Peter Buluma - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Peter Buluma

TMD discussion …, Jan 1, 2000

An important issue in WTO trade negotiations is whether further liberalization of trade and agric... more An important issue in WTO trade negotiations is whether further liberalization of trade and agricultural policies may help or hinder food security in WTO member countries, especially the developing countries. The WTO recognizes various classifications of countries: developed, developing, least developed (LDC) and net food importing developing (NFIDC). How well do these categories capture issues of food security? This paper employs various methods of cluster analysis (including an approach based on fuzzy sets) and data for 167 countries to identify groups of countries categorized according to five measures of food security: food production per capita, the ratio of total exports to food imports, calories per capita, protein per capita, and the share of the nonagricultural population share. The analysis identifies 12 distinct clusters characterized by similarities and differences across the various measures. The analysis suggests that the LDC category consists of largely food insecure countries, but that there also are food insecure countries that are not LDCs. NFIDCs is less precise as an indicator of food vulnerability, with more than a third of those countries not falling under any of the food insecure groups. Also, the general category of "developing countries" is very heterogeneous and is not very useful if the focus is on issues of food security. Finally, our typology shows that all developed countries are included in food secure categories. This result suggests that the notion of food security introduced as part of the "multifunctionality" of agriculture, or, more generally, among non-trade concerns has a very different meaning in developed and developing countries. In terms of policy implications and the agricultural negotiations, maintaining the same label for two altogether different situations may only obscure the issues being negotiated.

Proceedings of the National …, Jan 1, 2007

Handbook of agricultural economics, Jan 1, 2002

Widespread hunger and malnutrition persist today despite considerable growth in per capita food a... more Widespread hunger and malnutrition persist today despite considerable growth in per capita food availability. This has prompted an evolving conceptualization of food security and of mechanisms to attain and maintain food security. This chapter discusses both food security and food assistance programs designed to respond to threats to food security.

Global Environmental …, Jan 1, 1999

Building on previous work quantitative estimates of climate change impacts on global food product... more Building on previous work quantitative estimates of climate change impacts on global food production have been made for the UK Hadley Centre's HadCM2 greenhouse gas only ensemble experiment and the more recent HadCM3 experiment . The consequences for world food prices and the number of people at risk of hunger as de"ned by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO, 1988) have also been assessed. Climate change is expected to increase yields at high and mid-latitudes, and lead to decreases at lower latitudes. This pattern becomes more pronounced as time progresses. The food system may be expected to accommodate such regional variations at the global level, with production, prices and the risk of hunger being relatively una!ected by the additional stress of climate change. By the 2080s the additional number of people at risk of hunger due to climate change is about 80 million people ($10 million depending on which of the four HadCM2 ensemble members is selected). However, some regions (particularly the arid and sub-humid tropics) will be adversely a!ected. A particular example is Africa, which is expected to experience marked reductions in yield, decreases in production, and increases in the risk of hunger as a result of climate change. The continent can expect to have between 55 and 65 million extra people at risk of hunger by the 2080s under the HadCM2 climate scenario. Under the HadCM3 climate scenario the e!ect is even more severe, producing an estimated additional 70# million people at risk of hunger in Africa.

... Poor land husbandry can have quite different long-term effects on different types of soils, a... more ... Poor land husbandry can have quite different long-term effects on different types of soils, and costs of and returns to ... centimeters) 1 10 4 1 1 1 Low natural fertility 42 46 1 28 4 38 Poor soil drainage 15 28 2 26 11 20 Sandy or stony soils 36 15 17 11 11 23 Salinity, sodicity, or ...

Poor people living in high-risk environments live continuously with uncertainty which often threa... more Poor people living in high-risk environments live continuously with uncertainty which often threatens their livelihoods. They have therefore developed effective means of predicting and responding to large fluctuations in rainfall, harvest levels and natural resource production. These ...

World Development, Jan 1, 1992

Science, Jan 1, 1999

Biotechnology can contribute to future food security if it benefits sustainable small-farm agricu... more Biotechnology can contribute to future food security if it benefits sustainable small-farm agriculture in developing countries. Presently, agrobiotechnology research cites ethical, safety, and intellectual property rights issues. Protection of intellectual property rights encourages private sector investment in agrobiotechnology, but in developing countries the needs of smallholder farmers and environmental conservation are unlikely to attract private funds. Public investment will be needed, and new and imaginative public-private collaboration can make the gene revolution beneficial to developing countries. This is crucial for the well-being of today's hungry people and future generations.

This book brings together 11 perspectives on sub-Saharan Africa's food s... more This book brings together 11 perspectives on sub-Saharan Africa's food security problems. Topics covered include: the evolution of thinking about food security; agricultural issues in food security; household food and livelihood security; food security and the environment; ...

Food Policy, Jan 1, 1996

... One minute, we find a single, simple life form; the next, the forest floor is crawling with d... more ... One minute, we find a single, simple life form; the next, the forest floor is crawling with different species and the air is bright ... BaylissSmith, T. (1991), Food security and agricultural sustainability in the New Guinea Highlands: vulnerable people, vulnerable places, IDS Bulletin 22, 3 ...

Science, Jan 1, 2003

Global food security will remain a worldwide concern for the next 50 years and beyond. Recently, ... more Global food security will remain a worldwide concern for the next 50 years and beyond. Recently, crop yield has fallen in many areas because of declining investments in research and infrastructure, as well as increasing water scarcity. Climate change and HIV/AIDS are also crucial factors affecting food security in many regions. Although agroecological approaches offer some promise for improving yields, food security in developing countries could be substantially improved by increased investment and policy reforms.

... Authors Webb, P.; Braun, J. von Book Famine and food security in Ethiopia: lessons for Africa... more ... Authors Webb, P.; Braun, J. von Book Famine and food security in Ethiopia: lessons for Africa. ... It is argued that the mechanisms already exist to avert future famines, and provided that narrowly focussed and directed policy measures are implemented, then no Ethiopians or ...

Household Food Security: concepts, indicators, …, Jan 1, 1992

CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles): this report is a companion volume. The ... more CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles): this report is a companion volume. The purpose of this report is to describe the analyses through which the food security scales and food security status variable were developed, as well as related tests of the reliability and ...

US Department of Agriculture, Food …, Jan 1, 2000

TMD discussion …, Jan 1, 2000

An important issue in WTO trade negotiations is whether further liberalization of trade and agric... more An important issue in WTO trade negotiations is whether further liberalization of trade and agricultural policies may help or hinder food security in WTO member countries, especially the developing countries. The WTO recognizes various classifications of countries: developed, developing, least developed (LDC) and net food importing developing (NFIDC). How well do these categories capture issues of food security? This paper employs various methods of cluster analysis (including an approach based on fuzzy sets) and data for 167 countries to identify groups of countries categorized according to five measures of food security: food production per capita, the ratio of total exports to food imports, calories per capita, protein per capita, and the share of the nonagricultural population share. The analysis identifies 12 distinct clusters characterized by similarities and differences across the various measures. The analysis suggests that the LDC category consists of largely food insecure countries, but that there also are food insecure countries that are not LDCs. NFIDCs is less precise as an indicator of food vulnerability, with more than a third of those countries not falling under any of the food insecure groups. Also, the general category of "developing countries" is very heterogeneous and is not very useful if the focus is on issues of food security. Finally, our typology shows that all developed countries are included in food secure categories. This result suggests that the notion of food security introduced as part of the "multifunctionality" of agriculture, or, more generally, among non-trade concerns has a very different meaning in developed and developing countries. In terms of policy implications and the agricultural negotiations, maintaining the same label for two altogether different situations may only obscure the issues being negotiated.

Proceedings of the National …, Jan 1, 2007

Handbook of agricultural economics, Jan 1, 2002

Widespread hunger and malnutrition persist today despite considerable growth in per capita food a... more Widespread hunger and malnutrition persist today despite considerable growth in per capita food availability. This has prompted an evolving conceptualization of food security and of mechanisms to attain and maintain food security. This chapter discusses both food security and food assistance programs designed to respond to threats to food security.

Global Environmental …, Jan 1, 1999

Building on previous work quantitative estimates of climate change impacts on global food product... more Building on previous work quantitative estimates of climate change impacts on global food production have been made for the UK Hadley Centre's HadCM2 greenhouse gas only ensemble experiment and the more recent HadCM3 experiment . The consequences for world food prices and the number of people at risk of hunger as de"ned by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO, 1988) have also been assessed. Climate change is expected to increase yields at high and mid-latitudes, and lead to decreases at lower latitudes. This pattern becomes more pronounced as time progresses. The food system may be expected to accommodate such regional variations at the global level, with production, prices and the risk of hunger being relatively una!ected by the additional stress of climate change. By the 2080s the additional number of people at risk of hunger due to climate change is about 80 million people ($10 million depending on which of the four HadCM2 ensemble members is selected). However, some regions (particularly the arid and sub-humid tropics) will be adversely a!ected. A particular example is Africa, which is expected to experience marked reductions in yield, decreases in production, and increases in the risk of hunger as a result of climate change. The continent can expect to have between 55 and 65 million extra people at risk of hunger by the 2080s under the HadCM2 climate scenario. Under the HadCM3 climate scenario the e!ect is even more severe, producing an estimated additional 70# million people at risk of hunger in Africa.

... Poor land husbandry can have quite different long-term effects on different types of soils, a... more ... Poor land husbandry can have quite different long-term effects on different types of soils, and costs of and returns to ... centimeters) 1 10 4 1 1 1 Low natural fertility 42 46 1 28 4 38 Poor soil drainage 15 28 2 26 11 20 Sandy or stony soils 36 15 17 11 11 23 Salinity, sodicity, or ...

Poor people living in high-risk environments live continuously with uncertainty which often threa... more Poor people living in high-risk environments live continuously with uncertainty which often threatens their livelihoods. They have therefore developed effective means of predicting and responding to large fluctuations in rainfall, harvest levels and natural resource production. These ...

World Development, Jan 1, 1992

Science, Jan 1, 1999

Biotechnology can contribute to future food security if it benefits sustainable small-farm agricu... more Biotechnology can contribute to future food security if it benefits sustainable small-farm agriculture in developing countries. Presently, agrobiotechnology research cites ethical, safety, and intellectual property rights issues. Protection of intellectual property rights encourages private sector investment in agrobiotechnology, but in developing countries the needs of smallholder farmers and environmental conservation are unlikely to attract private funds. Public investment will be needed, and new and imaginative public-private collaboration can make the gene revolution beneficial to developing countries. This is crucial for the well-being of today's hungry people and future generations.

This book brings together 11 perspectives on sub-Saharan Africa's food s... more This book brings together 11 perspectives on sub-Saharan Africa's food security problems. Topics covered include: the evolution of thinking about food security; agricultural issues in food security; household food and livelihood security; food security and the environment; ...

Food Policy, Jan 1, 1996

... One minute, we find a single, simple life form; the next, the forest floor is crawling with d... more ... One minute, we find a single, simple life form; the next, the forest floor is crawling with different species and the air is bright ... BaylissSmith, T. (1991), Food security and agricultural sustainability in the New Guinea Highlands: vulnerable people, vulnerable places, IDS Bulletin 22, 3 ...

Science, Jan 1, 2003

Global food security will remain a worldwide concern for the next 50 years and beyond. Recently, ... more Global food security will remain a worldwide concern for the next 50 years and beyond. Recently, crop yield has fallen in many areas because of declining investments in research and infrastructure, as well as increasing water scarcity. Climate change and HIV/AIDS are also crucial factors affecting food security in many regions. Although agroecological approaches offer some promise for improving yields, food security in developing countries could be substantially improved by increased investment and policy reforms.

... Authors Webb, P.; Braun, J. von Book Famine and food security in Ethiopia: lessons for Africa... more ... Authors Webb, P.; Braun, J. von Book Famine and food security in Ethiopia: lessons for Africa. ... It is argued that the mechanisms already exist to avert future famines, and provided that narrowly focussed and directed policy measures are implemented, then no Ethiopians or ...

Household Food Security: concepts, indicators, …, Jan 1, 1992

CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles): this report is a companion volume. The ... more CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles): this report is a companion volume. The purpose of this report is to describe the analyses through which the food security scales and food security status variable were developed, as well as related tests of the reliability and ...

US Department of Agriculture, Food …, Jan 1, 2000