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Annual evaporation losses from irrigation storage dams and channels are significant and are estim... more Annual evaporation losses from irrigation storage dams and channels are significant and are estimated to be between 1.32GL/yr and 2.88GL/yr from the 2,000,000 farm dams across Australia. Nationally, consideration is currently being given to investment in evaporation mitigation technologies. Floating and suspended covers are proven but involve high capital cost: in contrast, monomolecular chemical films (monolayers) offer potentially cost-effective evaporation mitigation but are as yet unproven. Five years of research funded by the CRC Irrigation Futures and others has enabled significant progress in evaporation mitigation research, and in particular the future use of monolayers. In this paper, developments are reported in six areas: the development of standardised methods for evaporation and seepage monitoring in storages, including Internet-based calculation tools; fundamental understanding of the reasons for seemingly highly-variable performance of monolayers; and from this the fo...
Chemical Physics Letters, 2015
Integrative Medicine Research, 2017
Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 2017
Integrative Medicine Research, 2019
One of the most significant sources of water wastage in Australia is loss from small storage dams... more One of the most significant sources of water wastage in Australia is loss from small storage dams, either by seepage or evaporation. Over much of Australia, evaporative demand routinely exceeds precipitation. This paper outlines first, methodologies and measurement techniques to quantify the rate of evaporative loss from fresh water storages. These encompass high-accuracy water balance monitoring; determination of the validity of alternative estimation equations, in particular the FAO56 Penman-Monteith ETo methodology; and the commencement of CFD modeling to determine a ‘dam factor ’ in relation to practical atmospheric measurement techniques. Second, because the application of chemical monolayers is the only feasible alternative to the high cost of physically covering the storages to retard evaporation, the use of cetyl alcohol-based monolayers is reviewed, and preliminary research on their degradation by photolytic action, by wind break-up and by microbial degradation reported. Si...
Mono-molecular layers, or monolayers, on the surface of water can reduce evaporation by up to 40%... more Mono-molecular layers, or monolayers, on the surface of water can reduce evaporation by up to 40% on small storages. Effective reduction requires the maintenance of coverage by dispensers, which must be informed by sensors capable of detecting the presence/absence of the monolayer. However, no system has yet been developed that can reliably automatically detect the presence of monolayer. Numerous detection techniques for potential field deployment, including optical and infrared reflectance, measurement of surface tension and wave damping methods were investigated. A wind assisted surface probe (WASP), based on the temperature differential between the sub-surface and volume of a small sample of periodically-entrapped water was subsequently developed. In small scale testing it has shown to be a reliable indicator of monolayer in all but very high humidities.
Environmental …, 2007
One of the most significant sources of water wastage in Australia is loss from small storage dams... more One of the most significant sources of water wastage in Australia is loss from small storage dams, either by seepage or evaporation. Over much of Australia, evaporative demand routinely exceeds precipitation. This paper outlines first, methodologies and measurement ...
Annual evaporation losses from irrigation storage dams and channels are significant and are estim... more Annual evaporation losses from irrigation storage dams and channels are significant and are estimated to be between 1.32GL/yr and 2.88GL/yr from the 2,000,000 farm dams across Australia. Nationally, consideration is currently being given to investment in evaporation mitigation technologies. Floating and suspended covers are proven but involve high capital cost: in contrast, monomolecular chemical films (monolayers) offer potentially cost-effective evaporation mitigation but are as yet unproven. Five years of research funded by the CRC Irrigation Futures and others has enabled significant progress in evaporation mitigation research, and in particular the future use of monolayers. In this paper, developments are reported in six areas: the development of standardised methods for evaporation and seepage monitoring in storages, including Internet-based calculation tools; fundamental understanding of the reasons for seemingly highly-variable performance of monolayers; and from this the fo...
Chemical Physics Letters, 2015
Integrative Medicine Research, 2017
Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 2017
Integrative Medicine Research, 2019
One of the most significant sources of water wastage in Australia is loss from small storage dams... more One of the most significant sources of water wastage in Australia is loss from small storage dams, either by seepage or evaporation. Over much of Australia, evaporative demand routinely exceeds precipitation. This paper outlines first, methodologies and measurement techniques to quantify the rate of evaporative loss from fresh water storages. These encompass high-accuracy water balance monitoring; determination of the validity of alternative estimation equations, in particular the FAO56 Penman-Monteith ETo methodology; and the commencement of CFD modeling to determine a ‘dam factor ’ in relation to practical atmospheric measurement techniques. Second, because the application of chemical monolayers is the only feasible alternative to the high cost of physically covering the storages to retard evaporation, the use of cetyl alcohol-based monolayers is reviewed, and preliminary research on their degradation by photolytic action, by wind break-up and by microbial degradation reported. Si...
Mono-molecular layers, or monolayers, on the surface of water can reduce evaporation by up to 40%... more Mono-molecular layers, or monolayers, on the surface of water can reduce evaporation by up to 40% on small storages. Effective reduction requires the maintenance of coverage by dispensers, which must be informed by sensors capable of detecting the presence/absence of the monolayer. However, no system has yet been developed that can reliably automatically detect the presence of monolayer. Numerous detection techniques for potential field deployment, including optical and infrared reflectance, measurement of surface tension and wave damping methods were investigated. A wind assisted surface probe (WASP), based on the temperature differential between the sub-surface and volume of a small sample of periodically-entrapped water was subsequently developed. In small scale testing it has shown to be a reliable indicator of monolayer in all but very high humidities.
Environmental …, 2007
One of the most significant sources of water wastage in Australia is loss from small storage dams... more One of the most significant sources of water wastage in Australia is loss from small storage dams, either by seepage or evaporation. Over much of Australia, evaporative demand routinely exceeds precipitation. This paper outlines first, methodologies and measurement ...