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Research paper thumbnail of Quality of Antenatal Care Services in South-Western Uganda

Objectives: The study aimed at the evaluation of the quality of antenatal care services in South ... more Objectives: The study aimed at the evaluation of the quality of antenatal care services in South Western Uganda Methods: This research used a data set from the Population Council of Kenya, which was conducted in SouthWestern Uganda, and it drew a representative sample of health facilities, by administering a questionnaire and making an assessment of the facilities. The sample size was selected using a stratified; two stage cluster design and enumeration areas were the sampling units for the first stage. 31 facilities were included in the study drawn from 9 districts and among the facilities that were assessed, 5 were government owned, 17 were privately run and 9 were faith-based facilities. 15 facilities were clinic, 10 were health centers, and 5 were hospitals and only 1 dispensary. Data Analysis: The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. Findings: This project found out that, the intervention facilities offered more ANC services than control. Majority of facilities lacked essentials ANC drugs – only 2.0% of intervention facilities had delivery equipment. Except for cancer screening and child delivery supplies, facilities had essential supplies and equipment and recommended infrastructure (including a private ANC room for consultation) for provision of ANC services. Significantly different, facilities under control group were well supplied with ARV drugs. For service charges, control group charged more of the two except for caesarian delivery method which was not covered by the voucher program. Conclusion: Quality of care was high. The intervention program increased client satisfaction with ANC services received though little evidence exists on the effect the program on quality of ANC services. Low SocioEconomic status limits access to ANC services. Vouchers were consumed more by clients of low socioeconomic status and there were no much difference between the two sets of facilities is evident.

Research paper thumbnail of Statistical Analysis of the Role of Internal Audit in Promoting Good Governance in Public Institutions in Kenya

Internal Auditing has increasingly been recognized as an integral part of modern control structur... more Internal Auditing has increasingly been recognized as an integral part of modern control structures and governance practices in both the private sector and public service. It has also been adding value in organizations across all sectors for many years in order to fight against the global financial crisis and recent cases of corporate frauds that have brought into sharp focus the consequence of the precarious role to be played by the internal auditors in ensuring good corporate governance. The main objective of this study was to find out how the Risk Management, Control Process and Governance Process, which are functions of internal auditing are being recognized today at high level in many organizations, especially in public Sectors, when well structured and given the required mandate to perform, improves performance and serves as valuable contributors in Promoting good governance in its functions which are accountability, transparency, effectiveness & efficiency and responsiveness in the public institutions in Kenya. The research adopted both the descriptive and correlation research designs in order to be successful, where 370 out of 398 respondents, sampled from eighteen (18) public institutions, completed a structured questionnaire. The events were recorded; analyzed, interpreted and described by using SPSS version 20 and the specific tools that were adopted in order to identify the levels of contribution of Internal Audit in Good Governance in the public institutions, respondent responses were determined by their demographic profiles. Parametric statistics were used to derive a meaningful conclusion from the empirical data using tools like descriptive statistics, t-test and Pearson Correlation. The study concluded that there is a strong significant relationship between Internal Audit and Good Governance in Public institutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics Incorporating Survey Weights into Binary and Multinomial Logistic Regression Models

Since sampling weights are not simply equal to the reciprocal of selection probabilities its alwa... more Since sampling weights are not simply equal to the reciprocal of selection probabilities its always challenging to incorporate survey weights into likelihood-based analysis. These weights are always adjusted for various characteristics. In cases where logistic regression model is used to predict categorical outcomes with survey data, the sampling weights should be considered if the sampling design does not give each individual an equal chance of being selected in the sample. The weights are rescaled to sum to an equivalent sample size since original weights have small variances. The new weights are called the adjusted weights. Quasi-likelihood maximization is the method that is used to make estimation with the adjusted weights but the other new method that can be created is correct likelihood for logistic regression which included the adjusted weights. Adjusted weights are further used to adjust for both covariates and intercepts when the correct likelihood method was used. We also looked at the differences and similarities between the two methods. Analysis: Both binary logistic regression model and multinomial logistic regression model were used in parameter estimation and we applied the methods to body mass index data from Nairobi Hospital, which is in Nairobi County where a sample of 265 was used. R-software Version 3.0.2 was used in the analysis. Conclusion: The results from the study showed that there were some similarities and differences between the quasi-likelihood and correct likelihood methods in parameter estimates, standard errors and statistical p-values.

Research paper thumbnail of American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics Analysis of Determinants of Antenatal Care Services Utilization in Nairobi County Using Logistic Regression Model

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess antenatal care service utilization and determine t... more Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess antenatal care service utilization and determine the factors associated with antenatal care non attendance in Nairobi County. Methods: The study used data that was collected in the county by use of questionnaires in which a total of 306 mothers participated. Data Analysis: The data was analyzed using R-software version 3.0.2, and the report was represented in form of tables. Here, Logistic regression model was used to model some of effects of the demographic and socioeconomic independent variables. Results: The study found out that the independent variables, age, employment status, education level, parity and husband's education level were the determinants of antenatal care service utilization in Nairobi County. The relationship between the covariates and antenatal care service utilization were significant at α=0.05 Conclusions: The study suggested that mothers in Nairobi County should be educated or enlightened on matters that concern antenatal health care utilization so as to increase the percentage of those mothers that attend the health facilities.

Research paper thumbnail of Quality of Antenatal Care Services in South-Western Uganda

Objectives: The study aimed at the evaluation of the quality of antenatal care services in South ... more Objectives: The study aimed at the evaluation of the quality of antenatal care services in South Western Uganda Methods: This research used a data set from the Population Council of Kenya, which was conducted in SouthWestern Uganda, and it drew a representative sample of health facilities, by administering a questionnaire and making an assessment of the facilities. The sample size was selected using a stratified; two stage cluster design and enumeration areas were the sampling units for the first stage. 31 facilities were included in the study drawn from 9 districts and among the facilities that were assessed, 5 were government owned, 17 were privately run and 9 were faith-based facilities. 15 facilities were clinic, 10 were health centers, and 5 were hospitals and only 1 dispensary. Data Analysis: The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. Findings: This project found out that, the intervention facilities offered more ANC services than control. Majority of facilities lacked essentials ANC drugs – only 2.0% of intervention facilities had delivery equipment. Except for cancer screening and child delivery supplies, facilities had essential supplies and equipment and recommended infrastructure (including a private ANC room for consultation) for provision of ANC services. Significantly different, facilities under control group were well supplied with ARV drugs. For service charges, control group charged more of the two except for caesarian delivery method which was not covered by the voucher program. Conclusion: Quality of care was high. The intervention program increased client satisfaction with ANC services received though little evidence exists on the effect the program on quality of ANC services. Low SocioEconomic status limits access to ANC services. Vouchers were consumed more by clients of low socioeconomic status and there were no much difference between the two sets of facilities is evident.

Research paper thumbnail of Statistical Analysis of the Role of Internal Audit in Promoting Good Governance in Public Institutions in Kenya

Internal Auditing has increasingly been recognized as an integral part of modern control structur... more Internal Auditing has increasingly been recognized as an integral part of modern control structures and governance practices in both the private sector and public service. It has also been adding value in organizations across all sectors for many years in order to fight against the global financial crisis and recent cases of corporate frauds that have brought into sharp focus the consequence of the precarious role to be played by the internal auditors in ensuring good corporate governance. The main objective of this study was to find out how the Risk Management, Control Process and Governance Process, which are functions of internal auditing are being recognized today at high level in many organizations, especially in public Sectors, when well structured and given the required mandate to perform, improves performance and serves as valuable contributors in Promoting good governance in its functions which are accountability, transparency, effectiveness & efficiency and responsiveness in the public institutions in Kenya. The research adopted both the descriptive and correlation research designs in order to be successful, where 370 out of 398 respondents, sampled from eighteen (18) public institutions, completed a structured questionnaire. The events were recorded; analyzed, interpreted and described by using SPSS version 20 and the specific tools that were adopted in order to identify the levels of contribution of Internal Audit in Good Governance in the public institutions, respondent responses were determined by their demographic profiles. Parametric statistics were used to derive a meaningful conclusion from the empirical data using tools like descriptive statistics, t-test and Pearson Correlation. The study concluded that there is a strong significant relationship between Internal Audit and Good Governance in Public institutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Science Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics Incorporating Survey Weights into Binary and Multinomial Logistic Regression Models

Since sampling weights are not simply equal to the reciprocal of selection probabilities its alwa... more Since sampling weights are not simply equal to the reciprocal of selection probabilities its always challenging to incorporate survey weights into likelihood-based analysis. These weights are always adjusted for various characteristics. In cases where logistic regression model is used to predict categorical outcomes with survey data, the sampling weights should be considered if the sampling design does not give each individual an equal chance of being selected in the sample. The weights are rescaled to sum to an equivalent sample size since original weights have small variances. The new weights are called the adjusted weights. Quasi-likelihood maximization is the method that is used to make estimation with the adjusted weights but the other new method that can be created is correct likelihood for logistic regression which included the adjusted weights. Adjusted weights are further used to adjust for both covariates and intercepts when the correct likelihood method was used. We also looked at the differences and similarities between the two methods. Analysis: Both binary logistic regression model and multinomial logistic regression model were used in parameter estimation and we applied the methods to body mass index data from Nairobi Hospital, which is in Nairobi County where a sample of 265 was used. R-software Version 3.0.2 was used in the analysis. Conclusion: The results from the study showed that there were some similarities and differences between the quasi-likelihood and correct likelihood methods in parameter estimates, standard errors and statistical p-values.

Research paper thumbnail of American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics Analysis of Determinants of Antenatal Care Services Utilization in Nairobi County Using Logistic Regression Model

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess antenatal care service utilization and determine t... more Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess antenatal care service utilization and determine the factors associated with antenatal care non attendance in Nairobi County. Methods: The study used data that was collected in the county by use of questionnaires in which a total of 306 mothers participated. Data Analysis: The data was analyzed using R-software version 3.0.2, and the report was represented in form of tables. Here, Logistic regression model was used to model some of effects of the demographic and socioeconomic independent variables. Results: The study found out that the independent variables, age, employment status, education level, parity and husband's education level were the determinants of antenatal care service utilization in Nairobi County. The relationship between the covariates and antenatal care service utilization were significant at α=0.05 Conclusions: The study suggested that mothers in Nairobi County should be educated or enlightened on matters that concern antenatal health care utilization so as to increase the percentage of those mothers that attend the health facilities.