Paul Ewart - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Paul Ewart

The Report goes through the works done by the student before November 2018 for developing of an a... more The Report goes through the works done by the student before November 2018 for developing of an aerodynamic vehicle body shell, which includes the project background, design features, design outcomes and drawings, conclusion and recommendations.

Advances in consumer technologies are enabling a variety of products to be developed using novel ... more Advances in consumer technologies are enabling a variety of products to be developed using novel approaches to historical manufacturing processes. The sophisticated fabrication process of particulate injection moulding is one such process, ideally suitable for the production of components 1 to 100g. Derived from the merging of technologies from the powder consolidation sector to the polymer injection moulding industry it is one of the fastest growing areas of the mid volume manufacturing sector. This paper presents a review and analysis of a range of NZ products produced from titanium metals. A focus on the drive to size reductions and the requirements that arise from such miniaturisation is seen through comparisons between current products, products under development and targeted future products.

Centre for Engineering and Industrial Design researchers are discussed and the future focus is pr... more Centre for Engineering and Industrial Design researchers are discussed and the future focus is proposed.

Sports Engineering, 2006

Page 1. © 2006 isea Sports Engineering (2006) 9, 175–190 175 Chapter 1 – Biomechanics Influence o... more Page 1. © 2006 isea Sports Engineering (2006) 9, 175–190 175 Chapter 1 – Biomechanics Influence of footwear on in-shoe loading for different soil densities Sharon Dixon*, Iain James† and Daniel Low* *University of Exeter, UK †Cranfield University, UK ...

With the increased population of the elderly, providing more active public transportation for an ... more With the increased population of the elderly, providing more active public transportation for an older population is a global issue. This study investigates the travel behaviour and mode choice attitudes of people aged 65 and older and improves transport accessibility by proposing a demand responsive transport (DRT) service in New Zealand (NZ) rural areas and small towns. A case study was conducted at the Thames, Waikato to investigate the travel behaviour of the elderly and explore the presence of heterogeneity in transport mode choice. Thames is located at the Thames-Coromandel District with a high proportion (27.1%) of people aged 65 and older. Due to the popularity of Thames for people aged 65 and over, the population of this age group in Thames is increasing and predicted to increase to 43% in the year 2043. Therefore, the demand for alternative modes of transport, especially once owning or driving a private motor vehicle is no longer a viable option. This study explores the ex...

The powder metallurgy (PM) industry is based on the efficient use of material in powder form to p... more The powder metallurgy (PM) industry is based on the efficient use of material in powder form to produce products. The main process method is press and sinter, the powders are pressed into simple shapes before being heated to just below melting temperature to allow the powders to fuse together (sinter) and form a solid part. This is the process used to make cutting tool inserts and form the ceramic insulator of spark plugs. Two PM processes being used to produce products with far greater shape complexity are metal injection moulding (MIM) and binder jetted metal 3D printing. MIM uses injection moulding machinery from the plastics industry to mould the powder into shape, from here the powder form is sintered in a furnace to form the solid part. Binder jetting uses the 3D printing process to binder powders together and build the powder shape, the shape is then sintered in a furnace to form the finished part.

This project involves the investigation of processing techniques for producing low-cost moulding ... more This project involves the investigation of processing techniques for producing low-cost moulding inserts used in the particulate injection moulding (PIM) process. Prototype moulds were made from both additive and subtractive processes as well as a combination of the two. The general motivation for this was to reduce the entry cost of users when considering PIM. PIM cavity inserts were first made by conventional machining from a polymer block using the pocket NC desktop mill. PIM cavity inserts were also made by fused filament deposition modelling using the Tiertime UP plus 3D printer. The injection moulding trials manifested in surface finish and part removal defects. The feedstock was a titanium metal blend which is brittle in comparison to commodity polymers. That in combination with the mesoscale features, small cross-sections and complex geometries were considered the main problems. For both processing methods, fixes were identified and made to test the theory. These consisted o...

This poster is the culmination of final year Bachelor of Engineering Technology (B.Eng.Tech) stud... more This poster is the culmination of final year Bachelor of Engineering Technology (B.Eng.Tech) student projects in 2017 and 2018. The B.Eng.Tech is a level seven qualification that aligns with the Sydney accord for a three-year engineering degree and hence is internationally benchmarked. The enabling mechanism of these projects is the industry connectivity that creates real-world projects and highlights the benefits of the investigation of process at the technologist level. The methodologies we use are basic and transparent, with enough depth of technical knowledge to ensure the industry partners gain from the collaboration process. The process we use minimizes the disconnect between the student and the industry supervisor while maintaining the academic freedom of the student and the commercial sensitivities of the supervisor. The general motivation for this approach is the reduction of the entry cost of the industry to enable consideration of new technologies and thereby reducing ris...

My presentation gave an overview of Wintec its centres and the research that is being undertaken ... more My presentation gave an overview of Wintec its centres and the research that is being undertaken within CEID and in collaboration with other centres, institutions and industry.

The Education Acts' statutory obligations for ITPs are not supported by the Crown funding mod... more The Education Acts' statutory obligations for ITPs are not supported by the Crown funding model. Part of the statutory role of an ITP is “... promotes community learning and by research, particularly applied and technological research ...” [The education act 1989]. In relation to this, a 2017 TEC report highlighted impaired business models and an excessive administrative burden as a restrictive and impeding success. Further restrictions are seen when considering ITPs attract < 3 % of the available TEC funding for research, and ~ 20 % available TEC funding for teaching, despite having overall student efts of ~ 26 % nationally. An attempt to improve performance and engage through collaboration (community, industry, tertiary) at our institution is proving successful. The cross-disciplinary approach provides students high-level experience and the technical stretch needed to be successful engineers, technologists, and technicians. This study presents one of the methods we use to c...

In a recent study a structural hold down component was designed and produced using the particulat... more In a recent study a structural hold down component was designed and produced using the particulate injection moulding (PIM) process. The material of choice was titanium due not only to the material properties but also due to the desire to create custom made components for a state-of-the-art marine vessel. On removal from the mould the green parts were seen to have an irregular surface on the top face. The irregular surface presented no through part defects and although the surface irregularities were caused by separation of the two-phases the effect was restricted to the outer surface of the parts. In a more historic study by the author the surface properties of titanium dental implants were modified by the use of adaptive mould inserts during the moulding phase of PIM. These two contrasting studies are considered and have become the basis of a current investigation looking to engineer surface irregularities in an ordered fashion. The application of meso-machining, and additive manu...

As a mini-workshop, this session has a focus on delivery of the course DE4103 Technical literacy ... more As a mini-workshop, this session has a focus on delivery of the course DE4103 Technical literacy but is relevant to all courses that may face obsoletion due to changing technology.

High-alloy steels with the addition of > 10 % chromium are known as stainless steels and due t... more High-alloy steels with the addition of > 10 % chromium are known as stainless steels and due to their increased strength and oxidation resistance are used for food production equipment, in the chemical industry and in the marine environments. A problem within some marine environments is that corrosion still occurs. The corrosion still occurs despite the alloying content because of high mechanical stress a result of high loading. This is particularly seen in structural applications and load points. While this may be acceptable within industries such as commercial fishing and container transportation it is not desirable in luxury vessels or high-performance sports vessels. To eliminate the effects of stress on these components materials with greater oxidation resistance are recommended one of which is titanium metal. Not only does titanium metal have greater oxidation resistance than marine alloyed chromium steels it also has lower density and higher yield strength which enable low...

Sports Engineering, 2010

Computer-aided design (CAD) of sporting equipment requires knowledge of the mechanical properties... more Computer-aided design (CAD) of sporting equipment requires knowledge of the mechanical properties of proposed materials. The mechanical properties of composite materials are often not as simple to obtain as those of conventional materials, in which case micromechanical modelling could be used in conjunction with CAD software. A micro-mechanical model was used to predict the flexural modulus of composite materials, based on the assumption of partial interfacial adhesion between composite components. It was found that the partial adhesion model was both practical and consistently accurate. The partial adhesion model accounted for adhesion between components by considering an 'effective shear value' at the interface. The model was compared to experimental data for glass, wood and carbon-fibre reinforced polyethylene. It was shown that the adhesion coefficient ranged between 0.1 for carbon fibre, 0.5 for glass fibre and 0.8 for the wood fibre composites. It was shown that using micro-mechanical modelling to predict composite mechanical properties, as opposed to simulating the comprehensive composites structure, computer processing time and file size can be reduced with little compromise in simulation accuracy.

Proceedings, Feb 13, 2018

Advanced materials such as metal alloys, carbon fibre composites and engineered polymers have imp... more Advanced materials such as metal alloys, carbon fibre composites and engineered polymers have improved athlete performances in all sporting applications. Advances in manufacturing has enabled increases in design complexity and the ability to rapidly prototype bespoke products using additive manufacturing also known as 3D printing. Another recent fabrication method widely used by medical, electronics and armaments manufacturers is particulate injection moulding. This process uses exact quantities of the required material, in powder form, minimising resource and energy requirements in comparison to conventional manufacturing techniques. The process utilises injection moulding techniques and tooling methods developed and used in the plastics industry. It can produce highly complex component geometries with excellent repeatability and reduced cost where volume manufacturing is required. This is especially important when considering materials such as titanium that are not only expensive in comparison to other metals but are difficult to process by regular machining and fabrication methods. This work presents a review of titanium use in the sporting sector with a focus on sporting devices and equipment. It also proposes that the sports engineering sector could increase performance and enable improvements in safety by switching to design methods appropriate to processing via the particulate injection moulding route.

The research investigates the design and utilization of the pipe bracket with titanium metal for ... more The research investigates the design and utilization of the pipe bracket with titanium metal for the ocean going vessel to confront marine environment. The main aim of this report is to study the performance of titanium metal compared with other materials when they are being used in marine environment .Another aim of this report is to design pipe bracket for the ocean going vessel, then did the simulation and calculation of the loads which applied on the pipe bracket. The studying of my aims were targeted during all the phases of this project. This report has gone through several stages so that be achieved. The first phase was referring the gathering information about the primary mechanical properties of titanium metal as light weight, flexible and strong resistance to corrosion. The different corrosion properties of pipe material and how they interact together with titanium metal or sea water. The second phase was concerning three different pipe types (rigid support, adjustable sup...

The research project is related to the single seat three-wheel electric vehicle. Due to the high ... more The research project is related to the single seat three-wheel electric vehicle. Due to the high consumption of the oil in New Zealand (NZ) which have a direct impact on the economy, the authorities are now looking for an alternative source to power the vehicles and revolutionize the transport industry. There is another motive behind the development of electric vehicle (EV) which is linked with the environmental conditions of the country. The Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles increase the air pollution in the country and due to which the global warming has become a serious issue. To reduce the global warming effect and air pollution the electric vehicles have become a strong candidate or choice for the transportation. This project covers the electric vehicle in three parts: the Road Legal Status of EV in New Zealand, the Battery Electric System(BES), and Vehicle Design. There are some limitations which are associated with electric vehicles such as legislation does not encour...

Proceedings

Equestrian polo is struggling to grow and attract young players due to the perception it is a gam... more Equestrian polo is struggling to grow and attract young players due to the perception it is a game played by royals and the rich only, and is not a real sport. This study highlights the high level of skill and athletic challenge faced by the players. Literature is scarce for polo despite its global appeal and the high value of the game in terms of historical reach and investment by the polo community. The game is also unique in sports due to the multiplicity of interactions such as playerpony, pony-ground, player-mallet, and mallet-ball. This work introduces the basics of the game with a graphical interpretation of the motion of the mallet during play. The mallet is constructed of natural materials, the shaft from a rattan cane whilst the handle and head are crafted from hardwood. Using a materials analysis approach, a testing methodology is proposed that will enable quantifiable data to be produced based on the properties and performance of the mallet. The purpose of this is to enable benchmarking of the mallet based on the material properties and their assembled response to the testing. Quasi-static load tests using a universal testing instrument are followed by dynamic testing using inertial sensors. All testing is done in planes chosen to replicate the common lines of action of match play. The quasi-static tests enabled a value for stiffness (k), and the dynamic testing enabled a damping coefficient (c) to be calculated. These quantities will enable a quantitative measure for the properties and performance of any mallet and thereby remove the subjective nature of assessment. Subsequent study will then determine how these data correlate with the performance in play, as well as impact, trajectory, and fatigue responses.

Key Engineering Materials

The chemical elements used in the binder system for the injection moulding of titanium metal powd... more The chemical elements used in the binder system for the injection moulding of titanium metal powders will change the final composition when not adequately controlled. Excess levels of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen adversly effect the mechanical properties by embrittlement. Before sintering debinding is done to remove the maximum possible amount binder thereby ensuring residual carbon levels are minimal. Testing the mechanical properties of samples can acknowledge deficiencies in the final part however, identification of the nature of the deficiencies is not so simple.In this work titanium-based metal parts were made using the metal injection moulding process and the microstructure was inspected. The investigation used scanning electron microscopy imaging, electron dispersion spectroscopy point and area mapping, LECO trace analysis and X-ray diffraction elemental mapping. Following this samples were ground and polished before immersing their surfaces in an etching solution to...

Key Engineering Materials

In this work standard industrial processing equipment, the torque mixer and twin screw extruder, ... more In this work standard industrial processing equipment, the torque mixer and twin screw extruder, are used to measure the melt flow of several titanium metal powder feedstocks. The study was to determine whether test data from specialised rheology equipment might be reproduced with standard processing equipment used by the MIM industry.Considering the wide range of flow defects possible with MIM there is a valid assumption that flow behaviour measurement will be better represented by a number of processes, especially those most representative of the injection moulding process.In this study process data was collected and analysed based on mixing torque, screw work, specific mechanical energy and viscosity. Viscosity was further calculated relative to (L/D) ratio and strain rates during extrusion. Subsequently the data was compared with viscosity values from a capillary rheometer both without, and with, account for end effects and slip.The results showed that all the techniques provide...

Sports Engineering, 2006

Sports Engineering, 2010

Proceedings, Feb 13, 2018

Proceedings

Key Engineering Materials