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Papers by David Penington

Research paper thumbnail of Indicators for human toxicity in life cycle impact assessment

Toward Best Available …, Jan 1, 2002

The main objectives of this task group under SETAC-Europe's Second Working Group on Life Cycle Im... more The main objectives of this task group under SETAC-Europe's Second Working Group on Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA-WIA2) were to identify and discuss the suitability of toxicological impact measures for human health for use in characterization in LCIA. The current state of the art of defining health indicators in LCIA is summarized in this document, promising approaches are addressed in further detail under the two headings of potency and severity, and then the suitability of the approaches is discussed with the aid of selected criteria. Toxicological potency factors are based on test data such as No Observed Effect Levels (NOEL). NOELs, and similar data, are determined in laboratory studies using rodents and are then extrapolated to more relevant human measures. Many examples also exist of measures and methods beyond potency-based indicators that attempt to account for differences in expected severity, as well as potency. Quantitative severity-based indicators yield measures in terms of Years of Life Lost (YOLL), Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY), Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) and other similar measures. DALYs and QALYs are examples of approaches that attempt to account for both years of life lost (mortality) and years of impaired life (morbidity). Qualitative severity approaches tend to arrange potency-based indicators in categories, avoiding the need to quantitatively express differences in severity. Based on the proposed criteria and current state of the knowledge, toxicological potency indicators are pre-selected as a minimum default. Addressing accuracy and ensuring consistency, particularly when extrapolating data, are seen as some of the key issues that are beginning to be addressed in LCIA. While associated approaches are still in their infancy, it is encouraged to take into account relative severity whenever possible using qualitative and/or quantitative approaches.

Research paper thumbnail of Complexities of the qa antigenic system in the mouse

Research paper thumbnail of Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: The facts

Research paper thumbnail of The role of the erythropoietic hormone in anaemia

Research paper thumbnail of Advances in diagnosis and treatment of polycythaemia

Transactions of the Medical Society of London

Research paper thumbnail of Studies of platelet production and sequestration in the experimental animal

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine

Research paper thumbnail of Anaemia in renal failure

Research paper thumbnail of Prophylaxis against septicaemia in acute leukaemia: the use of oral framycetin

The Medical journal of Australia

Research paper thumbnail of Objective measurement of thiamine status by biochemical assay in adult Australians

The Medical journal of Australia

Research paper thumbnail of Endocrine Dysfunction in Malignant Disease

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine

Research paper thumbnail of Regulation of red cell and platelet production

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine

Research paper thumbnail of The relation of erythropoietin to polycythemia

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine

Research paper thumbnail of Biochemical assessment of thiamine status in Australians

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research

Research paper thumbnail of Courting the Rockefeller Foundation and other attempts to integrate clinical teaching, medical practice, and research in Melbourne

Health and history, 2009

Courtesy of the cashed-up Rockefeller Foundation (RF), opportunity knocked in the 1920s for unive... more Courtesy of the cashed-up Rockefeller Foundation (RF), opportunity knocked in the 1920s for university medical schools committed to closer integration with teaching hospitals. The University of Melbourne Medical School, recognising the opportunity to win RF funds to help with rebuilding, sought government support for an audacious plan consistent with the university-hospital-research triads designed to advance medical science, that had strong RF support. Using a range of local archival sources, this paper details the back story to the development of the plan in the mid-1920s and its presentation to the RF by a high-powered delegation from Victoria in 1927. Although a change of government undermined the attempt and the RF money went to Sydney, sufficient momentum survived to implement the plan in several forms over the following decades, contributing to Victoria's subsequent leadership role in medical science.

Research paper thumbnail of The myeloproliferative syndromes

The Medical journal of Australia

Research paper thumbnail of The cellular basis of platelet production

New Istanbul contribution to clinical science

Research paper thumbnail of The cellular biology of megakaryocytes

Blood cells

Megakaryocytes show a pattern of cellular proliferation and maturation which is unique in mammali... more Megakaryocytes show a pattern of cellular proliferation and maturation which is unique in mammalian biology. Cells mature to the point of cytoplasmic fragmentation in three major ploidy classes, 8n, 16n, and 32n and the three are fed from a precursor committed stem cell. Two-thirds of the cells belong in the 16n class, and approximately one-sixth in the 8n and 32n classes. The cytoplasm of cells in each ploidy class has a characteristic concentration of granules and demarcation membrane system which appears to be translated into the characteristic features of the platelet progeny from each class. These differ from normal young platelets. Megakaryocytes release fragments of cytoplasm into marrow sinusoids and these differ from platelets in that they do not have the peripheral microtubular bundle or sub-marginal dense tubular system. Transition from fragment to circulating platelet presumably takes place elsewhere in the circulation. With stimulation of platelet production, "stre...

Research paper thumbnail of In memoriam: professor Carl de Gruchy February 24, 1922-October 13,1974

Research paper thumbnail of Does the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission have a real answer for public hospitals?

The Medical journal of Australia

Our public hospitals need medical leadership, and partnerships with medical schools can provide it.

Research paper thumbnail of Government and the professions

The Medical journal of Australia

Research paper thumbnail of Indicators for human toxicity in life cycle impact assessment

Toward Best Available …, Jan 1, 2002

The main objectives of this task group under SETAC-Europe's Second Working Group on Life Cycle Im... more The main objectives of this task group under SETAC-Europe's Second Working Group on Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA-WIA2) were to identify and discuss the suitability of toxicological impact measures for human health for use in characterization in LCIA. The current state of the art of defining health indicators in LCIA is summarized in this document, promising approaches are addressed in further detail under the two headings of potency and severity, and then the suitability of the approaches is discussed with the aid of selected criteria. Toxicological potency factors are based on test data such as No Observed Effect Levels (NOEL). NOELs, and similar data, are determined in laboratory studies using rodents and are then extrapolated to more relevant human measures. Many examples also exist of measures and methods beyond potency-based indicators that attempt to account for differences in expected severity, as well as potency. Quantitative severity-based indicators yield measures in terms of Years of Life Lost (YOLL), Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY), Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) and other similar measures. DALYs and QALYs are examples of approaches that attempt to account for both years of life lost (mortality) and years of impaired life (morbidity). Qualitative severity approaches tend to arrange potency-based indicators in categories, avoiding the need to quantitatively express differences in severity. Based on the proposed criteria and current state of the knowledge, toxicological potency indicators are pre-selected as a minimum default. Addressing accuracy and ensuring consistency, particularly when extrapolating data, are seen as some of the key issues that are beginning to be addressed in LCIA. While associated approaches are still in their infancy, it is encouraged to take into account relative severity whenever possible using qualitative and/or quantitative approaches.

Research paper thumbnail of Complexities of the qa antigenic system in the mouse

Research paper thumbnail of Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: The facts

Research paper thumbnail of The role of the erythropoietic hormone in anaemia

Research paper thumbnail of Advances in diagnosis and treatment of polycythaemia

Transactions of the Medical Society of London

Research paper thumbnail of Studies of platelet production and sequestration in the experimental animal

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine

Research paper thumbnail of Anaemia in renal failure

Research paper thumbnail of Prophylaxis against septicaemia in acute leukaemia: the use of oral framycetin

The Medical journal of Australia

Research paper thumbnail of Objective measurement of thiamine status by biochemical assay in adult Australians

The Medical journal of Australia

Research paper thumbnail of Endocrine Dysfunction in Malignant Disease

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine

Research paper thumbnail of Regulation of red cell and platelet production

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine

Research paper thumbnail of The relation of erythropoietin to polycythemia

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine

Research paper thumbnail of Biochemical assessment of thiamine status in Australians

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research

Research paper thumbnail of Courting the Rockefeller Foundation and other attempts to integrate clinical teaching, medical practice, and research in Melbourne

Health and history, 2009

Courtesy of the cashed-up Rockefeller Foundation (RF), opportunity knocked in the 1920s for unive... more Courtesy of the cashed-up Rockefeller Foundation (RF), opportunity knocked in the 1920s for university medical schools committed to closer integration with teaching hospitals. The University of Melbourne Medical School, recognising the opportunity to win RF funds to help with rebuilding, sought government support for an audacious plan consistent with the university-hospital-research triads designed to advance medical science, that had strong RF support. Using a range of local archival sources, this paper details the back story to the development of the plan in the mid-1920s and its presentation to the RF by a high-powered delegation from Victoria in 1927. Although a change of government undermined the attempt and the RF money went to Sydney, sufficient momentum survived to implement the plan in several forms over the following decades, contributing to Victoria's subsequent leadership role in medical science.

Research paper thumbnail of The myeloproliferative syndromes

The Medical journal of Australia

Research paper thumbnail of The cellular basis of platelet production

New Istanbul contribution to clinical science

Research paper thumbnail of The cellular biology of megakaryocytes

Blood cells

Megakaryocytes show a pattern of cellular proliferation and maturation which is unique in mammali... more Megakaryocytes show a pattern of cellular proliferation and maturation which is unique in mammalian biology. Cells mature to the point of cytoplasmic fragmentation in three major ploidy classes, 8n, 16n, and 32n and the three are fed from a precursor committed stem cell. Two-thirds of the cells belong in the 16n class, and approximately one-sixth in the 8n and 32n classes. The cytoplasm of cells in each ploidy class has a characteristic concentration of granules and demarcation membrane system which appears to be translated into the characteristic features of the platelet progeny from each class. These differ from normal young platelets. Megakaryocytes release fragments of cytoplasm into marrow sinusoids and these differ from platelets in that they do not have the peripheral microtubular bundle or sub-marginal dense tubular system. Transition from fragment to circulating platelet presumably takes place elsewhere in the circulation. With stimulation of platelet production, "stre...

Research paper thumbnail of In memoriam: professor Carl de Gruchy February 24, 1922-October 13,1974

Research paper thumbnail of Does the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission have a real answer for public hospitals?

The Medical journal of Australia

Our public hospitals need medical leadership, and partnerships with medical schools can provide it.

Research paper thumbnail of Government and the professions

The Medical journal of Australia