component to be calcium hydroxyapatite. These values were compared with similar XMT studies of coronal enameZt and dentine of upper permanent premolars. A mineral content gradient in the pearls, reducing from the enamel surface to the amelodentinal junction, was found; this was similar to that observed in the coronal enamel of the upper premolar. The mineral contents in the surface and deeper enamel regions of the pearl were similar to those observed in premolar enamel. In contrast, the mineral content for the dentine of the pearl was greatest at the amelodentinal junction, i.e. the gradient was in the opposite direction to that observed in premolar dentine. These results suggest that the process of mineralization af the pearl dentine differs from that in permanent coronal dentine. In addition, gradients in enamel and dentine mineral contents reducing from the tip of the pearl to the base of the pearl were found. Copyri~;ht

Nature, 2019

Range of recycling technologies Recycling Complexity of process 'Mixing' of materials streams Amo... more Range of recycling technologies Recycling Complexity of process 'Mixing' of materials streams Amount of materials recovered Value of materials recovered Fig. 1 | The waste management hierarchy and range of recycling options. The waste management hierarchy is a concept that was developed from the Council Directive 75/442/EEC of 15 July 1975 (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31975L0442) on waste by the Dutch politician Ad Lansink, in 1979, who presented to the Dutch parliament a simple schematic representation that has been termed 'Lansink's Ladder', ranking waste management options from the most to least environmentally desirable options. Here, that hierarchy is expanded to consider the range of battery recycling technologies. 'Prevention' means that LIBs are designed to use less-critical materials (high economic importance, but at risk of short supply) and that electric vehicles should be lighter and have smaller batteries. 'Re-use' means that electric-vehicle batteries should have a second use. 'Recycling' means that batteries should be recycled, recovering as much material as possible and preserving any structural value and quality (for example, preventing contamination). 'Recovery' means using some battery materials as energy for processes such as fuel for pyrometallurgy. Finally, 'disposal' means that no value is recovered and the waste goes to landfill.

Journal of Materials Chemistry a, 2013

In this paper we report the synthesis, structure and Li ion conductivity of a new tetragonal garn... more In this paper we report the synthesis, structure and Li ion conductivity of a new tetragonal garnet phase Nd 3 Zr 2 Li 7 O 12. In line with other tetragonal garnet systems, the Li is shown to be ordered in the tetrahedral and distorted octahedral sites, and the Li ion conductivity is consequently low. In an effort to improve the ionic conductivity of the parent material, we have also investigated Al doping to reduce the Li content, Nd 3 Zr 2 Li 5.5 Al 0.5 O 12 , and hence introduce disorder on the Li sublattice. This was found to be successful leading to a change in the unit cell symmetry from tetragonal to cubic, and an enhanced Li ion conductivity. Neutron diffraction studies showed that the Al was introduced onto the ideal tetrahedral garnet site, a site preference also supported by the results of computer modelling studies. The effect of moisture on the conductivity of these systems was also examined, showing significant changes at low temperatures consistent with a protonic contribution in humid atmospheres. In line with these observations, computational modelling suggests favourable exchange energy for the Li + /H + exchange process.

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2012

BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting... more BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research.

Archives of Oral Biology, 1996

Mineral content gradients in two composite enamel pearls from permanent human upper molars were m... more Mineral content gradients in two composite enamel pearls from permanent human upper molars were measured by X-ray microtomography (XMT) at a resolution of 15-30 # m. This non-destructive microscopic technique was used to make 15-tim thick XMT slices with 100-/tm separation through one pearl and 250-pm separation through the other. Average mineral contents were calculated from the linear absorption coefficients determined from regions of the XMT slices assuming the inorganic component to be calcium hydroxyapatite. These values were compared with similar XMT studies of coronal enameZt and dentine of upper permanent premolars. A mineral content gradient in the pearls, reducing from the enamel surface to the amelodentinal junction, was found; this was similar to that observed in the coronal enamel of the upper premolar. The mineral contents in the surface and deeper enamel regions of the pearl were similar to those observed in premolar enamel. In contrast, the mineral content for the dentine of the pearl was greatest at the amelodentinal junction, i.e. the gradient was in the opposite direction to that observed in premolar dentine. These results suggest that the process of mineralization af the pearl dentine differs from that in permanent coronal dentine. In addition, gradients in enamel and dentine mineral contents reducing from the tip of the pearl to the base of the pearl were found. Copyri~;ht