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Cyanobacteria by Peter R Hawkins

Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 1997

Forty-two strains of cyanobacteria commonly associated with toxic bloom events and representing 1... more Forty-two strains of cyanobacteria commonly associated with toxic bloom events and representing 10 cyanobacterial genera were examined by RFLP analysis of the PCR amplified 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS). A total of 97 different DNA profiles were generated by the application of 8 restriction endonucleases to digest the PCR products. The length of the PCR products obtained for strains assigned to the same genus seemed to be a useful taxonomic character and could probably be used for rapid identification. Nine characteristic amplification products delineated the 10 genera studied. Intrageneric strain differentiation was provided by restriction digest profiles which, when combined for each strain, resulted in 27 distinct genotypes. Specific amplification of cyanobacterial strains from mixed populations and environmental samples containing algae and heterotrophic bacteria was possible due to the use of a cyanobacteria specific 16S rRNA gene-directed PCR primer. The genetic relatedness observed between the taxa studied coincided with the taxonomic identification of the studied strains, particularly within the genera Anabaena and Microcystis.

Limnology and Oceanography, 1989

We tested the hypothesis that shifts in the size structure of daphnid assemblages may be caused b... more We tested the hypothesis that shifts in the size structure of daphnid assemblages may be caused by differing sensitivities of particular species to interfering filamentous cyanobacteria. Three Daphnia species of different size were fed the green alga Scenedesmus and filtering rates were measured in the presence and absence of straight filaments of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Cylindrospermopsis was not lethally toxic to Daphnia, but was inadequate as the sole food. The filtering rates of all three Daphnia species were reduced in the presence of the filaments. The larger Daphnia pulicaria and Daphnia hyalina were more affected than the smallest, Daphnia cucullata, and within the size range of each species larger individuals were more affected than smaller ones. Our results are consistent with field observations that body size is an important factor determining the competitive success of Daphnia species in the presence of cyanobacterial filaments.

Harmful Algae, 2005

Cyanobacterial biovolume is used as a guide to the public health risk from these organisms for us... more Cyanobacterial biovolume is used as a guide to the public health risk from these organisms for users of potable and recreational waters. Most routine surveillance programs preserve phytoplankton samples before analysis. We tested the effect of Lugol's Iodine, a common preservative, on the cell biovolume of four common freshwater cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena circinalis, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanocapsa incerta. Linear dimensions and cell area were measured with an image analyser. All four species shrank after preservation. The magnitude of shrinkage varied with species and preservation time but was not affected by Lugol's concentration. The maximum shrinkage in each species was a 30-40% reduction compared to the live cell biovolume. These results suggest shrinkage can be a greater source of uncertainty in estimating the biovolume of toxigenic cyanobacteria in aquatic environments than natural variability in the cell dimensions, instrument precision or cell counting. Standardised cyanobacterial biovolume lists based on agreed geometric shapes and formulae would improve the value of this information for public health risk assessment. Crown

FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2005

We mapped the distribution of mat forming cyanobacteria along the thermal gradient from 30 to 80°... more We mapped the distribution of mat forming cyanobacteria along the thermal gradient from 30 to 80°C, in nine hot spring districts in northern Thailand. Nineteen genera and 36 species were identified by morphometric analysis. Water temperature was the predominant determinant of community structure in the springs. The diversity of cyanobacterial morphotypes fell as temperature increased. Water chemistry (pH, alkalinity and ammonia concentration) was a much weaker descriptor of the floral similarity between the springs. The morphotypes which dominated all springs were Synechococcus lividus and Synechococcus sp. (>40 and <80°C) and Phormidium boryanum (>30 and <60°C). The occurrence of Synechococcus lividus and Synechococcus sp. in every spring at 70°C or more, implied there was no regional barrier to the distribution of these highly thermophilic taxa. Conversely, there were regional differences in the diversity of mat communities growing below 60°C. The most depauperate flora were in the northernmost springs (SKP, TPN, PD, JS) and the springs further south around Chiang Mai had more diverse flora, suggestive of barriers to the dispersal of some taxa. More discriminating analyses using molecular tools will be required to determine whether the ubiquitous distribution Synechoccoccus morphotypes above 60°C masks a genotypic diversity, comparable to the morphotype diversity observed below 60°C.

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary …, 1997

School of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales... more School of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052,' School of Microbiology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australian Water Technologies, West ...

Aqua- Journal of …, 2005

We surveyed the occurrence of toxigenic cyanobacteria, the mcyA component of the microcystin synt... more We surveyed the occurrence of toxigenic cyanobacteria, the mcyA component of the microcystin synthetase gene and microcystin in aquatic systems in temperate Australia and tropical Thailand.

Cyanobacterial samples from Australia, Thailand, Korea, India and the Philippines were analysed a... more Cyanobacterial samples from Australia, Thailand, Korea, India and the Philippines were analysed at a workshop held in Chiang Mai in April 2004. The workshop participants used the simple but effective analytical screening techniques of Protein Phosphatase inhibition assay (PPi) to measure the microcystin concentration and used the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for detecting the presence of the microcystin synthetase gene (mcyA) in fresh and lyophilized samples. Microscopy showed that 11 of the 20 samples contained toxigenic cyanobacteria (species with the potential to produce microcystin). Eighty-one percents of those samples contained > 1ug/L of microcystin-LR equivalents. The mcyA gene was detected in 64% of the samples.

Environmental Toxicology, 1999

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Environmental Toxicology, 2001

A nonaxenic strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Woloszynska (AWT 205) was grown in batch cul... more A nonaxenic strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Woloszynska (AWT 205) was grown in batch culture, with and without nitrate as the primary N source. Rapid log-phase growth with nitrate was 1.0 doubling/day versus 0.3 doubling/day without nitrate. Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) production was measured by HPLC. The rate of intracellular CYN production matched cell division rate for both the diazotrophies at cell densities less than 10 7 cell/ml. At cell density > 10 7 cell/ml, additional resource limitation in batch culture slowed log-phase growth to 0.04 division/day and cell division and CYN production decoupled. Intracellular CYN concentration increased at a rate of 0.08 doubling/day, twice the cell division rate.

Marine and Freshwater Research, 1994

Page 1. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 1994, 45, 869-73 Towards a Molecular Taxonomy for the Bloo... more Page 1. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 1994, 45, 869-73 Towards a Molecular Taxonomy for the Bloom-forming Cyanobacteria Brett A. NeilanA, Peter R. HawkinsB, Peter T. CoxB and Amanda E. GoodmanA A ~ chool of Microbiology ...

Applied and environmental microbiology, 1985

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, a tropical blooming species of cyanobacterium (blue-green alga), ... more Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, a tropical blooming species of cyanobacterium (blue-green alga), was isolated from the domestic water supply reservoir on Palm Island, a continental island off the tropical northeast coast of Australia. This species, not previously known to be toxic, was shown to be severely hepatotoxic for mice. The 50% lethal dose at 24 h after injection was found to be 64 +/- 5 mg of freeze-dried culture per kg of mouse. The principal lesion produced was centrilobular to massive hepatocyte necrosis, but various degrees of injury were also seen in the kidneys, adrenal glands, lungs, and intestine. The possible implication of this finding in relation to an incident of hepatoenteritis in humans living on the island is discussed.

Journal of Chromatography A

A capillary electrophoretic (CE) method incorporating sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-organic modif... more A capillary electrophoretic (CE) method incorporating sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-organic modifier solvents in the CE buffer was developed for the detection of toxic cyclic heptapeptide toxins (microcystins) produced by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). The applicability of these run buffers for the analysis of microcystins was evaluated and optimum conditions for separation were determined. The migration times, elution order and selectivity of the toxic peptides were influenced by modifying the composition of the electrophoretic buffer with organic solvents [0 to 20% (v/v)]. At maximum addition, the organic solvents with the exception of acetonitrile, increased the viscosity of the buffer solution. In contrast to the migration time of the other microcystins, that of microcystin-RR was not increased by the addition of 2-propanol to the buffer solution. Rather, microcystin-RR eluted more quickly with the increase in 2-propanol, thereby effecting changes in the elution order of the ...

Cylindrospermopsin (cyn) production in two non-axenic strains of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (... more Cylindrospermopsin (cyn) production in two non-axenic strains of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (AWT 205 and Palm Island strains) was measured by HPLC. The C.raciborskii cells were cultivated in batch culture in the laboratory using nitrate or gaseous nitrogen as the N source. During log phase growth, the rate of intracellular cyn production by the nitrogen replete culture (1.0 doubling/day) and nitrogen limited culture (0.3 doubling/day) was almost identical with the cell doubling rate of the same cultures. Post log phase (i.e. cell density > 107 cell/mL), intracellular cyn concentration increased at a rate of 0.08doubling/day, or twice that of the rate of increase in cell density. The proportion of filterable cyn rose from 20% of the total cyn in log phase, to 50% in late stationary phase. The cyn yield from cultures maintained for 45 days in late stationary phase in self-shaded conditions exceeded 2mg cyn/L. C.raciborskii (AWT 205 ) cells in log phase growth, exposed to 1 ppm ...

Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is regarded as a powerful analytical tool that combines many advan... more Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is regarded as a powerful analytical tool that combines many advantages of modern liquid chromatography (HPLC) with those of electrophoresis. The major advantages are: (a) high efficiency (related to decreased zone-broadening in a capillary column, fully automated instrumentation, on-line detection connected to computers supported by high efficiency software for rapid data acquisition, analysis, display, and storage,); (b) analysis speed (usually in the rage of 3-10 minutes for a complete separation); (c) operational simplicity (i.e. no pumps, column seals, guard columns or large quantities of organic solvent); (d) low to very low sample volume requirements (usually 10-15 nL of submitted sample); (e) applicability to polar and non-polar substances equally well with very little modifications; and (f) accuracy and precision in quantitative results.

Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 1997

Limnology and Oceanography, 1989

Harmful Algae, 2005

FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2005

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary …, 1997

Aqua- Journal of …, 2005

Environmental Toxicology, 1999

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Environmental Toxicology, 2001

Marine and Freshwater Research, 1994

Applied and environmental microbiology, 1985

Journal of Chromatography A

Marine and Freshwater Research, 1986

ABSTRACT Seasonal changes in light attenuation are described for a small tropical reservoir (Solo... more ABSTRACT Seasonal changes in light attenuation are described for a small tropical reservoir (Solomon Dam) at Palm Island, north Queensland, and the attenuation characteristics are compared with those reported for other Australian water bodies. The major components of the water column that affect attenuation of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) were studied over a 4-year period, including 16 months when the reservoir was artificially aerated. The pattern of light attenuation varied at different times of the year, depending largely on the stratification conditions and on the dominant phytoplankton species. The vertical attenuation coefficient for PAR varied on a seasonal basis, the major peaks being related to periods of high phytoplankton densities. The only time tripton contributed significantly to attenuation of PAR was coincident with the start of artificial aeration. Gilvin concentrations in Solomon Dam were moderately high, especially in the hypolimnion of the strongly stratified reservoir. Artificial aeration moderated the range of seasonal fluctuations in light attenuation, by reducing the density of phytoplankton in the surface layers.

Intensive monitoring for Cryptosporidium in source waters has been ongoing in Sydney since the Sy... more Intensive monitoring for Cryptosporidium in source waters has been ongoing in Sydney since the Sydney Water Incident in August 1998. Three separate Cryptosporidium contamination ‘events’ have been detected in the water supply catchments since the Incident. Duplicate water samples from these events were analysed for Cryptosporidium by immuno-fluorescence assay (IFA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR technique confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum in more than 50% of the samples that tested positive by IFA. The only strain detected by PCR at 4 loci was the C.parvum type II or ‘cattle’ genotype. This study demonstrated that combining the quantification afforded by the IFA method and the genetic specificity from PCR analysis assists in understanding both the public health risk and the source of Cryptosporidium in drinking water supplies. An apparent lack of sensitivity for PCR analysis compared to IFA may be related to storage time before PCR analysis and warrants ...

The Sydney water crisis of 1998 was the genesis of a new organisation, the Sydney Catchment Autho... more The Sydney water crisis of 1998 was the genesis of a new organisation, the Sydney Catchment Authority. The Authority was formed with a mandate to re-appraise the methods of collection, storage and presentation of water quality data in Sydney’s water supply catchments. This paper describes the approach adopted by the SCA. It was driven by identified needs for improvement in the timeliness of delivery; the modes of reporting; and the accessibility of data. New monitoring methods have incorporated in situ sensors, high frequency sampling and telemetered data transfer. Improvements in the timeliness and accessibility of the data have been achieved by focussing on the ultimate use of the data and re-specifying the data management processes to facilitate automated data transfers from source to user. The end users can download data directly from all in situ sensors, in cases of system failure at mid points in the data delivery chain. Software tools have been customised to suit the water sy...

Chiang Mai Journal of Science

Marine and Freshwater Research, 1988

ABSTRACT Physical, chemical and biotic attributes of 16 lakes and ponds in the siliceous dunefiel... more ABSTRACT Physical, chemical and biotic attributes of 16 lakes and ponds in the siliceous dunefields of Cape Flattery, in the humid tropics of Australia, have been investigated. The dune lakes are similar to those of dunefields in south-eastern Queensland, with very low to low conductivity (62-338 µS cm-1), low pH (3.9-6.8), and low to high humic content (gilvin 0.0-31.0 g440 m-1). These lakes are apparently not perched above the local water table. The ionic compositions of all lakes were very similar, with NaCl predominating and with very low concentrations of Mg, Ca, K, and SO4. Bicarbonate was absent or negligible in most lakes. The oligotrophic lakes are characterized by a desmid-diatom limnetic plankton of moderate diversity (12-35 species per lake). Of 144 taxa of phytoplankton recognized, 58% were desmids and 15% diatoms. The zooplankton was of low diversity and dominated by Calamoecia ultima. Twenty-nine species of aquatic macrophytes and 11 species of fish were recorded. Freshwater turtles (possibly Chelodina rugosa Ogilby), and the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus Schneider, were recorded from some lakes. Principal component analysis of chemical data distinguished three groups of lakes: a series of humic-stained ponds and lakes, a group of clear-water lakes with little or no humic staining, and a former barrier lagoon. Cluster analysis of the phytoplankton flora consistently segregated the clear-water lakes from humic-stained lakes but, in general, concordance of chemical, physiographic and biotic characteristics was poor. Existing classification schemes for Australian dune lakes, based on similar sets of physiographic, chemical and biotic data, do not cater well for the Cape Flattery lakes. A more useful classification may derive from consideration of the hydrological processes influencing their water balance and chemical characteristics.

Water Research, 1987

ABSTRACT Copper sulphate, added at the surface, was retained in the epilimnion of a stratified tr... more ABSTRACT Copper sulphate, added at the surface, was retained in the epilimnion of a stratified tropical reservoir. For 12 days after the addition, most of the copper was associated with the soluble fraction (MW > 50,000). Later the low molecular weight fraction (MW < 50,000) dominated and persisted for more than 19 days. There was an immediate decline in algal density after copper addition, followed by an increase in numbers of the more copper-tolerant chlorophyte species. Zooplankton (and other aquatic fauna) were also affected by the copper treatment. Two forms of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorous recovered first, followed by Hexarthra mira, Copepoda and Cladocera. Growth of cyanobacteria was suppressed in the short term, but any possible long term effects of copper were masked by flow induced rapid destratification which interrupted and re-set algal succession. It is concluded that copper treatment is not an effective control of cyanobacterial growth under the seasonal flow regime to which the Solomon Dam is subjected.

Botanica Marina

These experiments, in which the toxic response of the test organisms (mphidinium carterae, Phaeod... more These experiments, in which the toxic response of the test organisms (mphidinium carterae, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Stichococcus bacillaris ) is expressed as function of cu pric ion concentration, confirm the greater sensitivity of the dinofl agellates and the strong resistance of the green algae. They also highlights the high level of tolerance to copper shown by Stichococcus , a tolerance which, on the evidence presented here, appears not to i nvolve extracellular "conditioning" of the medium. This makes, Sti chococcus a suitable subject for futher investigation of the possibl e existence of an intracellular sequestration mechanism such as has been recently described for sone fouling diatoms.

Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2005

Aims: Currently cryptosporidiosis represents the major public health concern of water utilities i... more Aims: Currently cryptosporidiosis represents the major public health concern of water utilities in developed nations and increasingly, new species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium are being identified in which the infectivity for humans is not clear. The complicated epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and the fact that the majority of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium cannot be distinguished morphologically makes the assessment of public health risk difficult if oocysts are detected in the raw water supplies. The aim of this study was to use molecular tools to identify sources of Cryptosporidium from the Warragamba catchment area of Sydney, Australia. Methods and Results: Both faecal and water samples from the catchment area were collected and screened using immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and immunofluorescence microscopy. Samples that contained Cryptosporidium oocysts were genotyped using sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA, and the heatshock (HSP-70) gene. Analysis identified five Cryptosporidium species/genotypes including C. parvum (cattle genotype), C. suis, pig genotype II, the cervid genotype and a novel goat genotype. Conclusions: Monitoring and characterization of the sources of oocyst contamination in watersheds will aid in the development and implementation of the most appropriate watershed management policies to protect the public from the risks of waterborne Cryptosporidium. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study has shown that quantification by IMS analysis can be combined with the specificity of genotyping to provide an extremely valuable tool for assessing the human health risks from land use activities in drinking water catchments.

Water, 2009

A water balance model was developed for Bung Boraphet reservoir, a large flood plain lake in Thai... more A water balance model was developed for Bung Boraphet reservoir, a large flood plain lake in Thailand, from daily measurements over three inflow outflow cycles between 2003 and 2006. Measurement error was 10% (as one standard deviation) of the total measured volume. The specific yield from the Bung Boraphet catchment was 3.9 m 3 /ha/yr and surface water inflow from the local catchment was the largest gain term and evaporation was the largest loss term in the water budget. Irrigation was the second largest loss term and dry season demand exceeded the storage supply. Uncontrolled extraction of water for irrigation is regarded as a threat to the reservoir fishery, although the increasing drawdown range may benefit wetland biodiversity. Sustainable management of the Bung Boraphet wetland will depend on careful management based on an informed understanding of the ecohydrological requirements of all wetland uses. Water balance models like this one are recommended as a tool to allocate water equitably and in ways which can be integrated across the Chao Phraya basin.

… -American Water Works …, 2003

From July to September 1998, Sydney, Australia, experienced a drinking water crisis after high co... more From July to September 1998, Sydney, Australia, experienced a drinking water crisis after high concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in the city's water supply and distribution systems. Three boil-water advisories were issued, the Sydney Water Inquiry was formed ...

Developments in Sustainable Agriculture, 2007

Water and other natural resources of the Bung Boraphet Wetland in Thailand have been under increa... more Water and other natural resources of the Bung Boraphet Wetland in Thailand have been under increasing pressure from over-exploitation. Sustainable management and 'wise-use' of the Wetland's resources require achieving a balance between economic exploitation and conservation. Scientifically based decision support tools are vital to gain better insights into the complex interactions between the large wetland system, its contributing catchment and floodplain, and then pave the way for planning e#ective long-term management. This paper presents a summary of several decision support tools that we developed for Bung Boraphet. The tools are: (a) Water budget predictive model, (b) Land-use analysis using satellite imagery, and (c) Database linked Geographic Information System.

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2005

1. In Australia, the carp Cyprinus carpio L. is regarded as a threat to the native fish and the a... more 1. In Australia, the carp Cyprinus carpio L. is regarded as a threat to the native fish and the aquatic environment. In recent years, Botany Wetlands, a significant coastal wetland in the Sydney region, has been invaded by the undesirable cyprinids, carp and goldfish (Carrasius auratus L.).

Aqua, 2000

High levels of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts (C&G) were detected in the raw and filte... more High levels of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts (C&G) were detected in the raw and filtered water supply in Sydney, Australia, in July and August 1998. This paper describes the results of daily monitoring in the Sydney water supply catchments between December ...

Hydrobiologia, 1993

Seasonal changes in the phytoplankton community of a small tropical reservoir were monitored over... more Seasonal changes in the phytoplankton community of a small tropical reservoir were monitored over a four year period comprising of an initial two seasonal cycles during which the water column stratified strongly for extended periods each year, and two further seasonal cycles after installation of a mechanical aeration system to induce artificial destratification.

Bung Boraphet is the largest freshwater wetland in Thailand. It is an important economic asset to... more Bung Boraphet is the largest freshwater wetland in Thailand. It is an important economic asset to the provincial economy as well as a significant national and international biodiversity resource. Pressure on traditional uses of this water resource, such as for fishing and rice agriculture, is intensifying, as more people settle on the floodplain. In addition, new uses like eco-tourism are competing with the traditional activities. Despite interventions, such as creating non-hunting zones, biodiversity conservation areas and a minimum drawdown level, there is mounting evidence of resource over-exploitation and significant ecosystem change. Different stakeholders are now applying political pressure to maintain or exploit the uses of the Wetland, which they value most. These challenges require new and more effective approaches to the management of Bung Boraphet, to satisfy the expectations of all stakeholders. This paper describes a process now underway, to develop a Plan of Management...

This paper examines seasonal changes in the density and taxonomic composition of the zooplankton ... more This paper examines seasonal changes in the density and taxonomic composition of the zooplankton of a small tropical impoundment, in relation to factors of water temperature, food supply and reservoir flushing. The response of the zooplankton to management techniques designed to regulate the density of cyanobacteria in the dam are also considered. Cyclopoid copepods were the dominant zooplankters, although Cladocera became much more significant following the introduction of measures to control cyanobacteria. Planktonic Rotifera were a diverse but generally unimportant fraction of the total biomass, except following seasonal or management induced environmental perturbations, when the Rotifera often recovered most rapidly.

Freshwater Biology, 1985

... 493 Page 2. 494 Peter R. Hawkins However, llie stttilics oi ktkcs VUioiuiarra (2()'S) (F... more ... 493 Page 2. 494 Peter R. Hawkins However, llie stttilics oi ktkcs VUioiuiarra (2()'S) (FlnlaysDM. Farrcl! ... Both instruments were calibrated against a mercury thermometer (±(),1I2^(") in the labora-tory. T!ie routine readings were made between (19.(1(1 and 11.(K) hours at each \isit. ...

This document describes the approach to monitoring fish and fisheries at the Don Sahong dam proj... more This document describes the approach to monitoring fish and fisheries at the Don Sahong dam
project in Lao PDR. Most of the monitoring activities are in progress or under development, with
data at various stages of entry to databases, checking and analysis, so results are not presented
here. The intention is to properly document what is being done as required for later preparation of
project reports, and to inform and seek comment from others who share an interest in the Don
Sahong project.

It is assumed that readers are familiar with general material on the Mekong basin and its fisheries;
background material provided here includes some discussion of prior fisheries studies at the project
site, information on regional fish migrations and fish passage, and a summary of fish passage
mitigation approaches up to September 2014.

The aims of monitoring fish and fisheries at the project site are:

1. to evaluate the effectiveness of fish passage mitigation measures for upstream-migrating
fish and to provide information for ongoing fish passage improvement;
2. to evaluate risk to downstream-migrating fish and to provide information needed to develop
downstream fish passage mitigation measures; and
3. to determine the socio-economic importance and value of the fisheries to the population
directly affected by the project.

Monitoring also must meet GoL requirements and provide information to assess whether the fish
passage mitigation measures achieve their objectives as specified in the MRC’s MRC Preliminary
Design Guidance for proposed LMB mainstream dams (PDG).

The monitoring program includes:

• analysis of secondary data, including local ecological knowledge (LEK);
• fisher catch monitoring via household sampling;
• CPUE Monitoring by standard methods;
• mark-recapture studies (tagging of fish);
• monitoring of drifting fish larvae; and
• monitoring of downstream passage of larger fish (juveniles and adults).

Several supplementary surveys are also being carried out to support or complement these activities.