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Papers by Paul van der Poel
Science of The Total Environment, 1993
This paper describes the initial hazard and risk assessment process for new substances at the Nat... more This paper describes the initial hazard and risk assessment process for new substances at the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM) in The Netherlands. This assessment pertains to both man and the environment and is performed within the framework of the European Community (EC) Directive 79/831/EEC and the ensuing Dutch Chemical Substances Act. The present paper is restricted to the assessment of the hazards of new substances on the basis of the base set, i.e. tests required at a market or production volume up to 100 tonnes per year or 500 tonnes cumulative. Step by step the essential elements of the hazard assessment process are discussed: organizational aspects, data requirements, the determination of the acceptability of the data received, the scientific evaluation of the test methods and results, the exposure assessment and the comparison of exposure and toxicity data. Requirements for further testing following the initial assessment are also discussed.
Acrocephalus, 2015
PozvetekBledi srakoper Lanius isabellinus gnezdi v širokem pasu od Irana prek osrednje Azije in s... more PozvetekBledi srakoper Lanius isabellinus gnezdi v širokem pasu od Irana prek osrednje Azije in severne Kitajske do Mongolije. Prezimuje v osrednji in vzhodni Afriki, Pakistanu in Indiji. V Evropi se redno pojavlja, predvsem med koncem aprila in začetkom junija ter med začetkom septembra in koncem novembra. Pojavljata se (pod)vrsti isabellinus in phoenicuroides. V srednji in jugovzhodni Evropi so znana opazovanja iz Avstrije (3), Romunije (1) in Grčije (8). Avtorji prispevka predstavljajo prvi opazovanji za Bolgarijo, in sicer je bil 24. 5. 2010 na gori Slavjanka opazovan drugoletni samec nedoločene (pod)vrste, 28. 9. 2014 na jezeru Durankulak pa odrasel samec (pod)vrste isabellinus. Opazovanji je kot prvo in drugo za državo potrdila bolgarska komisija za redkosti BUNARCO.
Acrocephalus, 2015
PozvetekBledi srakoper Lanius isabellinus gnezdi v širokem pasu od Irana prek osrednje Azije in s... more PozvetekBledi srakoper Lanius isabellinus gnezdi v širokem pasu od Irana prek osrednje Azije in severne Kitajske do Mongolije. Prezimuje v osrednji in vzhodni Afriki, Pakistanu in Indiji. V Evropi se redno pojavlja, predvsem med koncem aprila in začetkom junija ter med začetkom septembra in koncem novembra. Pojavljata se (pod)vrsti isabellinus in phoenicuroides. V srednji in jugovzhodni Evropi so znana opazovanja iz Avstrije (3), Romunije (1) in Grčije (8). Avtorji prispevka predstavljajo prvi opazovanji za Bolgarijo, in sicer je bil 24. 5. 2010 na gori Slavjanka opazovan drugoletni samec nedoločene (pod)vrste, 28. 9. 2014 na jezeru Durankulak pa odrasel samec (pod)vrste isabellinus. Opazovanji je kot prvo in drugo za državo potrdila bolgarska komisija za redkosti BUNARCO.
This report describes the prototype of the Uniform System for the Evaluation of Substances (USES)... more This report describes the prototype of the Uniform System for the Evaluation of Substances (USES). Being a prototype, this system will undergo extensive review by a number of experts and potential users in order to arrive at the official first version in 1993. USES is being developed in order to comply with action point 41 of the Dutch National Environmental Policy Plan. The main aim of the project is the development of a user-friendly system for the rapid and transparent evaluation of the environmental risks of substances. USES is to be applied as a decision support system by the central government, industry and institutes involved in the risk assessment of substances. Uses will also be presented to international organizations. Three specific functions can be distinguished in USES: 1. The initial hazard and risk assessment of new substances (DRANC); 2. The prioritization of existing chemicals (PRISEC); 3. The assessment of pesticides (ESPE)
In the project "Evaluation System new substances", methods are developed to systematica... more In the project "Evaluation System new substances", methods are developed to systematically predict and assess the hazards for man and environment related to the production and use of new chemical substances. Part of the project is the realisation of a Risk Assessment System for New Chemical Substances, which is described in this report. This system is a computer program, available for advisory tasks concerning the assessment of hazard and risk of new chemical substances (level 0). A complete mathematical description of the system is given in this report. An extensive validation study of the distribution part of the system has been carried out, by comparing measured and predicted results for 25 existing substances. Some suggestions for further improvement of the risk assessment system are made.
In 1993 an evaluation system for non-agricultural pesticides was presented. This method was compl... more In 1993 an evaluation system for non-agricultural pesticides was presented. This method was completely incorporated in the Uniform System for the Evaluation of Substances (USES). USES 1, the first version, can be used as a tool in making rapid risk assessments and setting priorities for new and existing substances, plant protection products and biocides within the scope of the Dutch Chemical Substances Act and the Dutch Pesticides Act. In 1996 a second national version of USES (USES 2) will be presented. This report describes models for the use of disinfectant in livestock farming in addition to the existing models for the evaluation of non-agricultural pesticides. The models, to be incorporated in USES, describe the following emission scenarios: disinfection of animal housing ; disinfection of footwear and animal paws ; disinfection of milk extraction systems ; disinfection of means of transport and disinfection of hatcheries.
ESDs are documents describing industrial processes in order to be able to estimate releases to th... more ESDs are documents describing industrial processes in order to be able to estimate releases to the environment. Such documents are lacking for the chemical industry. For this complex branch of industry, sectors have been prioritised for which ESDs are most urgently needed. Subsequently, key concepts and tools are discussed which are instrumental in the production of ESDs for the chemical industry such as life cycle stages, factors influencing emissions and release quantification methods. As such, this will be a starting point for the development of ESDs for the chemical industry as, among others, coordinated by the Environmental Exposure Task Force of the OECD.
Science of The Total Environment, 1993
... Dermal exposure Amount used per event (q): Weight fraction (wr): 5000 mg 0.23 176 THEO G. VER... more ... Dermal exposure Amount used per event (q): Weight fraction (wr): 5000 mg 0.23 176 THEO G. VERMEIRE ET AL Volume of water used (V): Exposure frequency. ... Lehman, 1954; AJ Lehman; Assoc. Food Drug off. Q. Bull., 18 (1954), p. 66 Untitled. Linders, 1990; JBHJ Linders; ...
This paper describes the philosophy and the methodology used in the Dutch Risk Assessment System ... more This paper describes the philosophy and the methodology used in the Dutch Risk Assessment System for New Chemical Substances: DRANC. This system is implemented in a computer program, available for advisory tasks concerning the assessment of hazard and risk of new chemical substances. In the previous paper by Vermeire et al. (1993, this issue) the general outline of the initial assessment has been described. Within the same framework, Directive 79/831/EEC and the ensuing Dutch Chemical Substances Act, DRANC has been developed to systematically predict and assess the hazards for man and environment related to the production and use of new chemical substances. The exposure and no-effect concentrations are predicted by a model based on the essential jurisdictional and mathematical starting points. Hazard Quotients for target organisms and the Margin of Safety are determined. Special attention has been paid to the incorporation of the variances as they occur in nature. Within the risk assessment system they are described by uncertainty factors. Finally, it will be shown that the validation of such systems form a major problem. Although the system is not fully completed for all production levels, the practical application of basic principles of risk analysis makes it a valuable tool in the assessment process.
This is the second article in the series on USES, the Uniform System for the Evaluation of Substa... more This is the second article in the series on USES, the Uniform System for the Evaluation of Substances. In USES, hazards are expressed as PEC/NEC ratios, the Predicted Environmental Concentration, divided by the No-Effect Concentration. This article describes the extrapolation methods used to dedve concentrations that are assumed to be "safe" (No-Effect Concentrations, NECs, or No-Effect Levels, NELs) for the groups to be protected: humans, aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems including top predators, and sewage treatment plant functioning. For ecosystems, extrapolation factors of 10, 100 or 1000 are used (according to a modification of the EPA method), but if at least 4 experimental No-Observed Effect Concentrations (NOECs) are known, a statistical method is used (Aidenberg and Slob). Altematively, the extrapolation factors as proposed in the EC Guidance Document for new substances can be used. For humans, usually no extrapolation is carried out, and the experimental test data of mammals are compared directly to the exposure level to create Margin Of Safeties (MOS). This procedure leaves more room for expert judgement than a rigid extrapolation factor approach. For hazard ranking, No-Effect Levels for humans is derived, making use of fixed extrapolation factors of 10, 100, 1000 or 10000, depending on the type of data available. The NECs and NELs will be applied in the hazard and risk characterization stage of USES.
Science of The Total Environment, 1993
This paper describes the initial hazard and risk assessment process for new substances at the Nat... more This paper describes the initial hazard and risk assessment process for new substances at the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM) in The Netherlands. This assessment pertains to both man and the environment and is performed within the framework of the European Community (EC) Directive 79/831/EEC and the ensuing Dutch Chemical Substances Act. The present paper is restricted to the assessment of the hazards of new substances on the basis of the base set, i.e. tests required at a market or production volume up to 100 tonnes per year or 500 tonnes cumulative. Step by step the essential elements of the hazard assessment process are discussed: organizational aspects, data requirements, the determination of the acceptability of the data received, the scientific evaluation of the test methods and results, the exposure assessment and the comparison of exposure and toxicity data. Requirements for further testing following the initial assessment are also discussed.
Acrocephalus, 2015
PozvetekBledi srakoper Lanius isabellinus gnezdi v širokem pasu od Irana prek osrednje Azije in s... more PozvetekBledi srakoper Lanius isabellinus gnezdi v širokem pasu od Irana prek osrednje Azije in severne Kitajske do Mongolije. Prezimuje v osrednji in vzhodni Afriki, Pakistanu in Indiji. V Evropi se redno pojavlja, predvsem med koncem aprila in začetkom junija ter med začetkom septembra in koncem novembra. Pojavljata se (pod)vrsti isabellinus in phoenicuroides. V srednji in jugovzhodni Evropi so znana opazovanja iz Avstrije (3), Romunije (1) in Grčije (8). Avtorji prispevka predstavljajo prvi opazovanji za Bolgarijo, in sicer je bil 24. 5. 2010 na gori Slavjanka opazovan drugoletni samec nedoločene (pod)vrste, 28. 9. 2014 na jezeru Durankulak pa odrasel samec (pod)vrste isabellinus. Opazovanji je kot prvo in drugo za državo potrdila bolgarska komisija za redkosti BUNARCO.
Acrocephalus, 2015
PozvetekBledi srakoper Lanius isabellinus gnezdi v širokem pasu od Irana prek osrednje Azije in s... more PozvetekBledi srakoper Lanius isabellinus gnezdi v širokem pasu od Irana prek osrednje Azije in severne Kitajske do Mongolije. Prezimuje v osrednji in vzhodni Afriki, Pakistanu in Indiji. V Evropi se redno pojavlja, predvsem med koncem aprila in začetkom junija ter med začetkom septembra in koncem novembra. Pojavljata se (pod)vrsti isabellinus in phoenicuroides. V srednji in jugovzhodni Evropi so znana opazovanja iz Avstrije (3), Romunije (1) in Grčije (8). Avtorji prispevka predstavljajo prvi opazovanji za Bolgarijo, in sicer je bil 24. 5. 2010 na gori Slavjanka opazovan drugoletni samec nedoločene (pod)vrste, 28. 9. 2014 na jezeru Durankulak pa odrasel samec (pod)vrste isabellinus. Opazovanji je kot prvo in drugo za državo potrdila bolgarska komisija za redkosti BUNARCO.
This report describes the prototype of the Uniform System for the Evaluation of Substances (USES)... more This report describes the prototype of the Uniform System for the Evaluation of Substances (USES). Being a prototype, this system will undergo extensive review by a number of experts and potential users in order to arrive at the official first version in 1993. USES is being developed in order to comply with action point 41 of the Dutch National Environmental Policy Plan. The main aim of the project is the development of a user-friendly system for the rapid and transparent evaluation of the environmental risks of substances. USES is to be applied as a decision support system by the central government, industry and institutes involved in the risk assessment of substances. Uses will also be presented to international organizations. Three specific functions can be distinguished in USES: 1. The initial hazard and risk assessment of new substances (DRANC); 2. The prioritization of existing chemicals (PRISEC); 3. The assessment of pesticides (ESPE)
In the project "Evaluation System new substances", methods are developed to systematica... more In the project "Evaluation System new substances", methods are developed to systematically predict and assess the hazards for man and environment related to the production and use of new chemical substances. Part of the project is the realisation of a Risk Assessment System for New Chemical Substances, which is described in this report. This system is a computer program, available for advisory tasks concerning the assessment of hazard and risk of new chemical substances (level 0). A complete mathematical description of the system is given in this report. An extensive validation study of the distribution part of the system has been carried out, by comparing measured and predicted results for 25 existing substances. Some suggestions for further improvement of the risk assessment system are made.
In 1993 an evaluation system for non-agricultural pesticides was presented. This method was compl... more In 1993 an evaluation system for non-agricultural pesticides was presented. This method was completely incorporated in the Uniform System for the Evaluation of Substances (USES). USES 1, the first version, can be used as a tool in making rapid risk assessments and setting priorities for new and existing substances, plant protection products and biocides within the scope of the Dutch Chemical Substances Act and the Dutch Pesticides Act. In 1996 a second national version of USES (USES 2) will be presented. This report describes models for the use of disinfectant in livestock farming in addition to the existing models for the evaluation of non-agricultural pesticides. The models, to be incorporated in USES, describe the following emission scenarios: disinfection of animal housing ; disinfection of footwear and animal paws ; disinfection of milk extraction systems ; disinfection of means of transport and disinfection of hatcheries.
ESDs are documents describing industrial processes in order to be able to estimate releases to th... more ESDs are documents describing industrial processes in order to be able to estimate releases to the environment. Such documents are lacking for the chemical industry. For this complex branch of industry, sectors have been prioritised for which ESDs are most urgently needed. Subsequently, key concepts and tools are discussed which are instrumental in the production of ESDs for the chemical industry such as life cycle stages, factors influencing emissions and release quantification methods. As such, this will be a starting point for the development of ESDs for the chemical industry as, among others, coordinated by the Environmental Exposure Task Force of the OECD.
Science of The Total Environment, 1993
... Dermal exposure Amount used per event (q): Weight fraction (wr): 5000 mg 0.23 176 THEO G. VER... more ... Dermal exposure Amount used per event (q): Weight fraction (wr): 5000 mg 0.23 176 THEO G. VERMEIRE ET AL Volume of water used (V): Exposure frequency. ... Lehman, 1954; AJ Lehman; Assoc. Food Drug off. Q. Bull., 18 (1954), p. 66 Untitled. Linders, 1990; JBHJ Linders; ...
This paper describes the philosophy and the methodology used in the Dutch Risk Assessment System ... more This paper describes the philosophy and the methodology used in the Dutch Risk Assessment System for New Chemical Substances: DRANC. This system is implemented in a computer program, available for advisory tasks concerning the assessment of hazard and risk of new chemical substances. In the previous paper by Vermeire et al. (1993, this issue) the general outline of the initial assessment has been described. Within the same framework, Directive 79/831/EEC and the ensuing Dutch Chemical Substances Act, DRANC has been developed to systematically predict and assess the hazards for man and environment related to the production and use of new chemical substances. The exposure and no-effect concentrations are predicted by a model based on the essential jurisdictional and mathematical starting points. Hazard Quotients for target organisms and the Margin of Safety are determined. Special attention has been paid to the incorporation of the variances as they occur in nature. Within the risk assessment system they are described by uncertainty factors. Finally, it will be shown that the validation of such systems form a major problem. Although the system is not fully completed for all production levels, the practical application of basic principles of risk analysis makes it a valuable tool in the assessment process.
This is the second article in the series on USES, the Uniform System for the Evaluation of Substa... more This is the second article in the series on USES, the Uniform System for the Evaluation of Substances. In USES, hazards are expressed as PEC/NEC ratios, the Predicted Environmental Concentration, divided by the No-Effect Concentration. This article describes the extrapolation methods used to dedve concentrations that are assumed to be "safe" (No-Effect Concentrations, NECs, or No-Effect Levels, NELs) for the groups to be protected: humans, aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems including top predators, and sewage treatment plant functioning. For ecosystems, extrapolation factors of 10, 100 or 1000 are used (according to a modification of the EPA method), but if at least 4 experimental No-Observed Effect Concentrations (NOECs) are known, a statistical method is used (Aidenberg and Slob). Altematively, the extrapolation factors as proposed in the EC Guidance Document for new substances can be used. For humans, usually no extrapolation is carried out, and the experimental test data of mammals are compared directly to the exposure level to create Margin Of Safeties (MOS). This procedure leaves more room for expert judgement than a rigid extrapolation factor approach. For hazard ranking, No-Effect Levels for humans is derived, making use of fixed extrapolation factors of 10, 100, 1000 or 10000, depending on the type of data available. The NECs and NELs will be applied in the hazard and risk characterization stage of USES.