Peter Plumstead - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Peter Plumstead

Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Third Edition, 2016

To evaluate the effects of cumulative nutrition during broiler breeder rearing on performance of ... more To evaluate the effects of cumulative nutrition during broiler breeder rearing on performance of their broiler offspring, broiler chicks were hatched from breeders reared to 21 weeks of age on a range of cumulative nutrition in three trials that used graded levels of cumulative crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) intakes (High, 116.3 MJ ME and 1.48 kg CP; Medium, 108.9 MJ ME and 1.39 kg CP; Low, 101.4 MJ ME and 1.30 g CP). Breeder reproductive performance was not significantly affected. Egg weights did not differ significantly except in Breeder Trial 3 at 34 weeks of age when eggs from the High group were larger. Broiler Trial 1 used chicks hatched from Breeder Trial 1 at 27 weeks of age. Broiler Trials 2 and 3 evaluated chicks hatched from Breeder Trial 2 at 28 and 39 weeks of age respectively, and Broiler Trial 4 used chicks hatched from Breeder Trial 3 at 33 weeks of age. The high plane of cumulative breeder nutrition increased 21 d broiler male bodyweight in Broiler Trials 1 (P<0.05), 2 (P<0.06), and 4 (P<0.08). There was no significant effect in Broiler Trial 3 (P<0.31) when the breeders were 39 weeks of age. Female broiler bodyweight was affected less consistently. Broiler breeder pullet nutrition during rearing appeared to affect subsequent male broiler growth from early lay broiler breeders without significant impact on breeder performance.

Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Second Edition, 2005

Current economic conditions necessitate that energy costs be established for nutritional and nonn... more Current economic conditions necessitate that energy costs be established for nutritional and nonnutritional aspects of broiler production. Effective caloric value (ECV) enables energy cost quantification by placing caloric density equivalents upon such husbandry components as lighting program, pellet quality and bird health. Among health considerations coccidiosis mediated by the protozoan Eimeria is of concern. Metabolic costs of coccidiosis include appetite suppression and malabsorption, both of which may be impacted by dietary enzyme fortification. A 3-component 42-d factorial treatment arrangement was employed with used litter to examine the impact of cocci challenge (+ Monteban) X 2 nutritional planes (low, high) X 2 enzyme fortification levels (none, fortified). The low and high nutrition planes differed by 70 kcal/kg while enzyme effects were provided by a DSM mixture (Ronozyme AX, Roxazyme G2G, ProAct). Chicks lacking protection from Eimeria and fed the low nutrition plane e...

While at first glance the relevance of the title to animal nutritionists may not be immediately o... more While at first glance the relevance of the title to animal nutritionists may not be immediately obvious, this collaborative research by scientists from Lund University (Sweden) and Genencor studied interactions of phytate with dietary proteins as measured by the formation of insoluble complexes and the suitability of using the phytate-protein complex as a substrate for phytase assays. The authors demonstrated that, as phytate-protein complexes occurred in feed and the digestive tract of animals, this may be a more relevant substrate for the evaluation of phytases than sodium phytate, a laboratory chemical routinely used in traditional phytase assays. Of commercial interest was that the study included an independent evaluation of four different commercial phytases in their effectiveness to hydrolyze either synthetic sodium phytate, or naturally occurring protein-phytate complexes in feed at a pH of 3.0. Results shown in Table 1 firstly confirm that when sodium phytate (IP6-Na) is use...

This research was carried out to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) o... more This research was carried out to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) on growth performance, carcass quality and growth index of immune organs of broilers. A total of 300 one-day old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to 5 treatments and 5 replicates in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were: T1) control (basal diet without NanoZnO) and T2, T3, T4 and T5 basal diet supplemented with 30, 60, 90, and 120 ppm nanoZnO per kg, respectively. Birds had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout study (1–42 d). At 21 and 42 d, live body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were evaluated. At 42 d of age, 5 birds (one bird per replicate) were selected based on proximity to mean treatment weight and then slaughtered. Visceral and immune organs were removed and relative weight calculated. Edible parts of carcass such as breast and thigh were removed and evaluation was performed at 42 d of study period. Results indicated that ...

Ongoing research to better understand the dynamic interactions between the gut microbiota, digest... more Ongoing research to better understand the dynamic interactions between the gut microbiota, digestive function and performance efficiency of poultry has recently resulted in a shift in traditional nutritional thinking.

2009 Poultry Science 88 :1321–1329 doi: 10.3382/ps.2008-00412

Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2015

Starter, grower and finisher maize-based diets (Diets A) were formulated to marginal nutrient spe... more Starter, grower and finisher maize-based diets (Diets A) were formulated to marginal nutrient specifications and offered to broilers from 1 to 14, 15 to 27, and 28 to 40 days post-hatch, respectively. Nutrient specifications were reduced (Diets B) and offered to broilers without and with 500 FTU/kg phytase; specifications were further reduced to create a second tier of reduced nutrient specifications (Diets C) without and with 1000 FTU/kg phytase. The study was conducted using 240 male Ross 308 chicks with each of the 5 treatments consisting of 8 replicates of 6 birds per replicate. Growth performance was monitored during each phase of the grow-out period, mineral retentions were determined in the grower phase and nutrient utilisation in the finisher phase. Apparent digestibility coefficients of nitrogen were determined in the proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, proximal ileum and distal ileum in broilers at 40 days post-hatch. In addition, N digestion rates (K nitrogen) were determined. Over the 40-day feeding period, declining nutrient specifications decreased weight gains in broilers offered non-supplemented diets from 2721 (Diets A) to 2627 (Diets B) and 2525 g/bird (Diets C) and increased FCR from 1.551 to 1.577 and 1.605 in the corresponding diets. The differences in weight gain (7.20%) and FCR (3.48%) between Diets A and Diets C were significant (P < 0.05). From 1 to 40 days post-hatch, phytase improved weight gain in broilers offered diets B by 11.8% (P < 0. 001) and those offered diets C by 13.4% (P < 0. 001) and both treatments outperformed diets A (P < 0. 001). Phytase enhanced FCR in chicks offered diets C by 3.80% (1.544 versus 1.605, P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation of diets B increased AMEn by 0.23 MJ (P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation of diets C increased AME by 0.41 MJ (P < 0.001), AME:GE ratios by 2.62% (P < 0.001) and N retention by 5.4 percentage units (P < 0.001). Phytase enhanced retentions of calcium, phosphorus, and sodium in both diets B and C (P < 0.001). Phytase supplementation of diets B improved (P < 0.01) apparent digestibility coefficients of nitrogen at four small intestinal sites with increases ranging from 79.9% (proximal jejunum) to 11.3% (distal ileum) culminating in an increase (P < 0.01) in N digestion rates (K nitrogen) of 64% from 2.59 to 4.24 × 10 −2 min −1. Phytase supplementation

A total of 288 Hy-Line W36 laying hens were utilized to understand the interactive effects of an ... more A total of 288 Hy-Line W36 laying hens were utilized to understand the interactive effects of an exogenous enzyme (EE) blend containing xylanase, amylase, and protease (XAP) and direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplementation on energy digestibility, gut integrity, pathogen colonization and performance. Corn-soy bean meal-dried distiller’s grain with solubles-based diets consisting of a positive control with 12.18MJ/kg (PC), negative control with 11.76MJ/kg (NC), NC + EE, NC + EE + DFM, were fed to 25-40 wk old laying hens. There were no significant differences in feed intake or hen day egg production, hen body weight, egg weight, egg mass, and egg characteristics over the entire experimental period. The combination of EE and DFM increased (P < 0.05) nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy compared to NC fed birds at wk 38 and wk 40 of hen age. Hens fed the various diets did not differ in ileal villus height, crypt depth and villus height:crypt depth ratio measured at the com...

An experiment was carried out to evaluate effects of temperature, pH, and incubation time on the ... more An experiment was carried out to evaluate effects of temperature, pH, and incubation time on the stability of intrinsic phytases. The experiment was conducted as a 3*4*3*3 factorial arrangement with 3 feed ingredients (rye, wheat, and barley), 4 temperatures (T) (20, 38, 55, and 80°C), 3 pH levels (3, 5.5, and 8), and 3 incubation times (30, 60, and 120 min), with 2 replicates per treatment. After incubation at the destined conditions of T and pH, residual phytase activity of treatment groups as well as non-treated (reference) samples were measured. Stability was calculated as the ratio of the residual phytase activity of a treated sample to the reference sample times 100. Phytase activity of the reference samples of rye, wheat, and barley was 3.14, 1.77, and 0.66 FTU/g, respectively. Overall, rye showed the highest and barley the lowest stability (58% vs. 47%). Stability decreased with increasing T to 6.5% at 80°C. Stability of intrinsic phytase significantly decreased with increas...

Two experiments were conducted to compare different feed allocation programs from 16 to 26 wk of ... more Two experiments were conducted to compare different feed allocation programs from 16 to 26 wk of age and during the subsequent production period on broiler breeder male BW and fertility. In experiment 1, Ross 344 males were randomly assigned to 3 rates (slow, medium, or fast) of weekly feed increase from 16 to 26 wk of age that provided a gradual increase from 85 to 110 g/male/d. Feed allocation was also increased 5 g/ male/d in a single increment at 55 wk of age after fertility had declined. In experiment 2, a 2 x 2 factorial design was used to evaluate the interaction between the slow and fast feeding programs described in experiment 1 in combination with 2 feeding programs (constant or increasing) during the subsequent production period. In experiment 1, the males on the fast feed program exhibited higher mortality after 32 wk of age and lower fertility after 46 wk of age. However, fertility recovered in all treatments after the feed allocation was increased at 55 wk of age. In e...

Phytate P utilization from soybean meal (SBM) included in broiler diets has been shown to be poor... more Phytate P utilization from soybean meal (SBM) included in broiler diets has been shown to be poor and highly dependent on dietary Ca intake. However, the effect of Ca on P utilization and on the optimal ratio of Ca to nonphytate P (Ca:NPP) when diets contained varying levels of phytate has not been clearly shown and was the objective of this research. A factorial treatment structure was used with 4 dietary Ca levels from 0.47 to 1.16% and 3 levels of phytate P (0.28, 0.24, and 0.10%). Varying dietary phytate P levels were obtained by utilizing SBM produced from 3 varieties of soybeans with different phytate P concentrations. Ross 508 broiler chicks were fed 1 of 12 diets from 16 to 21 d of age. Excreta were collected from 16 to 17 d and from 19 to 20 d of age and ileal digesta was collected at 21 d of age. Apparent prececal P digestibility decreased when dietary Ca concentration increased and was higher when diets contained low-phytate SBM. The apparent digestibility of Ca and perce...

A total of 648 straight-run hatchling Heritage 56M × fast feathering Cobb 500F broiler birds were... more A total of 648 straight-run hatchling Heritage 56M × fast feathering Cobb 500F broiler birds were used to determine the effects of Ca concentration and age on phytase efficacy. Corn and SBM based diets with 0.19% non-phytate P were prepared with three Ca (6.5, 8.0 and 9.5 g/kg) concentrations. A 6-phytase 5 was added on-top at 0, 500 or 1000 FTU/kg at each Ca concentration, resulting in a total of 9 treatments. Broiler birds were fed the diets for 2 d either from 7 to 9 (6 birds/replicate) or 19 to 21 (3 birds/replicate) d of age, and ileal content was collected from every bird at the end of each feeding period to determine apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AID). Age effect was determined by comparing responses between birds fed from 7 to 9 and 19 to 21 d of age. There was no interaction between Ca and phytase on AID P regardless of age. Increasing Ca from 6.5 to 9.5 g/kg resulted in 12 (0.58 vs. 0.51) and 11% (0.64 vs. 0.57) reduction in AID P, in 9-d-old and 21-d-old birds...

Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Third Edition, 2016

To evaluate the effects of cumulative nutrition during broiler breeder rearing on performance of ... more To evaluate the effects of cumulative nutrition during broiler breeder rearing on performance of their broiler offspring, broiler chicks were hatched from breeders reared to 21 weeks of age on a range of cumulative nutrition in three trials that used graded levels of cumulative crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) intakes (High, 116.3 MJ ME and 1.48 kg CP; Medium, 108.9 MJ ME and 1.39 kg CP; Low, 101.4 MJ ME and 1.30 g CP). Breeder reproductive performance was not significantly affected. Egg weights did not differ significantly except in Breeder Trial 3 at 34 weeks of age when eggs from the High group were larger. Broiler Trial 1 used chicks hatched from Breeder Trial 1 at 27 weeks of age. Broiler Trials 2 and 3 evaluated chicks hatched from Breeder Trial 2 at 28 and 39 weeks of age respectively, and Broiler Trial 4 used chicks hatched from Breeder Trial 3 at 33 weeks of age. The high plane of cumulative breeder nutrition increased 21 d broiler male bodyweight in Broiler Trials 1 (P<0.05), 2 (P<0.06), and 4 (P<0.08). There was no significant effect in Broiler Trial 3 (P<0.31) when the breeders were 39 weeks of age. Female broiler bodyweight was affected less consistently. Broiler breeder pullet nutrition during rearing appeared to affect subsequent male broiler growth from early lay broiler breeders without significant impact on breeder performance.

Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Second Edition, 2005

Current economic conditions necessitate that energy costs be established for nutritional and nonn... more Current economic conditions necessitate that energy costs be established for nutritional and nonnutritional aspects of broiler production. Effective caloric value (ECV) enables energy cost quantification by placing caloric density equivalents upon such husbandry components as lighting program, pellet quality and bird health. Among health considerations coccidiosis mediated by the protozoan Eimeria is of concern. Metabolic costs of coccidiosis include appetite suppression and malabsorption, both of which may be impacted by dietary enzyme fortification. A 3-component 42-d factorial treatment arrangement was employed with used litter to examine the impact of cocci challenge (+ Monteban) X 2 nutritional planes (low, high) X 2 enzyme fortification levels (none, fortified). The low and high nutrition planes differed by 70 kcal/kg while enzyme effects were provided by a DSM mixture (Ronozyme AX, Roxazyme G2G, ProAct). Chicks lacking protection from Eimeria and fed the low nutrition plane e...

While at first glance the relevance of the title to animal nutritionists may not be immediately o... more While at first glance the relevance of the title to animal nutritionists may not be immediately obvious, this collaborative research by scientists from Lund University (Sweden) and Genencor studied interactions of phytate with dietary proteins as measured by the formation of insoluble complexes and the suitability of using the phytate-protein complex as a substrate for phytase assays. The authors demonstrated that, as phytate-protein complexes occurred in feed and the digestive tract of animals, this may be a more relevant substrate for the evaluation of phytases than sodium phytate, a laboratory chemical routinely used in traditional phytase assays. Of commercial interest was that the study included an independent evaluation of four different commercial phytases in their effectiveness to hydrolyze either synthetic sodium phytate, or naturally occurring protein-phytate complexes in feed at a pH of 3.0. Results shown in Table 1 firstly confirm that when sodium phytate (IP6-Na) is use...

This research was carried out to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) o... more This research was carried out to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) on growth performance, carcass quality and growth index of immune organs of broilers. A total of 300 one-day old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to 5 treatments and 5 replicates in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were: T1) control (basal diet without NanoZnO) and T2, T3, T4 and T5 basal diet supplemented with 30, 60, 90, and 120 ppm nanoZnO per kg, respectively. Birds had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout study (1–42 d). At 21 and 42 d, live body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were evaluated. At 42 d of age, 5 birds (one bird per replicate) were selected based on proximity to mean treatment weight and then slaughtered. Visceral and immune organs were removed and relative weight calculated. Edible parts of carcass such as breast and thigh were removed and evaluation was performed at 42 d of study period. Results indicated that ...

Ongoing research to better understand the dynamic interactions between the gut microbiota, digest... more Ongoing research to better understand the dynamic interactions between the gut microbiota, digestive function and performance efficiency of poultry has recently resulted in a shift in traditional nutritional thinking.

2009 Poultry Science 88 :1321–1329 doi: 10.3382/ps.2008-00412

Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2015

Starter, grower and finisher maize-based diets (Diets A) were formulated to marginal nutrient spe... more Starter, grower and finisher maize-based diets (Diets A) were formulated to marginal nutrient specifications and offered to broilers from 1 to 14, 15 to 27, and 28 to 40 days post-hatch, respectively. Nutrient specifications were reduced (Diets B) and offered to broilers without and with 500 FTU/kg phytase; specifications were further reduced to create a second tier of reduced nutrient specifications (Diets C) without and with 1000 FTU/kg phytase. The study was conducted using 240 male Ross 308 chicks with each of the 5 treatments consisting of 8 replicates of 6 birds per replicate. Growth performance was monitored during each phase of the grow-out period, mineral retentions were determined in the grower phase and nutrient utilisation in the finisher phase. Apparent digestibility coefficients of nitrogen were determined in the proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, proximal ileum and distal ileum in broilers at 40 days post-hatch. In addition, N digestion rates (K nitrogen) were determined. Over the 40-day feeding period, declining nutrient specifications decreased weight gains in broilers offered non-supplemented diets from 2721 (Diets A) to 2627 (Diets B) and 2525 g/bird (Diets C) and increased FCR from 1.551 to 1.577 and 1.605 in the corresponding diets. The differences in weight gain (7.20%) and FCR (3.48%) between Diets A and Diets C were significant (P < 0.05). From 1 to 40 days post-hatch, phytase improved weight gain in broilers offered diets B by 11.8% (P < 0. 001) and those offered diets C by 13.4% (P < 0. 001) and both treatments outperformed diets A (P < 0. 001). Phytase enhanced FCR in chicks offered diets C by 3.80% (1.544 versus 1.605, P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation of diets B increased AMEn by 0.23 MJ (P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation of diets C increased AME by 0.41 MJ (P < 0.001), AME:GE ratios by 2.62% (P < 0.001) and N retention by 5.4 percentage units (P < 0.001). Phytase enhanced retentions of calcium, phosphorus, and sodium in both diets B and C (P < 0.001). Phytase supplementation of diets B improved (P < 0.01) apparent digestibility coefficients of nitrogen at four small intestinal sites with increases ranging from 79.9% (proximal jejunum) to 11.3% (distal ileum) culminating in an increase (P < 0.01) in N digestion rates (K nitrogen) of 64% from 2.59 to 4.24 × 10 −2 min −1. Phytase supplementation

A total of 288 Hy-Line W36 laying hens were utilized to understand the interactive effects of an ... more A total of 288 Hy-Line W36 laying hens were utilized to understand the interactive effects of an exogenous enzyme (EE) blend containing xylanase, amylase, and protease (XAP) and direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplementation on energy digestibility, gut integrity, pathogen colonization and performance. Corn-soy bean meal-dried distiller’s grain with solubles-based diets consisting of a positive control with 12.18MJ/kg (PC), negative control with 11.76MJ/kg (NC), NC + EE, NC + EE + DFM, were fed to 25-40 wk old laying hens. There were no significant differences in feed intake or hen day egg production, hen body weight, egg weight, egg mass, and egg characteristics over the entire experimental period. The combination of EE and DFM increased (P < 0.05) nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy compared to NC fed birds at wk 38 and wk 40 of hen age. Hens fed the various diets did not differ in ileal villus height, crypt depth and villus height:crypt depth ratio measured at the com...

An experiment was carried out to evaluate effects of temperature, pH, and incubation time on the ... more An experiment was carried out to evaluate effects of temperature, pH, and incubation time on the stability of intrinsic phytases. The experiment was conducted as a 3*4*3*3 factorial arrangement with 3 feed ingredients (rye, wheat, and barley), 4 temperatures (T) (20, 38, 55, and 80°C), 3 pH levels (3, 5.5, and 8), and 3 incubation times (30, 60, and 120 min), with 2 replicates per treatment. After incubation at the destined conditions of T and pH, residual phytase activity of treatment groups as well as non-treated (reference) samples were measured. Stability was calculated as the ratio of the residual phytase activity of a treated sample to the reference sample times 100. Phytase activity of the reference samples of rye, wheat, and barley was 3.14, 1.77, and 0.66 FTU/g, respectively. Overall, rye showed the highest and barley the lowest stability (58% vs. 47%). Stability decreased with increasing T to 6.5% at 80°C. Stability of intrinsic phytase significantly decreased with increas...

Two experiments were conducted to compare different feed allocation programs from 16 to 26 wk of ... more Two experiments were conducted to compare different feed allocation programs from 16 to 26 wk of age and during the subsequent production period on broiler breeder male BW and fertility. In experiment 1, Ross 344 males were randomly assigned to 3 rates (slow, medium, or fast) of weekly feed increase from 16 to 26 wk of age that provided a gradual increase from 85 to 110 g/male/d. Feed allocation was also increased 5 g/ male/d in a single increment at 55 wk of age after fertility had declined. In experiment 2, a 2 x 2 factorial design was used to evaluate the interaction between the slow and fast feeding programs described in experiment 1 in combination with 2 feeding programs (constant or increasing) during the subsequent production period. In experiment 1, the males on the fast feed program exhibited higher mortality after 32 wk of age and lower fertility after 46 wk of age. However, fertility recovered in all treatments after the feed allocation was increased at 55 wk of age. In e...

Phytate P utilization from soybean meal (SBM) included in broiler diets has been shown to be poor... more Phytate P utilization from soybean meal (SBM) included in broiler diets has been shown to be poor and highly dependent on dietary Ca intake. However, the effect of Ca on P utilization and on the optimal ratio of Ca to nonphytate P (Ca:NPP) when diets contained varying levels of phytate has not been clearly shown and was the objective of this research. A factorial treatment structure was used with 4 dietary Ca levels from 0.47 to 1.16% and 3 levels of phytate P (0.28, 0.24, and 0.10%). Varying dietary phytate P levels were obtained by utilizing SBM produced from 3 varieties of soybeans with different phytate P concentrations. Ross 508 broiler chicks were fed 1 of 12 diets from 16 to 21 d of age. Excreta were collected from 16 to 17 d and from 19 to 20 d of age and ileal digesta was collected at 21 d of age. Apparent prececal P digestibility decreased when dietary Ca concentration increased and was higher when diets contained low-phytate SBM. The apparent digestibility of Ca and perce...

A total of 648 straight-run hatchling Heritage 56M × fast feathering Cobb 500F broiler birds were... more A total of 648 straight-run hatchling Heritage 56M × fast feathering Cobb 500F broiler birds were used to determine the effects of Ca concentration and age on phytase efficacy. Corn and SBM based diets with 0.19% non-phytate P were prepared with three Ca (6.5, 8.0 and 9.5 g/kg) concentrations. A 6-phytase 5 was added on-top at 0, 500 or 1000 FTU/kg at each Ca concentration, resulting in a total of 9 treatments. Broiler birds were fed the diets for 2 d either from 7 to 9 (6 birds/replicate) or 19 to 21 (3 birds/replicate) d of age, and ileal content was collected from every bird at the end of each feeding period to determine apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AID). Age effect was determined by comparing responses between birds fed from 7 to 9 and 19 to 21 d of age. There was no interaction between Ca and phytase on AID P regardless of age. Increasing Ca from 6.5 to 9.5 g/kg resulted in 12 (0.58 vs. 0.51) and 11% (0.64 vs. 0.57) reduction in AID P, in 9-d-old and 21-d-old birds...