Peter A Johnson - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Peter A Johnson

Canadian Institute For Knowledge Development(CIKD), 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has illuminated a need for accessible, home-based therapies for mental heal... more The COVID-19 pandemic has illuminated a need for accessible, home-based therapies for mental health. In an era of social distancing, lockdowns, and declining global mental health, one promising candidate is transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). tDCS is a noninvasive, portable, targeted brain stimulation technique that uses electrical currents to modulate cortical excitability. It has been heavily explored as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) and other mental health issues in recent years. However, before such a treatment may become widespread, certain research questions must be addressed, and safety outcomes must be thoroughly evaluated. This article aims to provide a brief overview of tDCS, the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on mental health, and tDCS' potential to be used in such a situation. The article also explores some of the drawbacks and challenges that lie in the way of tDCS being normalized as a mental health therapeutic.

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Canadian Institute For Knowledge Development(CIKD), 2022

Recent research has unveiled and confirmed the deleterious age-related changes of the immune sys... more Recent research has unveiled and confirmed the deleterious age-related changes of the
immune system which result in diminished ability of older adults to effectively respond to
pathogens and infection. This degradation is defined by the term immunosenescence.
Immunosenescence can also bring with it reduced vaccine efficacy. In an era where the
population of older adults is growing exponentially, it is apparent why such dysfunction is
concerning. Adding even more pertinence is the COVID-19 pandemic. Since March of
2020, older adults across the globe have borne witness to the disproportional effects of
COVID-19 infection on their mortality rates versus younger adults and children. In order
to bring the pandemic to an end, the global population must be inoculated. However,
concerns have been raised about the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines on the
elderly. This article aims to provide a brief overview of immunosenescence, the COVID19 pandemic, and what research has shown thus far about vaccine efficacy for older adults.
As well, potential methods to combat immunosenescence will be explored

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Time, too much of and the resulting boredom is a major psychological barrier to multi year inner ... more Time, too much of and the resulting boredom is a major psychological barrier to multi year inner solar system space missions. Cross training which could be facilitated by online in flight educational programs might serve mission purposes and distract astronauts from the natural multiyear boredom to and from Mars. The personnel selected will be motivated well educated and likely very intelligent. They might have even experience some educational online and computer based education during their educational history. Distance learning is become more and more common in the educational landscape in the world. The mission doctor might learn geology. The geologist might learn ship systems. The pilot might learn basic medical treatment. The advantage of having planned out learning schemes might have major morale boosting factors by giving the self motivated high achieving crew something to direct their energies toward. The time lag could be compensated for by AI spacecraft educational software. Also for recreational purposes archeology or cultural studies could be taught to give greater breadth of interest. Online educational institutions might even do curriculum for free if they could be used afterward and before. Many high achievers have diverse interests and this might boost morale by allowing them to learn about a field of study that they had always had an interest in but their career took them in a different direction

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Canadian Institute for Knowledge Development (CIKD), 2021

International students are one of the most vulnerable social groups during the COVID-19 pandemic,... more International students are one of the most vulnerable social groups during the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored by social and financial welfare programs. The use of statistics, governmental statements, and academic literature outline the additional hardships faced by post-secondary international students to propose interventions to reduce precarity. The hospitality of educational institutions and response programs towards international students would be crucial for upholding commitments to social justice during these challenging times. This paper can contribute to understanding the role of social work in serving groups most vulnerable to COVID-19.

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Global Health Annual Review, 2021

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Healthcare

Approximately 10% of newborn infants require some form of respiratory support to successfully com... more Approximately 10% of newborn infants require some form of respiratory support to successfully complete the fetal-to-neonatal transition. Heart rate (HR) determination is essential at birth to assess a newborn’s wellbeing. Not only is it the most sensitive indicator to guide interventions during neonatal resuscitation, it is also valuable for assessing the infant’s clinical status. As such, HR assessment is a key step at birth and throughout resuscitation, according to recommendations by the Neonatal Resuscitation Program algorithm. It is essential that HR is accurate, reliable, and fast to ensure interventions are delivered without delay and not prolonged. Ineffective HR assessment significantly increases the risk of hypoxic injury and infant mortality. The aims of this review are to summarize current practice, recommended techniques, novel technologies, and considerations for HR assessment during neonatal resuscitation at birth.

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Canadian Journal of Medicine, 2021

Heparin is an anticoagulant medicine that prevents the formation of harmful blood clots in the ve... more Heparin is an anticoagulant medicine that prevents the formation of harmful blood clots in the vessels. Following the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), heparin has helped to improve the health of affected patients beyond its anticoagulant effects. The potential antiviral activity of heparin has attracted speculation due to its highly sulfated profile, which allows it to have a high binding affinity to a wide range of viral components. Heparin's successful binding to the ZIKA virus, human immunodeficiency virus, as well as the SARS CoV and MERS CoV spike proteins have demonstrated its potential to inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the body. A high degree of sequence homology also enables heparin to have inhibitory binding potential on viral components. The SARS-CoV-2 virus exhibits significant differences in its spike glycoprotein (SGP) sequence compared to other coronaviruses. The SGP sequence in SARS-CoV-2 contains additional potential glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding domains that may drive differences in the attachment and entry process of the virus. Findings from unbiased computational ligand docking simulations, pseudotyped spike protein experiments, and cell to cell fusion assays have also opened possibilities to investigate the antiviral properties of heparin in clinical trials.

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Canadian Institute for Knowledge Development (CIKD), 2021

Osteoporosis is a disease of the bone characterized by a loss in bone mineral density. Although t... more Osteoporosis is a disease of the bone characterized by a loss in bone mineral density. Although this disease is commonly diagnosed in adults, it is not directly associated with increasing age. There are many links and potential risk factors to developing osteoporosis, including hormonal imbalances, nutrient deficiency, cardiovascular health, and exercise. This review examines how osteoporotic fractures are diagnosed using bone imaging techniques, including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. The quality of life for patients with osteoporosis is discussed concerning the protective and risk factors associated with osteoporosis. Specifically, the risk factors for osteoporosis include genetic inheritance patterns, BMI, age, and lifestyle choices (including alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical exercise). There are many protective factors for preventing osteoporotic fractures, including natural bone supplements and prebiotics. These supplements can be found in most dairy products, which are fortified with vitamin D, which can be consumed in the diet to support bone health. Prebiotics can also be used to increase the healthy proliferation of commensal gut bacteria that are used to improve the bone-building process, relieving bone breakdown during the stages of bone turnover. These therapeutic interventions can be applied to support existing patient care to prevent and maintain overall bone health.

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Canadian Journal of Medicine, 2021

Osteoporosis is a disease of the bone characterized by a loss in bone mineral density. Although t... more Osteoporosis is a disease of the bone characterized by a loss in bone mineral density. Although this disease is commonly diagnosed in adults, it is not directly associated with increasing age. There are many links and potential risk factors to developing osteoporosis, including hormonal imbalances, nutrient deficiency, cardiovascular health, and exercise. This review examines how osteoporotic fractures are diagnosed using bone imaging techniques, including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. The quality of life for patients with osteoporosis is discussed concerning the protective and risk factors associated with osteoporosis. Specifically, the risk factors for osteoporosis include genetic inheritance patterns, BMI, age, and lifestyle choices (including alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical exercise). There are many protective factors for preventing osteoporotic fractures, including natural bone supplements and prebiotics. These supplements can be found in most dairy products, which are fortified with vitamin D, which can be consumed in the diet to support bone health. Prebiotics can also be used to increase the healthy proliferation of commensal gut bacteria that are used to improve the bone-building process, relieving bone breakdown during the stages of bone turnover. These therapeutic interventions can be applied to support existing patient care to prevent and maintain overall bone health.

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Academia Letters, 2021

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) refers to the broad spectrum of disabilities and negative ... more Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) refers to the broad spectrum of disabilities and negative consequences that stem from exposure to alcohol in utero. The spectrum of developmental disabilities that FASD individuals face are cognitive, physical, and psychosocial, while the severity of the delays and developmental changes are a result of the amount of exposure and the time of exposure to alcohol in utero. Here, we discuss challenges in the diagnosis of FASD within the judicial system.

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Aerospace and Environmental Medicine, 2021

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Aerospace and Environmental Medicine, 2021

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Aerospace and Environmental Medicine, 2021

Introduction. Microgravity conditions are physiologically compromising and motor and fine-dexteri... more Introduction. Microgravity conditions are physiologically compromising and motor and fine-dexterity tasks involving the extremities including grasp and release are undermined, becoming delayed and placing greater force demands. Our group has recently developed an advanced model incorporating a sensorimotor platform that integrates sensing accelerometers. However, we described design specifications for 1-G conditions and these specifications must still be optimized for microgravity conditions. The mechanism of this model relies on the use of a tri-axial system, whereby sensors and controllers are utilized to detect and correct for key motor control elements consisting of 1) segment orientation, 2) motion compensation, and 3) inertial platform. Methods. The novel accelerometer design utilizing our model was tested using MATLAB simulations and compared to existing gold standards for its sensitivity. Simulation modelling was based on crank-slider mechanism optimization, which uses predictive and output data to calculate position, crank velocity, and acceleration over time. We utilized available tracked prosthetic movement data with six DOFs and generated acceleration over time plots to compare the signal-to-noise ratio and drift between conventional accelerometers and our novel design. We additionally obtained dynamics data capturing translational movement along an X-axis, translation along a Y-axis, translation along a Z-axis, rotation around a roll axis, rotation around a pitch axis, and rotation around a yaw axis. This data included movement requiring segment orientation, motion compensation and an inertial platform. Results. The results of the simulations for a calibrated conventional accelerometer model and our novel prototype design model demonstrated a significant difference in signal quality during segment orientation, motion compensation, and inertial platform. As a result, these algorithms can then used to generate command outputs in a prosthetic system. Of the two, our prototype was determined to reduce signal-noise effects observed in conventional accelerometers. Our modelling and prototype therefore demonstrates it is not only possible to mechanically dampen a system, but also that we can reduce noise and increase signal sensitivity by upgrading accelerometer design specifications. Limitations and Future Avenues. While promising, this model has certain limitations: (i) it is a proof-of-concept and only been tested via simulation and must be further evaluated in varying microgravity conditions, (ii) our simulation focuses on two main accelerometer subtypes in modelling signal, (iii) considerations must still be made for mass and design of an incorporated and functional spacesuit system, and (iv) model needs to be enhanced for six or more degrees of freedom for maximal motor control.

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Health Science Inquiry, 2020

Sunlight exposure during pregnancy could be implicated in the physiological development and growt... more Sunlight exposure during pregnancy could be implicated in the physiological development and growth of the fetus, as well as long-term health after birth. Although several studies suggest the involvement of ultraviolet radiation-mediated vitamin D synthesis, current knowledge regarding the effects of sunlight exposure during pregnancy remains limited. We aimed to (i) summarize the existing body of research studying the influence of sunlight exposure on fetal growth-related birth outcomes and longterm health outcomes and (ii) determine its implications for therapeutics and public health policy. Of the studies identified on birth outcomes, the majority (5/8) demonstrated an association between sunlight exposure and reduced adverse birth outcomes (e.g., low birth weight, preterm births, small for gestational age, etc.), 2/8 studies showed no association, and 1/8 suggested a negative association between sunlight exposure and reduction of these adverse birth outcomes. Of the studies examining long-term health outcomes, sunlight exposure during pregnancy was shown to promote skeletal growth and development (2/6), and reduce the incidence of multiple sclerosis (2/6), asthma (2/6) and pneumonia (1/6). However, several of these studies used different methodologies and populations making it difficult to compare and integrate findings. Based on these results, we examined: the importance of exposure at different stages of pregnancy, proposed mechanisms by which sunlight exposure could lead to optimal outcomes, epidemiological differences influencing the findings, and necessary practical considerations prior to the implementation of public health policy recommendations. While these findings are promising, more rigorous research is warranted to support these recommendations. Sunlight consists of infrared, visible, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation and plays a critical role in regulating normal physiological functions, including vitamin D production and synthesis of hormones such as serotonin in the brain [1,2]; however, little is understood about its effects during pregnancy on offspring. Exposure to environmental stressors during critical periods of growth and development of the offspring could have severe consequences on its short-and long-term health [3], suggesting that differences in level of exposure to sunlight during pregnancy could considerably impact immediate and long-term outcomes. This is highly relevant in both developing regions with abundant sunlight exposure, as well as in regions, such as Canada, where greater seasonal differences result in a lower amount of exposure to sunlight for several months of the year. Overexposure to UV rays during pregnancy is associated with increased adverse risks in mothers including skin damage and cancers [4]. At the same time, exposure to UV is essential for chemical reactions involved in conversion

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Canadian Institute For Knowledge Development(CIKD), 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has illuminated a need for accessible, home-based therapies for mental heal... more The COVID-19 pandemic has illuminated a need for accessible, home-based therapies for mental health. In an era of social distancing, lockdowns, and declining global mental health, one promising candidate is transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). tDCS is a noninvasive, portable, targeted brain stimulation technique that uses electrical currents to modulate cortical excitability. It has been heavily explored as a treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) and other mental health issues in recent years. However, before such a treatment may become widespread, certain research questions must be addressed, and safety outcomes must be thoroughly evaluated. This article aims to provide a brief overview of tDCS, the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on mental health, and tDCS' potential to be used in such a situation. The article also explores some of the drawbacks and challenges that lie in the way of tDCS being normalized as a mental health therapeutic.

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Canadian Institute For Knowledge Development(CIKD), 2022

Recent research has unveiled and confirmed the deleterious age-related changes of the immune sys... more Recent research has unveiled and confirmed the deleterious age-related changes of the
immune system which result in diminished ability of older adults to effectively respond to
pathogens and infection. This degradation is defined by the term immunosenescence.
Immunosenescence can also bring with it reduced vaccine efficacy. In an era where the
population of older adults is growing exponentially, it is apparent why such dysfunction is
concerning. Adding even more pertinence is the COVID-19 pandemic. Since March of
2020, older adults across the globe have borne witness to the disproportional effects of
COVID-19 infection on their mortality rates versus younger adults and children. In order
to bring the pandemic to an end, the global population must be inoculated. However,
concerns have been raised about the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines on the
elderly. This article aims to provide a brief overview of immunosenescence, the COVID19 pandemic, and what research has shown thus far about vaccine efficacy for older adults.
As well, potential methods to combat immunosenescence will be explored

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Time, too much of and the resulting boredom is a major psychological barrier to multi year inner ... more Time, too much of and the resulting boredom is a major psychological barrier to multi year inner solar system space missions. Cross training which could be facilitated by online in flight educational programs might serve mission purposes and distract astronauts from the natural multiyear boredom to and from Mars. The personnel selected will be motivated well educated and likely very intelligent. They might have even experience some educational online and computer based education during their educational history. Distance learning is become more and more common in the educational landscape in the world. The mission doctor might learn geology. The geologist might learn ship systems. The pilot might learn basic medical treatment. The advantage of having planned out learning schemes might have major morale boosting factors by giving the self motivated high achieving crew something to direct their energies toward. The time lag could be compensated for by AI spacecraft educational software. Also for recreational purposes archeology or cultural studies could be taught to give greater breadth of interest. Online educational institutions might even do curriculum for free if they could be used afterward and before. Many high achievers have diverse interests and this might boost morale by allowing them to learn about a field of study that they had always had an interest in but their career took them in a different direction

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Canadian Institute for Knowledge Development (CIKD), 2021

International students are one of the most vulnerable social groups during the COVID-19 pandemic,... more International students are one of the most vulnerable social groups during the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored by social and financial welfare programs. The use of statistics, governmental statements, and academic literature outline the additional hardships faced by post-secondary international students to propose interventions to reduce precarity. The hospitality of educational institutions and response programs towards international students would be crucial for upholding commitments to social justice during these challenging times. This paper can contribute to understanding the role of social work in serving groups most vulnerable to COVID-19.

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Global Health Annual Review, 2021

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Healthcare

Approximately 10% of newborn infants require some form of respiratory support to successfully com... more Approximately 10% of newborn infants require some form of respiratory support to successfully complete the fetal-to-neonatal transition. Heart rate (HR) determination is essential at birth to assess a newborn’s wellbeing. Not only is it the most sensitive indicator to guide interventions during neonatal resuscitation, it is also valuable for assessing the infant’s clinical status. As such, HR assessment is a key step at birth and throughout resuscitation, according to recommendations by the Neonatal Resuscitation Program algorithm. It is essential that HR is accurate, reliable, and fast to ensure interventions are delivered without delay and not prolonged. Ineffective HR assessment significantly increases the risk of hypoxic injury and infant mortality. The aims of this review are to summarize current practice, recommended techniques, novel technologies, and considerations for HR assessment during neonatal resuscitation at birth.

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Canadian Journal of Medicine, 2021

Heparin is an anticoagulant medicine that prevents the formation of harmful blood clots in the ve... more Heparin is an anticoagulant medicine that prevents the formation of harmful blood clots in the vessels. Following the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), heparin has helped to improve the health of affected patients beyond its anticoagulant effects. The potential antiviral activity of heparin has attracted speculation due to its highly sulfated profile, which allows it to have a high binding affinity to a wide range of viral components. Heparin's successful binding to the ZIKA virus, human immunodeficiency virus, as well as the SARS CoV and MERS CoV spike proteins have demonstrated its potential to inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the body. A high degree of sequence homology also enables heparin to have inhibitory binding potential on viral components. The SARS-CoV-2 virus exhibits significant differences in its spike glycoprotein (SGP) sequence compared to other coronaviruses. The SGP sequence in SARS-CoV-2 contains additional potential glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding domains that may drive differences in the attachment and entry process of the virus. Findings from unbiased computational ligand docking simulations, pseudotyped spike protein experiments, and cell to cell fusion assays have also opened possibilities to investigate the antiviral properties of heparin in clinical trials.

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Academia Letters, 2021

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Canadian Institute for Knowledge Development (CIKD), 2021

Osteoporosis is a disease of the bone characterized by a loss in bone mineral density. Although t... more Osteoporosis is a disease of the bone characterized by a loss in bone mineral density. Although this disease is commonly diagnosed in adults, it is not directly associated with increasing age. There are many links and potential risk factors to developing osteoporosis, including hormonal imbalances, nutrient deficiency, cardiovascular health, and exercise. This review examines how osteoporotic fractures are diagnosed using bone imaging techniques, including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. The quality of life for patients with osteoporosis is discussed concerning the protective and risk factors associated with osteoporosis. Specifically, the risk factors for osteoporosis include genetic inheritance patterns, BMI, age, and lifestyle choices (including alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical exercise). There are many protective factors for preventing osteoporotic fractures, including natural bone supplements and prebiotics. These supplements can be found in most dairy products, which are fortified with vitamin D, which can be consumed in the diet to support bone health. Prebiotics can also be used to increase the healthy proliferation of commensal gut bacteria that are used to improve the bone-building process, relieving bone breakdown during the stages of bone turnover. These therapeutic interventions can be applied to support existing patient care to prevent and maintain overall bone health.

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Canadian Journal of Medicine, 2021

Osteoporosis is a disease of the bone characterized by a loss in bone mineral density. Although t... more Osteoporosis is a disease of the bone characterized by a loss in bone mineral density. Although this disease is commonly diagnosed in adults, it is not directly associated with increasing age. There are many links and potential risk factors to developing osteoporosis, including hormonal imbalances, nutrient deficiency, cardiovascular health, and exercise. This review examines how osteoporotic fractures are diagnosed using bone imaging techniques, including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. The quality of life for patients with osteoporosis is discussed concerning the protective and risk factors associated with osteoporosis. Specifically, the risk factors for osteoporosis include genetic inheritance patterns, BMI, age, and lifestyle choices (including alcohol consumption, smoking, and physical exercise). There are many protective factors for preventing osteoporotic fractures, including natural bone supplements and prebiotics. These supplements can be found in most dairy products, which are fortified with vitamin D, which can be consumed in the diet to support bone health. Prebiotics can also be used to increase the healthy proliferation of commensal gut bacteria that are used to improve the bone-building process, relieving bone breakdown during the stages of bone turnover. These therapeutic interventions can be applied to support existing patient care to prevent and maintain overall bone health.

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Academia Letters, 2021

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) refers to the broad spectrum of disabilities and negative ... more Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) refers to the broad spectrum of disabilities and negative consequences that stem from exposure to alcohol in utero. The spectrum of developmental disabilities that FASD individuals face are cognitive, physical, and psychosocial, while the severity of the delays and developmental changes are a result of the amount of exposure and the time of exposure to alcohol in utero. Here, we discuss challenges in the diagnosis of FASD within the judicial system.

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Aerospace and Environmental Medicine, 2021

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Aerospace and Environmental Medicine, 2021

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Aerospace and Environmental Medicine, 2021

Introduction. Microgravity conditions are physiologically compromising and motor and fine-dexteri... more Introduction. Microgravity conditions are physiologically compromising and motor and fine-dexterity tasks involving the extremities including grasp and release are undermined, becoming delayed and placing greater force demands. Our group has recently developed an advanced model incorporating a sensorimotor platform that integrates sensing accelerometers. However, we described design specifications for 1-G conditions and these specifications must still be optimized for microgravity conditions. The mechanism of this model relies on the use of a tri-axial system, whereby sensors and controllers are utilized to detect and correct for key motor control elements consisting of 1) segment orientation, 2) motion compensation, and 3) inertial platform. Methods. The novel accelerometer design utilizing our model was tested using MATLAB simulations and compared to existing gold standards for its sensitivity. Simulation modelling was based on crank-slider mechanism optimization, which uses predictive and output data to calculate position, crank velocity, and acceleration over time. We utilized available tracked prosthetic movement data with six DOFs and generated acceleration over time plots to compare the signal-to-noise ratio and drift between conventional accelerometers and our novel design. We additionally obtained dynamics data capturing translational movement along an X-axis, translation along a Y-axis, translation along a Z-axis, rotation around a roll axis, rotation around a pitch axis, and rotation around a yaw axis. This data included movement requiring segment orientation, motion compensation and an inertial platform. Results. The results of the simulations for a calibrated conventional accelerometer model and our novel prototype design model demonstrated a significant difference in signal quality during segment orientation, motion compensation, and inertial platform. As a result, these algorithms can then used to generate command outputs in a prosthetic system. Of the two, our prototype was determined to reduce signal-noise effects observed in conventional accelerometers. Our modelling and prototype therefore demonstrates it is not only possible to mechanically dampen a system, but also that we can reduce noise and increase signal sensitivity by upgrading accelerometer design specifications. Limitations and Future Avenues. While promising, this model has certain limitations: (i) it is a proof-of-concept and only been tested via simulation and must be further evaluated in varying microgravity conditions, (ii) our simulation focuses on two main accelerometer subtypes in modelling signal, (iii) considerations must still be made for mass and design of an incorporated and functional spacesuit system, and (iv) model needs to be enhanced for six or more degrees of freedom for maximal motor control.

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Health Science Inquiry, 2020

Sunlight exposure during pregnancy could be implicated in the physiological development and growt... more Sunlight exposure during pregnancy could be implicated in the physiological development and growth of the fetus, as well as long-term health after birth. Although several studies suggest the involvement of ultraviolet radiation-mediated vitamin D synthesis, current knowledge regarding the effects of sunlight exposure during pregnancy remains limited. We aimed to (i) summarize the existing body of research studying the influence of sunlight exposure on fetal growth-related birth outcomes and longterm health outcomes and (ii) determine its implications for therapeutics and public health policy. Of the studies identified on birth outcomes, the majority (5/8) demonstrated an association between sunlight exposure and reduced adverse birth outcomes (e.g., low birth weight, preterm births, small for gestational age, etc.), 2/8 studies showed no association, and 1/8 suggested a negative association between sunlight exposure and reduction of these adverse birth outcomes. Of the studies examining long-term health outcomes, sunlight exposure during pregnancy was shown to promote skeletal growth and development (2/6), and reduce the incidence of multiple sclerosis (2/6), asthma (2/6) and pneumonia (1/6). However, several of these studies used different methodologies and populations making it difficult to compare and integrate findings. Based on these results, we examined: the importance of exposure at different stages of pregnancy, proposed mechanisms by which sunlight exposure could lead to optimal outcomes, epidemiological differences influencing the findings, and necessary practical considerations prior to the implementation of public health policy recommendations. While these findings are promising, more rigorous research is warranted to support these recommendations. Sunlight consists of infrared, visible, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation and plays a critical role in regulating normal physiological functions, including vitamin D production and synthesis of hormones such as serotonin in the brain [1,2]; however, little is understood about its effects during pregnancy on offspring. Exposure to environmental stressors during critical periods of growth and development of the offspring could have severe consequences on its short-and long-term health [3], suggesting that differences in level of exposure to sunlight during pregnancy could considerably impact immediate and long-term outcomes. This is highly relevant in both developing regions with abundant sunlight exposure, as well as in regions, such as Canada, where greater seasonal differences result in a lower amount of exposure to sunlight for several months of the year. Overexposure to UV rays during pregnancy is associated with increased adverse risks in mothers including skin damage and cancers [4]. At the same time, exposure to UV is essential for chemical reactions involved in conversion

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University of British Columbia Addictions and Concurrent Disorders (ACD) Group Let's Talk Overdose, 2021

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11th Annual Addiction Day Scientific Conference, 2019

Like all forms of addictions, food addiction is one characterized by interplay of complex psychos... more Like all forms of addictions, food addiction is one characterized by interplay of complex psychosocial and environmental factors. Binge-eating disorder, obesity, craving, and substance dependence are all related to food addiction but the body of evidence surrounding this concept remains in its embryonic stages. With the classification of addiction-like eating behaviour in diagnostic tools such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), based on criteria such as dependence, personalized and precision approaches are compromised. Instead, often times food addiction co-exists with a co-morbid mental illness. Here, we examine the lived experience of CM, a survivor of traumatic brain injury and her experience with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from her autobiographical work. In her descriptions, she describes the use of food to keep her “PTSD at bay”. For her, food had a consistent and sedating effect allowing her to better manage flashbacks, memories and nightmares. By “trying to adapt to things in small bites”, food addiction became a defence mechanism to combat another condition, developing as a comorbidity. This experience suggests both the satiating effects of food in addictive behaviour and the impracticality of characterizing food addiction independently as a disorder. It also elucidates that strict criteria based on an evaluation of symptoms as recommended by DSM-5 may not necessarily be useful for cases such as that of CM’s.

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16th International Conference on Space Operations, 2021

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16th International Conference on Space Operations, 2021

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16th International Conference on Space Operations, 2021

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16th International Conference on Space Operations

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10th Annual E-Mental Health Conference

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Northern Research Day, 2021

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Northern Research Day, 2021

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5th Annual Global Health Fair, University of Alberta, 2021

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5th Annual Global Health Fair, University of Alberta, 2021

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Virtual Conference on High Risk Substance Use and Overdose Among Youth., 2021

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Virtual Conference on High Risk Substance Use and Overdose Among Youth, 2021

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22nd Annual International Women’s and Children’s Health Conference, 2021

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22nd Annual International Women’s and Children’s Health Conference, 2021

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Ottawa Student Emergency Medicine Conference (OSEM), 2021

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Ethical Engineering for Sustainability, Wicked Problems, and Beyond., 2020

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Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) National Convention, 2020

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Undergraduate Neuroscience Conference, Lethbridge, 2020

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Undergraduate Neuroscience Conference, Lethbridge, 2020

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Lethbridge Herald, 2019

As of Oct. 17, 2018, the Cannabis Act passed by the Federal Government of Canada came into effect... more As of Oct. 17, 2018, the Cannabis Act passed by the Federal Government of Canada came into effect, legalizing the use of marijuana for recreational purposes. Cannabis is here to stay. What is less certain is the consequences weed could have on pregnancies. Recent studies reveal the damaging effects cannabis has on some individuals, but researchers have yet to examine whether or not pregnant individuals are vulnerable. However; given fetus’s sensitivity to environmental factors as well as the results of recent animals study, the outlook for pregnant people who may want to consume cannabis doesn’t look great. With legalization, we will soon have the research to know for sure. Researchers already know the harmful effects cannabis can have on developing minds. Before 25 years of age, marijuana can stunt the healthy growth of the areas of the brain responsible for emotional responses, decision-making, and other cognitive processing. In light of the risks cannabis presents for the developing mind, it’s vital to ask the question: How would exposure affect the fetus? At the moment, we don’t know exactly. The scientific community lacks direct evidence about cannabis’ effect on outcomes after birth. That doesn’t mean there isn’t cause for concern. Environmental factors can have enormous consequences on the fetus during pregnancy. For example, tobacco causes miscarriages, stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome, brain damage and birth defects. Extensive clinical trials have proven these outcomes. Researchers just haven’t had the chance to examine cannabis in such detail. After all, Canada is only the second country to legalize marijuana, and that only happened recently. In the future, legalization opens doors to extensive research in this field and new data about the health effects of cannabis. In the meantime, there’s a good reason to be cautious: A review in the New England Journal of Medicine reports that animal studies show THC can disrupt the brain’s ability to form pathways between neutrons and function normally. Given these study results, it seems rational that pregnant individuals should limit marijuana exposure. On the other hand, skeptics may argue that there has been no establishment of what kind of effects marijuana can have on the child at birth or even at a later stage in life. Ultimately, households with pregnant individuals have a responsibility to make a choice about marijuana consumption despite only having limited information. However, the vulnerability of the fetus and the tendency of THC to disrupt the development of brains pose an enormous risk. As a cautionary and preventative measure, families should limit cannabis use and exposure in the home during pregnancy. Regardless, we can anticipate that more cases in humans will inform us about the outcomes and risks of cannabis use for the fetus.

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Lethbridge Herald, 2020

While many of us are buying supplies and researching best practices for quarantining, COVID-19 is... more While many of us are buying supplies and researching best practices for quarantining, COVID-19 is not the only thing that has been spreading. Misinformation about viruses has also been circulating, including the difference between viruses as compared to bacteria. The ominousness that the public may have been feeling recently can be attributed, at least in part, to obscurity over what the virus is, how it spreads, and what preventative measures are best to protect ourselves and loved ones. As such, this article will attempt to allay those cryptic feelings by offering some general and plainspoken information on viruses.
Five properties distinguish a virus from other microorganisms:
1. Think of a virus like a parasite. A virus itself cannot survive without a host.
2. A virus is mostly made of DNA or RNA, which means that it uses the host’s DNA to make more viruses. Importantly, the DNA and RNA contents of the virus are “packaged” in a protein/lipid envelope. Warm water with soap, and hand sanitizers with over 60 per cent alcohol content, can help destroy this envelope and destroy the virus on the
surface of your hands; however, destroying the virus on the surface of your hands does not eliminate it from other parts of your body (like your lungs).
3. A virus creates “virons.” Virons can reside outside of the host cell. (Coronavirus virons are estimated to be able to survive outside a host for anywhere between 24 hours and nine days.)
4. The host cells (you) produce the new virons. Think of these “virons” as the things you spread when you come in close contact with somebody, or if you were to cough into your hands and touch a surface or another person in your home, community, or church.
5. These virons spread the DNA/RNA contents to new hosts.
This does not mean that surfaces in your home or community might not have a virus on them. It is important not to panic about viruses, but rather to be informed about them. Every time we eat and breathe, we expel billions of virus particles every day. In fact, we carry viral genomes as a part of our own genetic material. Viruses in the human body may infect both human cells and other microbes such as bacteria and fungal matter. That’s right: viruses can infect bacteria! These types of viruses are called bacteriophages.
If virons can survive on outside of the body, such as on surfaces, how should we protect ourselves? Vaccines play an integral role in curbing viruses from spreading. Vaccines work by introducing a weakened form of the disease into the body, which mobilizes the immune system to reduce the effects of a future infection. A vaccine acts like a “trial run” for your body to fight the disease, and prepare it for the stronger virus that will later attack the body when introduced in everyday contact with people. Importantly, some people cannot access
vaccines. Whether it is because the person’s immune system is compromised due to age or another ongoing infection, some people should not risk even weakened contact with a virus.
For this reason, it is important for healthy people to have regular vaccinations. A person may appear healthy, but be a carrier of a virus and unknowingly spread the virus to someone else who has a compromised immune system. A healthy vaccinated person, however, will halt the chain of spreading. Viruses being attacked by the immune system are less likely to create virons. When an entire community is vaccinated, a threshold of immunity is reached and gradually the disease disappears from the population.

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Calgary Herald, 2021

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Medicine Hat News, 2020

The federal government continues to advise all Canadians to avoid non-essential travel outside of... more The federal government continues to advise all Canadians to avoid non-essential travel outside of Canada, despite many countries still promoting international tourism.

Some people believe the economic benefits of tourism outweigh the risk of increasing COVID-19 cases, while others argue that international travel for pleasure at this stage in the pandemic is irresponsible and unethical.

As of July 21, there are nearly 50 countries that have opened their borders to Canadians. Many of these countries are in Europe and include France, Greece, Italy, Croatia, and Spain. Many of these countries rely on tourism to fuel their economy and because of this, they are offering incentives to travellers.

Italy was one of the countries hardest hit by COVID-19, and many people are still uneasy about travelling there. To remedy this, the island region of Sicily is willing to cover every third night in a hotel and half of the cost of airfare for tourists that choose to travel there. This deal is enticing, and many tourists see it as a green light to travel.

Despite the potential economic boost from increased tourism, some locals are still against it, specifically tourists coming from other coronavirus hot spots such as the United States.

Travellers may not initially have symptoms of the virus, but could contract it en-route to their destination or in airports as they hop between locations. Small towns that are popular tourist destinations do not have the resources to deal with a COVID-19 outbreak that could be caused by travellers.

Some countries have isolation requirements upon arrival in an attempt to diminish the spread of the virus. These rules come with the expectation that all travellers will responsibly follow them, along with the other guidelines set out by the country, such as wearing masks or not having large gatherings. Upon returning to Canada, regardless of presentation of symptoms, travellers must isolate for 14 days.

If these laws and guidelines are not followed, a second round of outbreaks around the world may become prevalent, putting a further strain on health-care systems and economies. Any personal benefits of travelling internationally are surely undone by the mass public health impact that these actions cause.

Though ultimately it is each person’s individual choice to travel internationally, it is vital to consider how travel could affect the place being visited and whether the positives outweigh the negatives. Travellers must agree to abide by the country’s pandemic policies whether that be by isolating, getting tested, or wearing a mask. Canadians must understand that their vacation time will be at least two weeks longer due to Canada’s mandatory isolation laws upon their return.

Another important consideration is that travel insurance may not cover tourists if they get sick overseas, which could create a financial burden on families. As the world’s borders begin to open to Canadians, it is important that each person consider all repercussions and consequences (real and potential) before choosing to travel internationally.

Katie Turner, BA (University of Alberta) is a student at the Antarctic Institute of Canada with a background in psychology and sociology. Peter A. Johnson, MSc (University of Alberta) is a medical scientist with a background in infection control & strong technical writing expertise. John C. Johnson, MSc Biomedical Engineering graduate student (University of Alberta) is a scientist, author, entrepreneur, and disability advocate. Jasrita Singh, BHSc (McMaster University) is an undergraduate student with a background in Biochemistry, Biomedical Discovery and Commercialization. Elisia Snyder, English and Film Studies (University of Alberta) is affiliated with the University of Alberta Press and has a background in technical writing, editing & publishing. Austin Albert Mardon, CM, FRSC (University of Alberta) is an adjunct professor in the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, an Order of Canada member, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

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The Hamilton Spectator, 2020

There should always be more than one door to enter a building. The COVID-19 pandemic has paused m... more There should always be more than one door to enter a building. The COVID-19 pandemic has paused many extracurricular and research opportunities that students look forward to accessing during their summer. However, as the overheard saying goes, “When there’s a will, there’s a way!”

Since the Ontario state of emergency was first declared in March, a plethora of student-led initiatives have popped up to give back to their communities in unique ways.

The Inspirational 3DPPE — GTHA Task force: 3DPPE — GTHA is a widely recognized example of a grassroots initiative activated quite early in March to respond to the foresight of PPE shortages, particularly in the large Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA).

The team leaders are primarily MD candidates from McMaster University and the University of Toronto. And there are over 185 volunteers (mostly undergraduate students) who have been recruited as of July to help this initiative grow.

The team focuses on making 3D-printed face shields, ear savers, visors and N95 masks as personal protective equipment (PPE) for front-line health care workers in the GTHA. The design for the headband frame for the face shields follows the North American guidelines for acceptable PPE.

In a livestream interview, Samveg Shah, an MD candidate at McMaster and a core team member, stated the motivation for assembling the 3D PPE initiative: “There is a huge need for PPE and I think that should be there, but we’re also projecting that in the future, we’re going to be needing them as well.”

Of course, to cover the costs of making PPE, a strong outreach team managed to advocate for themselves and gain the trust of financial sponsors such as TD Bank Canada, TakingITGlobal and university faculty.

Furthermore, both corporate printer organizations and nearly 100 independent 3D printer holders within the GTHA community serve as partners to mass-produce 3D PPE.
...

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Edmonton Journal, 2020

Online learning only goes so far, Alexandra E. Gross, Peter A. Johnson, John C. Johnson and Austi... more Online learning only goes so far, Alexandra E. Gross, Peter A. Johnson, John C. Johnson and Austin A. Mardon say.
With universities across the country delivering classes online for the remainder of the academic year and likely into the fall semester, conversations around how education is delivered have been circulating. Do university students really need to fully go back to the classroom after the threat of the pandemic has subsided, or should online learning become a bigger player in the education system?

Online learning has long held an appeal for students in Canada, with one in five having taken at least one online course and numbers of registrations in these types of classes rising annually at a dramatic rate. Even within the classroom, online resources and various technology mediums have gradually become an often-utilized tool in the delivery of the material. Clearly, online learning holds a strong appeal for students.

Perhaps the greatest appeal in online learning lies in the flexibility that it provides. With at least half of students also working part- or full-time jobs, the ability to complete coursework around employment demands and other commitments is invaluable.

Students also find that they have more free time in their day, as the time spent commuting to the classroom is eliminated, allowing them to avoid the abysmal road and traffic conditions that are inherent to Alberta winters.

The exorbitant commuting and housing costs are also removed as living at home becomes an option for rural students. In addition to the economic benefits, many students are also partial to having full control and independence over their work (hearing a student rave about their love of group projects is a rarity).

But education isn’t just about memorizing and applying information. Knowledge doesn’t just come from textbooks, peer-reviewed articles or even a lecture given by a professor with a postgraduate degree.

While these are undoubtedly crucial factors, the value of another side of education shouldn’t be downplayed — its role in the development of conscious citizens who will contribute to the betterment of society in meaningful ways.

It is within the classroom, through face-to-face discussions and debates, that critical thinking skills are developed and social skills are strengthened. The passive absorption of words in a textbook or lecture notes posted online is ineffective in many ways; for this information to matter, the learner must be actively engaged.

It is not the information itself that matters but how people respond to it. Active engagement also increases retention of the material. Studies show that students remember only 10 per cent of what they read and 20 per cent of what they hear. In contrast, students remember 90 per cent of what they actively participate in and experience.

In 2030, individuals born in Generation Z and beyond entering the labour force will be employed in jobs of which 85 per cent don’t even exist yet. Thus, placing emphasis not on what students are learning, but instead on how they are learning has never been more important. As dreaded as group projects are, they are invaluable to the development of effective teamwork, which simply cannot be taught online.

Collaboration, and even disagreement, are catalysts of creative thinking, and if we want our society to move forward, if we want positive change, this mode of learning must be facilitated. Online learning has its place, but it’s not the solution. As the threat of the pandemic dies down and a return to a new normal begins, our classrooms must be advocated for.

It is within the classroom ... that critical thinking skills are developed.

Alexandra E. Gross, BA sociology (Mount Royal University) is a writer with a background in social research and history; Peter A. Johnson, MSC (University of Alberta) is a scientist and technical writer with a strong background in health sciences; John C. Johnson, BSC (Hons) (University of Alberta) is a scientist and engineer with strong interests in education and accessibility; Austin A. Mardon, PHD, CM is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and member of the Order of Canada.

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Lethbridge Herald, 2020

A primer about viruses, how they work and how they’re spread Austin Mardon, et al While many o... more A primer about viruses, how they work and how

they’re spread

Austin Mardon, et al

While many of us are buying supplies and researching best practices for quarantining, COVID-19 is not the only thing that has been spreading. Misinformation about viruses has also been circulating, including the difference between viruses as compared to bacteria. The ominousness that the public may have been feeling recently can be attributed, at least in part, to obscurity over what the virus is, how it spreads, and what preventative measures are best to protect ourselves and loved ones. As such, this article will attempt to allay those cryptic feelings by offering some general and plainspoken information on viruses.

Five properties distinguish a virus from other microorganisms:

1. Think of a virus like a parasite. A virus itself cannot survive without a host.

2. A virus is mostly made of DNA or RNA, which means that it uses the host’s DNA to make more viruses. Importantly, the DNA and RNA contents of the virus are “packaged” in a protein/lipid envelope. Warm water with soap, and hand sanitizers with over 60 per cent alcohol content, can help destroy this envelope and destroy the virus on the surface of your hands; however, destroying the virus on the surface of your hands does not eliminate it from other parts of your body (like your lungs).

3. A virus creates “virons.” Virons can reside outside of the host cell. (Coronavirus virons are estimated to be able to survive outside a host for anywhere between 24 hours and nine days.)

4. The host cells (you) produce the new virons. Think of these “virons” as the things you spread when you come in close contact with somebody, or if you were to cough into your hands and touch a surface or another person in your home, community, or church.

5. These virons spread the DNA/RNA contents to new hosts.

This does not mean that surfaces in your home or community might not have a virus on them. It is important not to panic about viruses, but rather to be informed about them. Every time we eat and breathe, we expel billions of virus particles every day. In fact, we carry viral genomes as a part of our own genetic material. Viruses in the human body may infect both human cells and other microbes such as bacteria and fungal matter. That’s right: viruses can infect bacteria! These types of viruses are called bacteriophages.

If virons can survive on outside of the body, such as on surfaces, how should we protect ourselves? Vaccines play an integral role in curbing viruses from spreading. Vaccines work by introducing a weakened form of the disease into the body, which mobilizes the immune system to reduce the effects of a future infection. A vaccine acts like a “trial run” for your body to fight the disease, and prepare it for the stronger virus that will later attack the body when introduced in everyday contact with people. Importantly, some people cannot access vaccines. Whether it is because the person’s immune system is compromised due to age or another ongoing infection, some people should not risk even weakened contact with a virus.

For this reason, it is important for healthy people to have regular vaccinations. A person may appear healthy, but be a carrier of a virus and unknowingly spread the virus to someone else who has a compromised immune system. A healthy vaccinated person, however, will halt the chain of spreading. Viruses being attacked by the immune system are less likely to create virons. When an entire community is vaccinated, a threshold of immunity is reached and gradually the disease disappears from the population.

Austin Albert Mardon, CM, FRSC (University of Alberta) is an adjunct professor in the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Alberta, an Order of Canada member, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

John C. Johnson, M.Sc. Biomedical Engineering Graduate Student (University of Alberta) is a scientist, author, entrepreneur, and disability advocate.

Peter A. Johnson, M.Sc. Pediatrics Graduate Student (University of Alberta), is a child health researcher in intensive care and surgery with a background in physiology.

Riley Witiw, M.BA. Student (University of Alberta) is a communications specialist with extensive experience as an article writer for the Antarctic Institute of Canada.

Elisia Snyder, MA Arts. English and Film Studies (University of Alberta) is a staff member with the University of Alberta Press. She has a background in technical writing and editing, as well as publishing.

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Golden Meteorite Press, 2021

When you hear the word insulin, you may think of high blood sugar or diabetes. While insulin is i... more When you hear the word insulin, you may think of high blood sugar or diabetes. While insulin is involved in these conditions, the dangers of uncontrolled levels of insulin show to be more life-threatening. Insulin is a hormone that plays an essential role in digestion and metabolism because it allows glucose to enter the body’s cells to provide energy. It is also responsible for regulating the storage of excess glucose in the liver, muscles and fat cells. Driven by Canadian inventiveness in 1921 and carried across the globe, insulin is widely recognized as one of medicine’s greatest achievements. In this book, you will learn the story of insulin, including its discovery, development and continued innovation

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Golden Meteorite Press, 2021

The role of thermodynamics in modern physics is to provide an organizing set of ideas to predict ... more The role of thermodynamics in modern physics is to provide an organizing set of ideas to predict how matter and energy behave in a large thermal system. In its broadest sense, it explains how energy is used and transformed from one form to another. Over the course of history, humans have built on each other's works to expand thermodynamics from a time when the concept of a vacuum was unknown to a modern age where thermodynamic principles are a commonplace in engineering, industry, and medicine. This book introduces the concepts of thermodynamics and explains how these concepts are used in everyday life. It begins with summarizing the origins of thermodynamics and how its theories and beliefs have progressed over time. It then describes the necessary mathematical methods, assuming no prior knowledge, and aims to convey the power of thermodynamic reasoning and importance of continued research. In addition, the book explains real world applications of thermodynamics such as dark energy, protein ligand interactions, and ecosystem development. This book covers topics considered to be essential to understanding the whole of thermodynamics and is intended for readers of all ages.

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Golden Meteorite Press, 2021

Solar storms are our solar system’s largest explosive event and occur when the sun’s magnetic fie... more Solar storms are our solar system’s largest explosive event and occur when the sun’s magnetic field instantly snaps into a new configuration, which releases large amounts of energy accompanied with intense light flashes, radiation, and coronal mass ejections. Solar storms have their roots in an 11 year cycle that shifts the polarity of the sun’s magnetic field. When the magnetic forces at work on the sun get tangled, they can punch through the surface and send out intense bursts of radiation, potentially triggering storms on Earth. This book will cover everything from the origins of solar storm theories and discoveries, to the science behind solar storms and their effect on Earth’s climate and human health and activity. This book will also explain what still puzzles scientists about solar storms, why it is important for us to forecast space weather, and the idea of humans playing a future role in preventing these storms.

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Golden Meteorite Press, 2021

For tens of thousands of years, indigenous North American people have developed critical relation... more For tens of thousands of years, indigenous North American people have developed critical relationships with the stars, planets, and galaxies, from intelligent observation to navigation, celestial architecture and sustainable engineering. The indigenous North American people viewed the sun, the moon, and the stars as a way to integrate human behaviour and nature. Celestial objects were believed to reveal the fundamental order of the world. This book discusses the extent and importance that cosmology held within the Indigenous North American culture, how the beliefs differed between indigenous groups, and its significance in shaping our understanding of astronomy and cosmology today.

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Golden Meteorite Press, 2021

Humans’ bonds with canine companions date back centuries, to when nomadic hunters first interacte... more Humans’ bonds with canine companions date back centuries, to when nomadic hunters first interacted with wolves. This encounter has paved the way for interspecific companionship; the human-canine relationship has become one of compassion, mutual adoration, and kinship. This book will summarize the science, perceptions, and specific intricacies of the human-dog relationship. It will also discuss the unique interspecific interaction between dogs and humans, the science behind dogs’ enhanced senses, and dogs as service animals.

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Golden Meteorite Press, 2021

Let's talk about e-mental health - our psychological well-being in an electronic space. This elec... more Let's talk about e-mental health - our psychological well-being in an electronic space. This electronic space can be any aspect of the digital world, including virtual reality, social media, apps, and websites. While we explore its developments, we face its dangers as well. From the individual psyche to our shared social systems, E-Mental Health and the Modern Mind: Developments, Dangers, and Destruction looks at the factors that adversely affect one's mental health in an electronic space. As this digital world grows more prominent in our everyday lives, we must look at our evolving environmental contexts and rethink our conventional delivery methods of mental health care.

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Golden Meteorite Press, 2021

Antipsychotic medications revolutionized the practice of psychiatry and have helped millions of p... more Antipsychotic medications revolutionized the practice of psychiatry and have helped millions of people with a variety of mental health issues. Their discovery was largely experimental but based on the remarkable powers of clinical observation and scientific brilliance. Since then, they have altered perceptions of psychiatric disorders and have become a tool for not only exploring mechanisms of disease, but also for examining the nature of brain function. In this book, you will learn the discovery and story of antipsychotic medications, how societal perception has transitioned, and how future innovation will change these medications.

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Golden Meteorite Press, 2021

Bipolar disorder is a severe, complicated, and often misunderstood disorder that can have serious... more Bipolar disorder is a severe, complicated, and often misunderstood disorder that can have serious impacts on a person’s quality of life, sense of self worth, and overall health. This complexity poses unique challenges to clinicians for optimal management of those with bipolar disorder. However, there has been an explosion of research over the last two decades into the causes, symptoms, and treatment of bipolar disorder. This book covers the basic science underlying bipolar disorder, its impact on a person’s quality of life, and the future direction of research into the condition. In addition, it discusses treatments available, the stigma surrounding bipolar disorder, and how the condition is portrayed in popular culture. This book is intended for people with bipolar disorder, their families and anyone who wants to understand the basics of this condition and its treatment and management.

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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2021

Following stroke, injury, or exposure to physically limiting conditions, limbs can become physiol... more Following stroke, injury, or exposure to physically limiting conditions, limbs can become physiologically compromised. In particular, motor and fine-dexterity tasks involving the arm, particularly in locomotion, grasp and release, can be influenced becoming either delayed and having to deal with greater force demands. Current prosthetic systems use electromyography (EMG)-based techniques for creating functional sensorimotor platforms. However, several limitations in practical use and signal detection have been identified in these systems. Accelerometer-based sensorimotor systems have been suggested to overcome these limitations but only proof-of-concept has been demonstrated. Here, we explore design specifications for accelerometers being developed for prosthetic integration. We have developed optimizations for the current model, evaluated system properties to enhance sensitivity and reduce signal noise, and performed a pilot test using simulation to test this model. The data suggest these novel design parameters can enhance signal detection, when compared to conventional accelerometers. Future avenues should focus on validation of this design prototype in a full prosthetic system.

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Commercialization and Inhabitation of the Moon, 2021

As far back as the dispatch of the Sputnik, nations from over the world have consistently endeavo... more As far back as the dispatch of the Sputnik, nations from over the world have consistently endeavor to investigating and one day colonizing of space. With the developing interest on regular assets to fuel intercontinental mechanical advances, and with decreasing earthbound sources, government and businesses are putting resources into space investigation missions. It is critical to create good and moral models for space commercialization, explicitly, as it identifies with lunar settlements. The understanding Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies have been proposed to United Nation individuals by a few part states, nonetheless, has not been broadly acknowledged because of its disputable language. In particular, the arrangements requiring space faring countries to share the advantages for the "regular legacy of humankind" and that no country ought to be army installations on the lunar surface makes a contention between underdeveloped nations that contend advantages got from space trade be similarly disseminated to all nations and that of free market private segment philosophies. The moral issues emerge when one needs to adjust between the vital business benefits and the interest for circulation between all countries. One of the difficulties with building up a universally perceived set of accepted rules is that ethical direct depends on social foundation and setting. It will be hard to make a worldwide structure concerning corporate and business conduct as fitting worth framework will contrast among nations and frameworks around the globe. Another test is identified with natural concern and has dependably been the inquiry the privilege to disturb, and change the character of the lunar surface. The effect of development, traffic, mining and other human exercises identified with lunar settlement should be broke down. A fair methodology between the old style ecological concern and corporate and business will demonstrate to be a long haul transformative procedure.. It is particularly hard to characterize moral and moral principles in connection to lunar commercialization as it depends on emotional qualities that vary between different societies and social orders.

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Colonization of the Moon, 2021

There exists a celestial object that lies right beside our planet, and yet it remains a mystery a... more There exists a celestial object that lies right beside our planet, and yet it remains a mystery as to this day of its origins and its ability to support life. The object is called the moon, we can see it every night coming out, and yet it remains a mystery of whether one day humanity may be able to colonize the celestial object. The moon is a celestial neighbour to earth, and countries such as USA and Russia have sent missions with astronauts to go explore the celestial body, in order to see whether human life is possible on the planet, as well as to see whether one day humanity can colonize the planet. Here on earth we are always keeping up to date with world events and if some event of mass destruction happens on earth, humanity may have to look for another place to live, and the moon, as our celestial neighbour may be the place to go. That is only scenario of many that will make humanity want to colonize the moon, other scenarios also exist such as, a world economic boom that will result in excess funds that will help to fund space exploration, the launch costs go down and make it cheaper, or the identification of some natural resources that are vital and that we lack here on earth. The effects of climate change may also make us want to consider to colonize our rocky neighbour, since the poles are about to shift and we are facing unusually hot temperatures in parts of the world that used to remain cool, and in parts of the world where there was extensive heat, are now getting the occasional snowfalls, droughts, floods, temperature fluctuations etc. lead us into realizing that climate change may have large consequences as to how we do business here on earth. Colonizing the moon may provide us with many benefits such as using the large amounts of ice to generate drinking water, rocks on the moon have oxygen contained in them, low costing energy may also become a reality, since the moon has a large amount of Helium-3. Also, mining and the tourism industry could generate large amounts of revenue. The climate of the moon is very harsh, and it may be very difficult for humanity to bear it. NASA has measured temperatures of-396 degrees Fahrenheit (-238 Celsius) in the craters on the moon's southern pole, and-413 degrees Fahrenheit (-247 Celsius) in a crater in the northern pole of the moon. Those temperatures as NASA says are the coldest in our solar system, they are even colder than those that were recorded on the surface of Pluto. Also, there exists the risk of meteor showers, and humanity will have to find ways to protect itself while on the moon in order to not be hit by falling meteorites which can ultimately cause severe damage to a human body, or even kill a person outright. Another issue that humanity may face while inhabiting the moon, is the lack of a gravitational force that can pull towards the ground. Thus, humanity will have to look at possible building buildings that are floating in the air, rather than sitting on the ground. Also, since humanity is used to normally making their way around here on earth, on the moon humanity will also have to learn how to make their way around with the lack of a gravitational force. While we are noting a lot of issues with humanity colonizing the moon, there are also a lot of benefits which are very worth the try. There are many natural resources on the moon that earth's inhabitants can extract such as, hydrogen, oxygen, silicon, iron, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, manganese, titanium etc. The soil of the moon is very easy to mine and can be useful in many ways, including protection from radiation, and it can be used

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Climate Change, 2021

An issue affecting the whole world is unfolding much quicker than it did in the past, that issue ... more An issue affecting the whole world is unfolding much quicker than it did in the past, that issue is the issue of climate change. Climate change is an issue that affects not only one country or one region of the world, but all continents and countries existing on planet earth. Climate change is not only a recipe for disaster, but also an existential threat to many species, including humanity. Climate change has been studies by many scientists, many of which claim that climate change is fluctuating temperatures across the world in an alarming rate. Regions which had a brutal, cold climate now are facing temperatures higher than normal, and instead of snow, rain is falling there. Regions with hotter climates have begun seeing snowfalls, even though they have never seen one there. Climate change is also increasing severe weather across the world, regions by the coast have seen spikes in hurricanes, storms, and torrential winds more often than they have done in the past. Over the past few years there has also been a spike in earthquakes, flash floods, tornadoes, among many other severe weather phenomena.

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Agromining on the Moon, 2021

In the age of large industrial pollution, humanity is looking at ways at which to recover sites t... more In the age of large industrial pollution, humanity is looking at ways at which to recover sites that were lost to industrial pollution, and thus had a lot of damage. At our current age, there are many ways in which the environment can be polluted by industrial activities. In countries where the oil and gas industry are large, the factories refining the oil and gas are polluting the environment around them, and thus causing damage. In countries where there are many nuclear power stations, the environment may not be directly impacted, beside the leaks that often occur from this nuclear power stations, and contaminate the water surrounding them, killing many fish, and other forms of sea life. In countries where the pulp and paper industry is large, than there is pollution coming from the various pulp and paper plants, which also generate a fair amount of pollution. Some countries, also have a growing steel production industry. Those countries, usually have a poor air quality due to the pollution coming from the various steel mills, located in a certain city. Steel mills produce large amounts of pollution. As industrialization is continuing, and there are more and more industries that are responsible for polluting the environment around them. Some countries have regulations, in order to protect the country's population from the vast amounts of pollution, while some countries do not take measures to assure their citizen's safety in terms of pollution. Humanity is now more than ever looking at ways in order to decrease pollution, and lower its impact on humans. One way by which a specific city or country may be cleaned from its vast amounts of pollution is by using the process of phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is a process by which plants and trees are being used to remove toxic compounds and heavy metals from the soil. This process is not only beneficial, but is also cost effective. Here on earth, countries like Japan, where an explosion occurred in a reactor in a nuclear power station, may benefit a lot. This process will help the country to rid itself from the various toxic nuclear waste located in the country's soil. With the time, as humanity is planning its colonization of the moon, this process may assist humanity in ridding their specific city or site from the various toxic compounds and metals remaining in its soil. If humanity is to pursue a heavy industrialization of the moon, this process will help it to assure its future survival. Another process called phytoextraction is also very important to consider for the future colonizers of the moon. Phytoextraction is the process of using plants, in order to mine for heavy metals. This process can be very profitable, and help the moon's future colonizers to generate large amounts of revenue.

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Use of holy water is one of the oldest, religiously pertinent items to Catholic views on spiritua... more Use of holy water is one of the oldest, religiously pertinent items to Catholic views on spiritual cleansing. However, considering the current COVID-19 pandemic, they are also reservoirs of pathogenic microbes that can be transmitted to human skin upon exposure. This article serves to provide a justification for why holy water fonts are being drained in churches and chapels across the globe.

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The history of vaccines travels a long and winding road shaped by challenges, optimism, learning,... more The history of vaccines travels a long and winding road shaped by challenges, optimism, learning, and discoveries. Starting with early forms of immunization originating as early as the 17th century, to the modern science that made the COVID-19 vaccines available, this book explores the history of vaccines through detailed scientific research and meaningful illustrations. Some of the major personalities and events that shaped the field of vaccinology are recounted through a historical lens and complemented by visual flair.

With increasingly refined technologies and developments in science, the story of vaccines continues to be written and the future remains undefined. However, one thing is certain: its potential to improve the lives of millions around the world makes vaccines indispensable to human health in the past, present, and future.

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