Paul Schatzberg - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Paul Schatzberg
Factors affecting both flux and rejection in the ultrafiltration of oil-water emulsions have been... more Factors affecting both flux and rejection in the ultrafiltration of oil-water emulsions have been investigated. Droplet size distributions measured by laser-light scattering provided evidence of coalescence in the polarized layers which had a broader distribution and substantially larger mean drop size than the feed. The permeate had an even wider size range, including a few very large drops caused by coalescence within the membrane. However, oil rejections were high (> 99.9%) with less than 20 ppm oil in the permeate. Rejection of total organic carbon (TOC) was > 96%, equivalent to 1000 to 2000 ppm content. An increase in permeate TOC was observed resulting from release of surfactants and additives following droplet coalescence. Permeate flux generally followed gel-polarized, film model, behaviour. Reasonable agreement was obtained with flux predictions based on the smallest drop size in the gel layer. Membrane fouling was observed and most easily reversed when using cellulosic membranes.
Proceedings, Jun 1, 1971
ABSTRACT Materials that float on water, attract and absorb oil and can easily be removed from the... more ABSTRACT Materials that float on water, attract and absorb oil and can easily be removed from the water constitute one of the most effective means for completely separating spilled oil from the water environment. Three classes of materials can be used for this purpose inorganic products, natural organic products and synthetic organic products. Several examples of each of these classes are evaluated for their potential use as sorbents. Laboratory procedures are utilized to determine oil and water sorption capacity, oil retention capacity, buoyancy with and without absorbed oil, effect of petroleum product variation, and sorbent/oil coherence. Of twenty sorbent materials evaluated, the polymeric foams exhibited the highest sorption capacities for oils. These foams also absorb water. While this reduces their capacity for oil, some of the foams still retain a high sorption capacity. On the average, much lower oil sorption capacities were exhibited by the inorganic and the natural organic materials.
News from the Vacuum Societies the influence of temperature on the arm length ratio is not larger... more News from the Vacuum Societies the influence of temperature on the arm length ratio is not larger than that expected for a silica beam. The high heat conductivity of the metal reduces the temperature difference along the beam and compensates for its unfavourably high expansion coefficient. The emissivity also plays a role. In the present paper it will be shown both experimentally and theoretically that the advantages of high thermal conductivity and emissivity can be obtained by using a silica beam covered with a thin metal layer. With such a beam the weighing error related to temperature inhomogeneties along the beam was reduced by about a factor of 10. (6) The adaption of the Cahn Electrobalance control system to the automatic operation of a quartz beam vacuum microbalance, William
Review of Scientific Instruments, Nov 1, 1967
Journal of Lubrication Technology, Apr 1, 1971
Increasingly stringent water quality regulations anticipate the need for treating all shipboard w... more Increasingly stringent water quality regulations anticipate the need for treating all shipboard waste streams containing combustible matter. Wet air oxidation or pressurized aqueous combustion conducted at 475 to 600F at operating pressures from 600 to 1850 pounds per square inch gage was investigated as one means for the ultimate destruction of organic wastes. This process was investigated by conducting experiments in a 1-gallon pressure vessel with a variety of wastes under different conditions. Waste types used in the experiments were sanitary, food, oil, municipal sludge, glucose, and cellulose. Results showed that the wet oxidation process obeys first-order kinetics consisting of two separate and distinct reactions. Catalysts have their main influence on the fast reaction, increasing its rate by a factor of three. Additional removal of organic matter can be achieved by further processing the wet oxidation effluent through a reverse osmosis membrane. (Modified author abstract)
Abstract : Laboratory methods have been developed to evaluate floating sorbent materials for remo... more Abstract : Laboratory methods have been developed to evaluate floating sorbent materials for removing oil spilled on water. These methods were applied to 49 different sorbent materials belonging to five categories; inorganic, natural organic, polymeric foam, polymeric hydrocarbon, and miscellaneous products. Some of the properties evaluated were oil and water sorption capacity, oil retention, buoyancy retention with and without absorbed oil, effect of petroleum product variation, sorbent/oil coherence, and reusability. Of all the materials evaluated the polymeric foam and the polymeric hydrocarbon products showed the best overall properties for removing oil spilled on water. The resilient polyurethane foams and the polypropylene fibers were the best materials.
Journal of Lubrication Technology, Apr 1, 1971
Water in lubricating oils causes a significant reduction in rolling-contact fatigue life. This ef... more Water in lubricating oils causes a significant reduction in rolling-contact fatigue life. This effect can be inhibited by lubricant additives that interfere with the mechanism by which water reduces fatigue life. Using a planetary four-ball machine, it is demonstrated that the addition of 0.1 percent isopropylaminoethanol completely counteracts the detrimental influence due to 1 percent seawater emulsified with the lubricant. It is suggested that the aminoalcohol condenses into surface microcracks along with water, captures hydrogen ions formed within the crack and thereby inhibits hydrogen embrittlement.
Wear, Nov 1, 1968
Abstract Water dissolved in hydrocarbon lubricants reacts with dynamically stressed metal surface... more Abstract Water dissolved in hydrocarbon lubricants reacts with dynamically stressed metal surfaces lubricated by the hydrocarbon. Experiments to study this phenomenon have been conducted with steel precision bearing balls by placing them in loaded rolling contact with each other. A saturated hydrocarbon lubricant, continuously filtered to remove reaction products, was circulated across the rolling surfaces. Water and oxygen content were controlled. Results demonstrate that the presence of 0.01% dissolved water in the lubricant causes a significant reduction in surface fatigue life. A smaller reduction is obtained when oxygen is present. It is proposed that microcracks in the ball surface of the rolling-contact region act as capillaries in which water condenses, forming a water-rich phase. Aqueous corrosion in the cracks and dynamic stress then combine to reduce fatigue life. In addition, corrosive wear is increased by the presence of dissolved water and oxygen in the lubricant.
Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia, Mar 7, 2007
Diffusion of water through slightly volatile hydrocarbon liquids cau be described by dm/dt =-DA(d... more Diffusion of water through slightly volatile hydrocarbon liquids cau be described by dm/dt =-DA(dc/dx) where dm/& is the rate of mass transport, A the area, dc/dx the concentration gradient, and D the diffusion coefficient. For dilute systems, D can be determined from an experimental evaluation of dm/&, A, and dcldx. In the experimental arrangement used, water diffusea through a layer of hydrocarbon lying flat on a layer of water in a small beaker which is attached to a recording microbalance. The system is closed and maintained anhydrous with MgClO,. When steady-state ditrusion is attained, dm/& is measured directly by the microbalance. Water diffuses from maximum concentration (water-hydrocarbon interface) to zero concentration (hydrocarbon-anhydrous air interface). Thus, the gradient dc/& becomes-s/l where s is the solubility of water in the hydrocarbon, and 1 is the layer thickness. Therefore 1) = (dm/&)l/(sA). Diffusion coefficients have been determined for water diffusing through n-hexadecane and 2, 6, 10, 15, 19, 23-hexamethyl tetracossne at five temperatures from 25-45OC. Results give a good fit in an Arrhenius plot. Diffusion activation energies are calculated aa well t l~ entropies of activation based on the Eyring absolute rate theory. Results are compared with data for the diffusion of water through polyethylene and polypropylene.
Naval Engineers Journal, Apr 1, 1980
PAUL SCHATZBERG, ARCHIE D. McPHEE, CHARLES M. KELLY & EDWIN W. LARD ... Mr. Pad Schatzbeg rec... more PAUL SCHATZBERG, ARCHIE D. McPHEE, CHARLES M. KELLY & EDWIN W. LARD ... Mr. Pad Schatzbeg received his BS degree in Chemistry from Western Maryland College and his MS degree in Chemistry from Duke University. He is currently a Senior Hksearch Chemist ...
Proceedings, Mar 1, 1973
A sample flow-through device has been developed which, in conjunction with a skimmer and pump, ca... more A sample flow-through device has been developed which, in conjunction with a skimmer and pump, can process 100 to 200 liters or more of surface water, removing any oil present in a separate phase. Thus concentrated, the oil can be extracted at a laboratory, its quantity and nature determined, and when related to the volume of water processed through the sampler, provide oil concentration data on a time integrated basis. Key to the development of this device was identification of a sorbent material which would quantitatively remove oil from a moving water stream and permit simple extraction of that oil in a laboratory. A number of sorbent materials were examined with this apparatus and several were found effective. (Modified author abstract)
Journal of engineering for industry, Nov 1, 1976
In its concern for maintaining and enhancing the environmental quality of water bodies, the Navy ... more In its concern for maintaining and enhancing the environmental quality of water bodies, the Navy has been developing various oil pollution abatement systems. One potential process for the separation of oil in bilge water is ultrafiltration, a pressure-driven membrane process which can separate, concentrate, and fractionate macromolecular solutes and suspended species from water. A tubular ultrafiltration system using cellulosic and noncellulosic membranes was tested with bilge oil obtained from a patrol craft. Tests were also conducted with tap water, river water, a turbine lubricating oil, and a fuel oil, alone and in combination with a nonionic detergent. The addition of the detergent was observed to result in a steeper flux decline than when any of the fluids were evaluated alone. Both membrane types produced a permeate with an oil content generally less than 15 mg/l. Although the noncellulosic membranes exhibited higher flux rates than the cellulosic membranes, only the former could be restored by a cleaning operation to its initial water flux after experiencing a decline in flux. A cumulative irreversible flux decline was exhibited by the cellulosic membrane. Cleaning operations, some of which were time-consuming, consisted of flushing the membrane with ultrafiltrate, distilled water, tap water, or the manufacturer’s enzyme-detergent formulation. Only the last of these, when employed at elevated temperature (125°F), restored the initial water flux of the noncellulosic membrane.
Antifouling hull paints containing tributyltin (TBT) as the active biocide are becoming the coati... more Antifouling hull paints containing tributyltin (TBT) as the active biocide are becoming the coating of choice for pleasure craft and commercial ships. The recent announcement of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of a "Special Review of Certain Pesticide Products Containing Tributyltins Used as Antifoulants" will result in an examination of the environmental risks involved in the use of TBT. Therefore, a need exists to monitor harbors and estuaries for nanogram per liter concentrations of TBT and of its substantially less toxic biodegraded decomposition products. One purpose of such a monitoring effort is to determine time-dependent concentration trends at biologically sensitive locations and to apply this information to risk assessment. We have evaluated a prototype device to help collect such data. This device is self-contained, battery operated, and can be moored remotely. It can be programed to process volumes of water at various time intervals over several tidal cycles. The water is pumped through a prefilter, an analyte adsorption/concentration column and an integrating flowmeter. The prefilter and adsorption column are replaced periodically and analyzed. This approach permits the determination of a time-integrated average concentration at a particular location.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Dec 1, 1967
The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Apr 1, 1963
Factors affecting both flux and rejection in the ultrafiltration of oil-water emulsions have been... more Factors affecting both flux and rejection in the ultrafiltration of oil-water emulsions have been investigated. Droplet size distributions measured by laser-light scattering provided evidence of coalescence in the polarized layers which had a broader distribution and substantially larger mean drop size than the feed. The permeate had an even wider size range, including a few very large drops caused by coalescence within the membrane. However, oil rejections were high (> 99.9%) with less than 20 ppm oil in the permeate. Rejection of total organic carbon (TOC) was > 96%, equivalent to 1000 to 2000 ppm content. An increase in permeate TOC was observed resulting from release of surfactants and additives following droplet coalescence. Permeate flux generally followed gel-polarized, film model, behaviour. Reasonable agreement was obtained with flux predictions based on the smallest drop size in the gel layer. Membrane fouling was observed and most easily reversed when using cellulosic membranes.
Proceedings, Jun 1, 1971
ABSTRACT Materials that float on water, attract and absorb oil and can easily be removed from the... more ABSTRACT Materials that float on water, attract and absorb oil and can easily be removed from the water constitute one of the most effective means for completely separating spilled oil from the water environment. Three classes of materials can be used for this purpose inorganic products, natural organic products and synthetic organic products. Several examples of each of these classes are evaluated for their potential use as sorbents. Laboratory procedures are utilized to determine oil and water sorption capacity, oil retention capacity, buoyancy with and without absorbed oil, effect of petroleum product variation, and sorbent/oil coherence. Of twenty sorbent materials evaluated, the polymeric foams exhibited the highest sorption capacities for oils. These foams also absorb water. While this reduces their capacity for oil, some of the foams still retain a high sorption capacity. On the average, much lower oil sorption capacities were exhibited by the inorganic and the natural organic materials.
News from the Vacuum Societies the influence of temperature on the arm length ratio is not larger... more News from the Vacuum Societies the influence of temperature on the arm length ratio is not larger than that expected for a silica beam. The high heat conductivity of the metal reduces the temperature difference along the beam and compensates for its unfavourably high expansion coefficient. The emissivity also plays a role. In the present paper it will be shown both experimentally and theoretically that the advantages of high thermal conductivity and emissivity can be obtained by using a silica beam covered with a thin metal layer. With such a beam the weighing error related to temperature inhomogeneties along the beam was reduced by about a factor of 10. (6) The adaption of the Cahn Electrobalance control system to the automatic operation of a quartz beam vacuum microbalance, William
Review of Scientific Instruments, Nov 1, 1967
Journal of Lubrication Technology, Apr 1, 1971
Increasingly stringent water quality regulations anticipate the need for treating all shipboard w... more Increasingly stringent water quality regulations anticipate the need for treating all shipboard waste streams containing combustible matter. Wet air oxidation or pressurized aqueous combustion conducted at 475 to 600F at operating pressures from 600 to 1850 pounds per square inch gage was investigated as one means for the ultimate destruction of organic wastes. This process was investigated by conducting experiments in a 1-gallon pressure vessel with a variety of wastes under different conditions. Waste types used in the experiments were sanitary, food, oil, municipal sludge, glucose, and cellulose. Results showed that the wet oxidation process obeys first-order kinetics consisting of two separate and distinct reactions. Catalysts have their main influence on the fast reaction, increasing its rate by a factor of three. Additional removal of organic matter can be achieved by further processing the wet oxidation effluent through a reverse osmosis membrane. (Modified author abstract)
Abstract : Laboratory methods have been developed to evaluate floating sorbent materials for remo... more Abstract : Laboratory methods have been developed to evaluate floating sorbent materials for removing oil spilled on water. These methods were applied to 49 different sorbent materials belonging to five categories; inorganic, natural organic, polymeric foam, polymeric hydrocarbon, and miscellaneous products. Some of the properties evaluated were oil and water sorption capacity, oil retention, buoyancy retention with and without absorbed oil, effect of petroleum product variation, sorbent/oil coherence, and reusability. Of all the materials evaluated the polymeric foam and the polymeric hydrocarbon products showed the best overall properties for removing oil spilled on water. The resilient polyurethane foams and the polypropylene fibers were the best materials.
Journal of Lubrication Technology, Apr 1, 1971
Water in lubricating oils causes a significant reduction in rolling-contact fatigue life. This ef... more Water in lubricating oils causes a significant reduction in rolling-contact fatigue life. This effect can be inhibited by lubricant additives that interfere with the mechanism by which water reduces fatigue life. Using a planetary four-ball machine, it is demonstrated that the addition of 0.1 percent isopropylaminoethanol completely counteracts the detrimental influence due to 1 percent seawater emulsified with the lubricant. It is suggested that the aminoalcohol condenses into surface microcracks along with water, captures hydrogen ions formed within the crack and thereby inhibits hydrogen embrittlement.
Wear, Nov 1, 1968
Abstract Water dissolved in hydrocarbon lubricants reacts with dynamically stressed metal surface... more Abstract Water dissolved in hydrocarbon lubricants reacts with dynamically stressed metal surfaces lubricated by the hydrocarbon. Experiments to study this phenomenon have been conducted with steel precision bearing balls by placing them in loaded rolling contact with each other. A saturated hydrocarbon lubricant, continuously filtered to remove reaction products, was circulated across the rolling surfaces. Water and oxygen content were controlled. Results demonstrate that the presence of 0.01% dissolved water in the lubricant causes a significant reduction in surface fatigue life. A smaller reduction is obtained when oxygen is present. It is proposed that microcracks in the ball surface of the rolling-contact region act as capillaries in which water condenses, forming a water-rich phase. Aqueous corrosion in the cracks and dynamic stress then combine to reduce fatigue life. In addition, corrosive wear is increased by the presence of dissolved water and oxygen in the lubricant.
Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia, Mar 7, 2007
Diffusion of water through slightly volatile hydrocarbon liquids cau be described by dm/dt =-DA(d... more Diffusion of water through slightly volatile hydrocarbon liquids cau be described by dm/dt =-DA(dc/dx) where dm/& is the rate of mass transport, A the area, dc/dx the concentration gradient, and D the diffusion coefficient. For dilute systems, D can be determined from an experimental evaluation of dm/&, A, and dcldx. In the experimental arrangement used, water diffusea through a layer of hydrocarbon lying flat on a layer of water in a small beaker which is attached to a recording microbalance. The system is closed and maintained anhydrous with MgClO,. When steady-state ditrusion is attained, dm/& is measured directly by the microbalance. Water diffuses from maximum concentration (water-hydrocarbon interface) to zero concentration (hydrocarbon-anhydrous air interface). Thus, the gradient dc/& becomes-s/l where s is the solubility of water in the hydrocarbon, and 1 is the layer thickness. Therefore 1) = (dm/&)l/(sA). Diffusion coefficients have been determined for water diffusing through n-hexadecane and 2, 6, 10, 15, 19, 23-hexamethyl tetracossne at five temperatures from 25-45OC. Results give a good fit in an Arrhenius plot. Diffusion activation energies are calculated aa well t l~ entropies of activation based on the Eyring absolute rate theory. Results are compared with data for the diffusion of water through polyethylene and polypropylene.
Naval Engineers Journal, Apr 1, 1980
PAUL SCHATZBERG, ARCHIE D. McPHEE, CHARLES M. KELLY & EDWIN W. LARD ... Mr. Pad Schatzbeg rec... more PAUL SCHATZBERG, ARCHIE D. McPHEE, CHARLES M. KELLY & EDWIN W. LARD ... Mr. Pad Schatzbeg received his BS degree in Chemistry from Western Maryland College and his MS degree in Chemistry from Duke University. He is currently a Senior Hksearch Chemist ...
Proceedings, Mar 1, 1973
A sample flow-through device has been developed which, in conjunction with a skimmer and pump, ca... more A sample flow-through device has been developed which, in conjunction with a skimmer and pump, can process 100 to 200 liters or more of surface water, removing any oil present in a separate phase. Thus concentrated, the oil can be extracted at a laboratory, its quantity and nature determined, and when related to the volume of water processed through the sampler, provide oil concentration data on a time integrated basis. Key to the development of this device was identification of a sorbent material which would quantitatively remove oil from a moving water stream and permit simple extraction of that oil in a laboratory. A number of sorbent materials were examined with this apparatus and several were found effective. (Modified author abstract)
Journal of engineering for industry, Nov 1, 1976
In its concern for maintaining and enhancing the environmental quality of water bodies, the Navy ... more In its concern for maintaining and enhancing the environmental quality of water bodies, the Navy has been developing various oil pollution abatement systems. One potential process for the separation of oil in bilge water is ultrafiltration, a pressure-driven membrane process which can separate, concentrate, and fractionate macromolecular solutes and suspended species from water. A tubular ultrafiltration system using cellulosic and noncellulosic membranes was tested with bilge oil obtained from a patrol craft. Tests were also conducted with tap water, river water, a turbine lubricating oil, and a fuel oil, alone and in combination with a nonionic detergent. The addition of the detergent was observed to result in a steeper flux decline than when any of the fluids were evaluated alone. Both membrane types produced a permeate with an oil content generally less than 15 mg/l. Although the noncellulosic membranes exhibited higher flux rates than the cellulosic membranes, only the former could be restored by a cleaning operation to its initial water flux after experiencing a decline in flux. A cumulative irreversible flux decline was exhibited by the cellulosic membrane. Cleaning operations, some of which were time-consuming, consisted of flushing the membrane with ultrafiltrate, distilled water, tap water, or the manufacturer’s enzyme-detergent formulation. Only the last of these, when employed at elevated temperature (125°F), restored the initial water flux of the noncellulosic membrane.
Antifouling hull paints containing tributyltin (TBT) as the active biocide are becoming the coati... more Antifouling hull paints containing tributyltin (TBT) as the active biocide are becoming the coating of choice for pleasure craft and commercial ships. The recent announcement of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of a "Special Review of Certain Pesticide Products Containing Tributyltins Used as Antifoulants" will result in an examination of the environmental risks involved in the use of TBT. Therefore, a need exists to monitor harbors and estuaries for nanogram per liter concentrations of TBT and of its substantially less toxic biodegraded decomposition products. One purpose of such a monitoring effort is to determine time-dependent concentration trends at biologically sensitive locations and to apply this information to risk assessment. We have evaluated a prototype device to help collect such data. This device is self-contained, battery operated, and can be moored remotely. It can be programed to process volumes of water at various time intervals over several tidal cycles. The water is pumped through a prefilter, an analyte adsorption/concentration column and an integrating flowmeter. The prefilter and adsorption column are replaced periodically and analyzed. This approach permits the determination of a time-integrated average concentration at a particular location.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Dec 1, 1967
The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Apr 1, 1963