Paul van Gardingen - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Paul van Gardingen

International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, Jul 15, 2011

Spatially explicit models are becoming increasingly important tools for simulating land-use chang... more Spatially explicit models are becoming increasingly important tools for simulating land-use change. In this study, we formulated and tested models that incorporated spatial correlates of agricultural expansion and used them to predict local-and landscape-scale patterns of agricultural land-use change and its implications in the Maasai-Steppe of Northern Tanzania. We evaluated the relationship between agricultural land-use and its spatial correlates using Multiple Logistic Regression on data derived from satellite imageries for the year 2000. We then examined the implications of the agricultural land-use change on the range and migratory corridors of key migratory wildlife species within the context of wildlife conservation and land-use planning. Our results showed that, biophysical variables provide the primary conditions for land-cover conversions to agriculture. There was a strong overlap between lands suitable for agriculture, wildlife migratory corridors and the wet season dispersal areas. Expanding cultivation towards protected areas severely restricted wildlife movements to dispersal areas outside parks by blocking their migratory corridors. Further, the global model used for the prediction of probability of land-conversions to agriculture suggested future expansions will be constrained by values of the biophysical variables analysed here. The rapidity of rangeland conversions to farming in the study area presents a major threat to wildlife conservation and disrupts the ecosystems viability in supporting its rich biodiversity and the agro-pastoral livelihood. There is urgency for pursuing land-use strategies and plans, which are both profitable and sustainable for the agro-pastoral communities and the wildlife. The plans should address the different land-use options by considering current and future trends, implications and the ease for their cohabitation as analysed in this study.

Additional file 8 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 8: Figure S4. The frequency distribution of the average number of hired herders p... more Additional file 8: Figure S4. The frequency distribution of the average number of hired herders per household in each of the four sites.

Additional file 3 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 3: Table S2. Model parameter estimates for the covariates retained in the selecte... more Additional file 3: Table S2. Model parameter estimates for the covariates retained in the selected final model for each response variable. Dispersion is the estimate of the scale parameter for the normal, gamma or negative binomial distribution.

Additional file 1 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 1. S1 Text: The SAS (Base SAS Version 9.4, SAS/STAT version 15.1) codes used to s... more Additional file 1. S1 Text: The SAS (Base SAS Version 9.4, SAS/STAT version 15.1) codes used to select and fit the models and the full set of predictor variables and interactions considered and their subsets selected for each response variable.

Additional file 5 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 5: Figure S1. The frequency distribution of the number of wives per male househol... more Additional file 5: Figure S1. The frequency distribution of the number of wives per male household head in each of the four sites.

Additional file 10 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 10: Figure S6. The frequency distribution of the mean number of households (hhs) ... more Additional file 10: Figure S6. The frequency distribution of the mean number of households (hhs) per settlement in each of the four sites.

Additional file 6 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 6: Figure S2. The frequency distribution of the number of children per family in ... more Additional file 6: Figure S2. The frequency distribution of the number of children per family in each of the four sites.

Additional file 4 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 4: Table S3. Adjusted means for the age of the household head based on the gamma ... more Additional file 4: Table S3. Adjusted means for the age of the household head based on the gamma regression with a log link of age on the four study sites. Lower mean and upper mean are 95% confidence limits of the mean on the original scale. Table S4. Pairwise comparisons of the adjusted means for age of household head between pairs of study sites. Table S5. Estimated slope coefficients for the number of wives per household head based on a gamma regression with the log link of the number of wives per household head on age*site and children*site. Table S6. Pairwise comparisons of the slope coefficients for the regression of the number of wives on site*age and site*children. Table S7. Estimates of coefficients of the gamma regression with a log link of the number of children per family on the number of wives per household head. Table S8. Estimates of the slope coefficients of the standard normal-theory regression of the number of years of formal education of the household head on gen...

Additional file 2 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 2: Table S1. Selection of predictors to include in models for each response varia... more Additional file 2: Table S1. Selection of predictors to include in models for each response variable using automatic variable selection with forward selection, the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) and strong hierarchy criteria for choosing contending models.

Third International Symposium on Olive Growing, Vol 1

SYMFOR documentation and user manual

Pastoralism, 2020

We analyse social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai people ... more We analyse social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai people inhabiting Kenya (three sites) and Tanzania (one site) with contrasting land tenure policies. In Kenya, land was communally owned in the rural Amboseli, fully privatized in the peri-urban Kitengela in Athi-Kaputiei and partially privatized and communally owned in the rural Maasai Mara. In Tanzania, the government owned the land but granted user rights to local villages in rural Simanjiro in Tarangire-Manyara. We interviewed 100 households per site from May to July 2006. There were regional distinctions in social demography, livelihood diversification, hiring herding labour and settlement arrangements, portraying differential transition away from traditional pastoral Maasai society. The transition is most advanced in Kitengela located near Nairobi City, where privatization of land tenure in the 1980s triggered land sub-division, unprecedented land fragmentation and large-scale collapse of...

World Development Perspectives, 2019

We examine livestock-wealth inequality by gender and age of the household head among Maasai house... more We examine livestock-wealth inequality by gender and age of the household head among Maasai households located in areas of contrasting land tenure and land productivity in the Amboseli, Athi-Kaputiei and Maasai Mara regions of Kenya and Tarangire-Manyara Region of Tanzania. We also investigate whether livestock-poor households are more likely to diversify their livelihood options from pastoralism to include crop cultivation. Livestock wealth inequality was high in each of the four sites. Surprisingly, the Tarangire-Manyara site in Tanzania had the highest levels of inequality despite the fact that Tanzania had recently had a socialist political system while Kenya had been capitalistic since independence in 1963. The disparities in livestock assets between the rich and the poor households were lowest in the Maasai Mara site. Also, there was no direct relationship between low livestock wealth and the probability that a household would take up crop cultivation. However, areas under cultivation were the largest in Tarangire-Manyara and the lowest in Amboseli, possibly reflecting the influence of land tenure policy in Tarangire-Manyara and low rainfall in Amboseli. Most male headed households had more livestock wealth than female headed households. In Maasailand, high livestock-wealth inequalities and a growing restriction on livestock mobility, compounded with internal and external population pressures and land fragmentation, are likely to reduce pastoral resilience to droughts that are becoming more frequent and severe due to a warming global climate and widening climatic variability.

Migration of ungulates is under pressure worldwide from range contraction, habitat loss and degra... more Migration of ungulates is under pressure worldwide from range contraction, habitat loss and degradation, anthropogenic barriers and poaching. Here, we synthesize and compare the extent of historical migrations of the white-bearded wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) to their contemporary status, in five premier East African ecosystems, namely the Serengeti-Mara, Masai Mara, Athi-Kaputiei, Amboseli and Tarangire-Manyara. The current status, threats to migration, migratory ranges and routes for wildebeest were characterized using colonial-era maps, literature reviews, GIS and aerial survey databases, GPS collared animals and interviews with long-term researchers. Interference with wildebeest migratory routes and dispersal ranges has stopped or severely threatens continuation of the historical migration patterns in all but the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem where the threat level is relatively lower. Wildebeest migration has collapsed in Athi-Kaputiei ecosystem and is facing enormous pressure...

Forests and poverty reduction: Action needed by development, research and training institutions

This report is designed as one of a series of briefing papers prepared for NEPAD's Office of Scie... more This report is designed as one of a series of briefing papers prepared for NEPAD's Office of Science and Technology (NEPAD-OST) designed to support the implementation of Africa's Science and Technology Consolidated Plan of Action (CPA).

Journal of Land Use Science, 2011

Please check whether 'ecological-socialpolitical analysis' could be changed to 'ecological, socia... more Please check whether 'ecological-socialpolitical analysis' could be changed to 'ecological, social, political analysis' Please check whether the author names, affiliations, and correspondence address have been set correctly. Please provide the full form of GIS. Reference ''Prins 1987'' has been cited in the text but not provided in the list. Please provide the reference or delete the citation. Citation of Figure has been inserted here. Please check. Please provide the full form of GCA. Please provide the full form of LMNP. To match with the reference list, we have changed the reference citation ''Coast 2002'' to ''Coast 2000''. Please check if this is OK. Q9 Citation of Figure 7 has been inserted here. Please check. Q10 Citation of Figure 8 has been inserted here. Please check. Q11 Please provide volume number and page range for reference 'Coast 2000''. Q12 Please provide journal title for reference ''TNRF 2005''. Q13 Please provide university name for reference ''Tenga et al. 2008''.

Vapour Pressure Deficit Response of Cuticular Conductance in Intact Leaves ofFagus sylvaticaL

Journal of Experimental Botany, 1992

The cuticular conductance (g c ) of the astomatous adaxial surface of Fagus sylvatica L. leaves w... more The cuticular conductance (g c ) of the astomatous adaxial surface of Fagus sylvatica L. leaves was determined under varying vapour pressure deficits at a constant temperature of 20 o C. Cuticular condance was determined from the weight loss of detached leaves after both the stomatous abaxial surface and the cut end of the petiole had been sealed using low melting-point parrafin wax. Cuticular conductance was found to decrease as the water vapour pressure was increased in steps

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 1998

Participatory Forestry: Sharable Lessons for Better Management of Commons

Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 2004

We review some of the experience gained through experiments with participatory management of comm... more We review some of the experience gained through experiments with participatory management of common pool resources (CPRs) in forests, with a view to developing lessons for policy and practice that can be applied in the management of CPRs in other contexts such as fisheries, water, and rangelands. We summarise lessons from experience in India, Nepal, Uganda, and Indonesia. We emphasise

International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, Jul 15, 2011

Spatially explicit models are becoming increasingly important tools for simulating land-use chang... more Spatially explicit models are becoming increasingly important tools for simulating land-use change. In this study, we formulated and tested models that incorporated spatial correlates of agricultural expansion and used them to predict local-and landscape-scale patterns of agricultural land-use change and its implications in the Maasai-Steppe of Northern Tanzania. We evaluated the relationship between agricultural land-use and its spatial correlates using Multiple Logistic Regression on data derived from satellite imageries for the year 2000. We then examined the implications of the agricultural land-use change on the range and migratory corridors of key migratory wildlife species within the context of wildlife conservation and land-use planning. Our results showed that, biophysical variables provide the primary conditions for land-cover conversions to agriculture. There was a strong overlap between lands suitable for agriculture, wildlife migratory corridors and the wet season dispersal areas. Expanding cultivation towards protected areas severely restricted wildlife movements to dispersal areas outside parks by blocking their migratory corridors. Further, the global model used for the prediction of probability of land-conversions to agriculture suggested future expansions will be constrained by values of the biophysical variables analysed here. The rapidity of rangeland conversions to farming in the study area presents a major threat to wildlife conservation and disrupts the ecosystems viability in supporting its rich biodiversity and the agro-pastoral livelihood. There is urgency for pursuing land-use strategies and plans, which are both profitable and sustainable for the agro-pastoral communities and the wildlife. The plans should address the different land-use options by considering current and future trends, implications and the ease for their cohabitation as analysed in this study.

Additional file 8 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 8: Figure S4. The frequency distribution of the average number of hired herders p... more Additional file 8: Figure S4. The frequency distribution of the average number of hired herders per household in each of the four sites.

Additional file 3 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 3: Table S2. Model parameter estimates for the covariates retained in the selecte... more Additional file 3: Table S2. Model parameter estimates for the covariates retained in the selected final model for each response variable. Dispersion is the estimate of the scale parameter for the normal, gamma or negative binomial distribution.

Additional file 1 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 1. S1 Text: The SAS (Base SAS Version 9.4, SAS/STAT version 15.1) codes used to s... more Additional file 1. S1 Text: The SAS (Base SAS Version 9.4, SAS/STAT version 15.1) codes used to select and fit the models and the full set of predictor variables and interactions considered and their subsets selected for each response variable.

Additional file 5 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 5: Figure S1. The frequency distribution of the number of wives per male househol... more Additional file 5: Figure S1. The frequency distribution of the number of wives per male household head in each of the four sites.

Additional file 10 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 10: Figure S6. The frequency distribution of the mean number of households (hhs) ... more Additional file 10: Figure S6. The frequency distribution of the mean number of households (hhs) per settlement in each of the four sites.

Additional file 6 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 6: Figure S2. The frequency distribution of the number of children per family in ... more Additional file 6: Figure S2. The frequency distribution of the number of children per family in each of the four sites.

Additional file 4 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 4: Table S3. Adjusted means for the age of the household head based on the gamma ... more Additional file 4: Table S3. Adjusted means for the age of the household head based on the gamma regression with a log link of age on the four study sites. Lower mean and upper mean are 95% confidence limits of the mean on the original scale. Table S4. Pairwise comparisons of the adjusted means for age of household head between pairs of study sites. Table S5. Estimated slope coefficients for the number of wives per household head based on a gamma regression with the log link of the number of wives per household head on age*site and children*site. Table S6. Pairwise comparisons of the slope coefficients for the regression of the number of wives on site*age and site*children. Table S7. Estimates of coefficients of the gamma regression with a log link of the number of children per family on the number of wives per household head. Table S8. Estimates of the slope coefficients of the standard normal-theory regression of the number of years of formal education of the household head on gen...

Additional file 2 of Comparative social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania

Additional file 2: Table S1. Selection of predictors to include in models for each response varia... more Additional file 2: Table S1. Selection of predictors to include in models for each response variable using automatic variable selection with forward selection, the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) and strong hierarchy criteria for choosing contending models.

Third International Symposium on Olive Growing, Vol 1

SYMFOR documentation and user manual

Pastoralism, 2020

We analyse social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai people ... more We analyse social demography, livelihood diversification and land tenure among the Maasai people inhabiting Kenya (three sites) and Tanzania (one site) with contrasting land tenure policies. In Kenya, land was communally owned in the rural Amboseli, fully privatized in the peri-urban Kitengela in Athi-Kaputiei and partially privatized and communally owned in the rural Maasai Mara. In Tanzania, the government owned the land but granted user rights to local villages in rural Simanjiro in Tarangire-Manyara. We interviewed 100 households per site from May to July 2006. There were regional distinctions in social demography, livelihood diversification, hiring herding labour and settlement arrangements, portraying differential transition away from traditional pastoral Maasai society. The transition is most advanced in Kitengela located near Nairobi City, where privatization of land tenure in the 1980s triggered land sub-division, unprecedented land fragmentation and large-scale collapse of...

World Development Perspectives, 2019

We examine livestock-wealth inequality by gender and age of the household head among Maasai house... more We examine livestock-wealth inequality by gender and age of the household head among Maasai households located in areas of contrasting land tenure and land productivity in the Amboseli, Athi-Kaputiei and Maasai Mara regions of Kenya and Tarangire-Manyara Region of Tanzania. We also investigate whether livestock-poor households are more likely to diversify their livelihood options from pastoralism to include crop cultivation. Livestock wealth inequality was high in each of the four sites. Surprisingly, the Tarangire-Manyara site in Tanzania had the highest levels of inequality despite the fact that Tanzania had recently had a socialist political system while Kenya had been capitalistic since independence in 1963. The disparities in livestock assets between the rich and the poor households were lowest in the Maasai Mara site. Also, there was no direct relationship between low livestock wealth and the probability that a household would take up crop cultivation. However, areas under cultivation were the largest in Tarangire-Manyara and the lowest in Amboseli, possibly reflecting the influence of land tenure policy in Tarangire-Manyara and low rainfall in Amboseli. Most male headed households had more livestock wealth than female headed households. In Maasailand, high livestock-wealth inequalities and a growing restriction on livestock mobility, compounded with internal and external population pressures and land fragmentation, are likely to reduce pastoral resilience to droughts that are becoming more frequent and severe due to a warming global climate and widening climatic variability.

Migration of ungulates is under pressure worldwide from range contraction, habitat loss and degra... more Migration of ungulates is under pressure worldwide from range contraction, habitat loss and degradation, anthropogenic barriers and poaching. Here, we synthesize and compare the extent of historical migrations of the white-bearded wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) to their contemporary status, in five premier East African ecosystems, namely the Serengeti-Mara, Masai Mara, Athi-Kaputiei, Amboseli and Tarangire-Manyara. The current status, threats to migration, migratory ranges and routes for wildebeest were characterized using colonial-era maps, literature reviews, GIS and aerial survey databases, GPS collared animals and interviews with long-term researchers. Interference with wildebeest migratory routes and dispersal ranges has stopped or severely threatens continuation of the historical migration patterns in all but the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem where the threat level is relatively lower. Wildebeest migration has collapsed in Athi-Kaputiei ecosystem and is facing enormous pressure...

Forests and poverty reduction: Action needed by development, research and training institutions

This report is designed as one of a series of briefing papers prepared for NEPAD's Office of Scie... more This report is designed as one of a series of briefing papers prepared for NEPAD's Office of Science and Technology (NEPAD-OST) designed to support the implementation of Africa's Science and Technology Consolidated Plan of Action (CPA).

Journal of Land Use Science, 2011

Please check whether 'ecological-socialpolitical analysis' could be changed to 'ecological, socia... more Please check whether 'ecological-socialpolitical analysis' could be changed to 'ecological, social, political analysis' Please check whether the author names, affiliations, and correspondence address have been set correctly. Please provide the full form of GIS. Reference ''Prins 1987'' has been cited in the text but not provided in the list. Please provide the reference or delete the citation. Citation of Figure has been inserted here. Please check. Please provide the full form of GCA. Please provide the full form of LMNP. To match with the reference list, we have changed the reference citation ''Coast 2002'' to ''Coast 2000''. Please check if this is OK. Q9 Citation of Figure 7 has been inserted here. Please check. Q10 Citation of Figure 8 has been inserted here. Please check. Q11 Please provide volume number and page range for reference 'Coast 2000''. Q12 Please provide journal title for reference ''TNRF 2005''. Q13 Please provide university name for reference ''Tenga et al. 2008''.

Vapour Pressure Deficit Response of Cuticular Conductance in Intact Leaves ofFagus sylvaticaL

Journal of Experimental Botany, 1992

The cuticular conductance (g c ) of the astomatous adaxial surface of Fagus sylvatica L. leaves w... more The cuticular conductance (g c ) of the astomatous adaxial surface of Fagus sylvatica L. leaves was determined under varying vapour pressure deficits at a constant temperature of 20 o C. Cuticular condance was determined from the weight loss of detached leaves after both the stomatous abaxial surface and the cut end of the petiole had been sealed using low melting-point parrafin wax. Cuticular conductance was found to decrease as the water vapour pressure was increased in steps

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 1998

Participatory Forestry: Sharable Lessons for Better Management of Commons

Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 2004

We review some of the experience gained through experiments with participatory management of comm... more We review some of the experience gained through experiments with participatory management of common pool resources (CPRs) in forests, with a view to developing lessons for policy and practice that can be applied in the management of CPRs in other contexts such as fisheries, water, and rangelands. We summarise lessons from experience in India, Nepal, Uganda, and Indonesia. We emphasise