Petr Sulovsky - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Petr Sulovsky

Chemical Papers, 2011

The applicability of laser ablation (LA) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry for assess... more The applicability of laser ablation (LA) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry for assessing elemental distributions in layered ceramics was investigated and compared with electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Ordinary glazed wall tiles were employed as model specimens due to their defined structure and composition. They were used for calibration in the analysis of ancient pottery. A qualitative depth profile was acquired by single-spot laser drilling perpendicular to coatings with a Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser coupled with an ICP optical emission spectrometer (OES). The lower lateral resolution associated with the laser spot diameter of 1.0 mm led to smoothing of the depth profile due to the averaging of local irregularities. In addition, transverse line scans by ablation across the tile section using an ArF* (193 nm) laser coupled with an ICP mass spectrometer (MS) were performed. LA-ICP-OES depth profiles and LA-ICP-MS transverse scans were validated by EPMA section scans and 2...

Advanced Materials Research

In this work, it was found out that dicalcium silicate doped with SO3 shows higher hydraulic acti... more In this work, it was found out that dicalcium silicate doped with SO3 shows higher hydraulic activity compared to pure dicalcium silicate. This finding was used to prepare and optimize high-belite cement from SO3 doped clinkers. The belite cement exhibited the same technological parameters, including short-term strengths, as ordinary Portland cement with a high content of tricalcium silicate. The clinker for belite cement is environmentally and economically advantageous. It is possible to burn the clinker at a temperature of 100 °C lower than conventional clinker and with lower consumption of calcium carbonate. In particular, methods of optical and electron microscopy were used for the research.

SN Applied Sciences

Meat and bone meal (MBM) is the alternative fuel with good calorific value used in cement product... more Meat and bone meal (MBM) is the alternative fuel with good calorific value used in cement production. The main problem with MBM combustion in a cement kiln is the high content of P 2 O 5 , which incorporates in clinker phases, influencing phase composition of clinker and hence the quality of the cement. In cement industry, only limited amount of MBM is burned to prevent adverse effect. P 2 O 5 has a significantly negative effect on the formation of the main clinker phase alite and it stabilizes belite by means of entering its structure. At 4.5 wt% P 2 O 5 in the clinker, the alite formation is completely blocked. Research on kinetics of reactions between clinker and MBM proved reduction of negative reactions and minimization of migration of P 2 O 5 into the clinker minerals using undispersed P 2 O 5 carrier. The carrier in pellet form eliminates the negative effect of P 2 O 5 on the formation of the alite. The research was conducted by means of XRD, optical and electron microscopy. Electron microanalysis showed that P 2 O 5 migrated inside the clinker to a distance of less than 250 μm from the ash and clinker interface. Clinker was not influence outside this area. It is possible to prepare high quality cement from the clinker containing ash residues from MBM in an amount corresponding to up to 10 wt% P 2 O 5. The work was completed with preparation of cement with 7 wt% of P 2 O 5 , which exhibited good technological properties. In addition, these cements significantly reduce the leachability of toxic elements.

Geochemistry [Working Title]

Data of 41 or more elements in superficial as well as drill-core samples of the peraluminous Lipn... more Data of 41 or more elements in superficial as well as drill-core samples of the peraluminous Lipnice and Melechov granites, located several kilometers apart in northern Moldanubian Batholith, are evaluated. Weathering of both granite types proceeded in virtually identical time and environment, but it shows very different patterns. In the weathered Lipnice granite, Al 2 O 3 slightly increased, loss on ignition (LOI) increased strongly, and contents of all other major elements except for Fe are lower (however, reconcentration of K, Mg, and Ti in secondary phases is possible). In the relatively coarse-grained and more acidic Melechov granite, the depleted major elements are Si, Fe, Ti, Mn, and Mg. Strongly increased Al in half of weathered samples is independent on the moderate increase of LOI and relatively small changes of Na, Ca, K, and P contents. These samples are relatively poor in quartz, which is the result of fossil weathering, mechanical mineral separation, and erosion processes. In the Lipnice granite, however, chemical weathering dominated over mechanical fractionation due to a more compact character of the rock (as well as of biotite and plagioclase). Regarding trace elements, enrichment in Ga and loss of U are the only changes documented in both granite types (in different proportions however). The rare-earth element (REE) fractionation is generally weak, but in the Lipnice granite, two processes are proven: (i) dissolution of apatite which has an Mtype lanthanide tetrad effect in the fresh rock and (ii) formation of positive Ce anomaly.

Materials Science Forum

In laboratory conditions, the effect of minor oxides – MgO and SO3 on formation of Portland cemen... more In laboratory conditions, the effect of minor oxides – MgO and SO3 on formation of Portland cement clinker was observed. The research extended the current knowledge about the effect of these oxides on phase composition and structure of clinker and on alite polymorphism. Mainly means of optical and electron microscopy were used for the research.

Cement and Concrete Research, 2017

S pokraujícím rozvojem prmyslu a ten �ícími se zásobami nerostných surovin a paliv roste tlak na ... more S pokraujícím rozvojem prmyslu a ten �ícími se zásobami nerostných surovin a paliv roste tlak na zvyšování stupnrecyklace odpadních materiálvznikajících v nejrznjších prmyslových odvtvích. Mnohé z nich, zejména však odpady anorganické povahy, nacházejí využití ve stavebnictví. Jedná se všakasto o materiály, které obsahují nezanedbatelná množství pro životní postedí potenciáln � nebezpených prvk �, které se mohou za uritých podmínek ze

Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 2006

Journal of GEOsciences, 2012

A melasyenite porphyry from the vicinity of Kašperské Hory (the Šumava Mts., Moldanubian Zone) sh... more A melasyenite porphyry from the vicinity of Kašperské Hory (the Šumava Mts., Moldanubian Zone) shows a high natural radioactivity (K = 4.4-6.1 wt. %, eU = 15-24 ppm, eTh = 38-49 ppm). The most important carriers of U and Th are zircon, thorite, allanite-(Ce) and scarce monazite. Most of the zircon and thorite grains are altered by post-magmatic processes due to which especially zircon shows a large degree of chemical variability. Primary magmatic zircon is nearly stoichiometric, poor in ThO 2 (up to 0.13 wt. %) and UO 2 (up to 0.42 wt. %). It often encloses strongly altered U-and Thrich cores. These cores show a conspicuous zoning in the BSE. The bright zones are enriched in UO 2 (0.66-1.36 wt. %) and ThO 2 (0.21-0.94 wt. %) whereas the darker zones are highly enriched in CaO (up to 5.19 wt. %), with UO 2 contents ranging between 0.95 and 2.15 wt. % and the ThO 2 between 0.99 and 1.67 wt. %. The first percolation point of zircon was estimated at 0.4 D [dpa]. Thorite is also strongly altered, being depleted in Y,REE and Si in its more hydrated parts. A further consequence are strongly varying UO 2 contents (1.79-27.60 wt. %) and locally enriched ZrO 2 (up to 10.92 wt. %), P 2 O 5 (0.22-6.39 wt. %) and Y,REE (0.73-12.81 wt. % of REE 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 3 combined). Elevated amounts of Fe, Ca, Pb, As, Al, S, and Ti were detected in the most hydrated parts. Allanite-(Ce) is weakly zoned with 0.20-1.22 wt. % ThO 2 and up to 0.11 wt. % UO 2. Scarce monazite-(Ce) has the ThO 2 contents (13.57-15.85 wt. %) strongly prevailing over UO 2 (1.51-1.91 wt. %).

Journal of GEOsciences, 2012

Dykes of tourmaline-bearing aplitic leucogranite form a swarm rimming the peraluminous, S-type gr... more Dykes of tourmaline-bearing aplitic leucogranite form a swarm rimming the peraluminous, S-type granite of the Vydra Pluton (part of the Moldanubian Batholith) at a certain distance (24 km). The leucogranite dykes have not been recorded any closer or even in the pluton itself. The medium-grained, slightly cataclastic dykes are ~ 20 cm to ~ 5 metres wide, and discordant to regional foliation of the country rocks. Leucogranite is composed of quartz + albite + potassium feldspar + muscovite ± tourmaline ± biotite (accessoric apatite and U-Y-P-rich zircon). The rock shows low concentrations of Ti, Ca, very low mg number, is peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.211.36) and has moderate K 2 O / Na 2 O of 0.531.14. Most of Ca is combined with P to form late apatite, additional phosphorus is bound especially in potassium feldspar. The high concentration of phosphorus in potassium feldspar (0.650.95 wt. % P 2 O 5) is in a sharp contrast to the low concentration of P in albite (0.010.17 wt. % P 2 O 5), and it is interpreted as a result of a late-/ post-magmatic alteration. Compared to the Vydra Pluton granites, leucogranite is slightly richer in SiO 2 , Na 2 O and Rb (200240 ppm) and strongly enriched in Sn (1734 ppm) and B (abundant tourmaline). It is moderately to strongly depleted in V, Cr, Ni, Sr, Ba, and LREE (Σ REE ~ 740 ppm). The K/Rb ratio ranges from 88 to 133, Rb/Sr = 2.310.2. Leucogranite is also characterized by low concentration of Th (mostly 1.23 ppm) and a low Th/U ratio (typically below 0.4). The new monazite U-Th dating confirms the Variscan age (326.6 ± 6.9 Ma) of metamorphism in the surrounding metamorphic rocks.

Advanced Materials Research, 2015

The paper deals with development of cementitious binders that would be able to efficiently immobi... more The paper deals with development of cementitious binders that would be able to efficiently immobilize toxic elements contained in various types of wastes. The basic component of the proposed binders are clinkers with phosphorus incorporated into the structure of clinker silicates, mixtures of cement with ash containing hydroxylapatite and belite-rich clinkers activated with sulfate anions. The prepared binders were mixed with water doped with various toxic elements; after a defined period of cement stone hydration the test beams were subjected to long-term testing of leachability of individual toxic elements. The research methods involved besides leaching tests also optical and electron microscopy.

Cement and Concrete Research, 2015

ABSTRACT

Lithos, 2005

ABSTRACT The Lower Carboniferous Culm Basin is part of the European Variscan foreland basin. Garn... more ABSTRACT The Lower Carboniferous Culm Basin is part of the European Variscan foreland basin. Garnet is an abundant heavy mineral at all stratigraphic levels of the Culm sediments (the Protivanov, Rozstání and Myslejovice Formation from base to top). This paper compares the major element (electron microprobe) and trace element (LA-ICP-MS) compositions of garnet for the purpose of studying the provenance of the Culm sediments. The polymict garnet assemblages ranging from the Protivanov to lower part of the Myslejovice Formation (Goniatite zones Peγ-Goα) pass into oligomict ones dominated by pyrope–almandine garnets (uppermost part of the Myslejovice Formation; Goniatite zones Goβ-Goγ). As the predominant low-grossular pyrope–almandines from oligomict garnet assemblages are very uniform and homogeneous in major element composition, we studied their trace element composition and zoning. Pyrope–almandine garnets are poor in LREE and show enrichment in HREE; the chondrite-normalized patterns are almost flat from Dy to Lu and show a significant negative Eu anomaly, typical for granulite-grade garnets. Major element compositions of detrital low-grossular pyrope–almandines can only be matched with some granulites and garnetiferous felsic gneisses of the Bohemian Massif. Garnets from granulites cropping out at the present-day erosion level of the Bohemian Massif have usually higher Ca and/or lower Mg contents. The major and trace element compositions and zoning patterns of pyrope–almandine garnets from the upper part of the Myslejovice Formation compare well with garnets from the Miroslav granulites and small Moldanubian granulite bodies west of the Třebíč Massif. The Moldanubian granulites are commonly associated with mantle-derived peridotites and eclogites. The presence of detrital Cr-spinels with high Cr# and low Mg# (single grains of Cr-spinels and fine-grained kelyphitic intergrowths of Cr-spinel with chlorite) comparable with spinel types from Moldanubian peridotites could indicate the joint occurrence of peridotites, serpentinized peridotites, and granulites at the erosion level of the Bohemian Massif during the deposition of the uppermost Culm sediments (325 Ma). While the older Culm sediments (polymict garnet assemblages) represent the accumulation of clastic material from the northern and north-western areas (Moravo-Silesian and Lugian Zone), the uppermost Culm sediments (oligomict garnet assemblages) contain material from western and south-western areas (Moldanubian Zone and Moravian Nappe); the general influx of clastic material changed as a result of clockwise rotation of the eastern part of the Variscan belt during this time span (340–325 Ma).

Chemical Papers, 2011

The applicability of laser ablation (LA) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry for assess... more The applicability of laser ablation (LA) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry for assessing elemental distributions in layered ceramics was investigated and compared with electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Ordinary glazed wall tiles were employed as model specimens due to their defined structure and composition. They were used for calibration in the analysis of ancient pottery. A qualitative depth profile was acquired by single-spot laser drilling perpendicular to coatings with a Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser coupled with an ICP optical emission spectrometer (OES). The lower lateral resolution associated with the laser spot diameter of 1.0 mm led to smoothing of the depth profile due to the averaging of local irregularities. In addition, transverse line scans by ablation across the tile section using an ArF* (193 nm) laser coupled with an ICP mass spectrometer (MS) were performed. LA-ICP-OES depth profiles and LA-ICP-MS transverse scans were validated by EPMA section scans and 2...

Advanced Materials Research

In this work, it was found out that dicalcium silicate doped with SO3 shows higher hydraulic acti... more In this work, it was found out that dicalcium silicate doped with SO3 shows higher hydraulic activity compared to pure dicalcium silicate. This finding was used to prepare and optimize high-belite cement from SO3 doped clinkers. The belite cement exhibited the same technological parameters, including short-term strengths, as ordinary Portland cement with a high content of tricalcium silicate. The clinker for belite cement is environmentally and economically advantageous. It is possible to burn the clinker at a temperature of 100 °C lower than conventional clinker and with lower consumption of calcium carbonate. In particular, methods of optical and electron microscopy were used for the research.

SN Applied Sciences

Meat and bone meal (MBM) is the alternative fuel with good calorific value used in cement product... more Meat and bone meal (MBM) is the alternative fuel with good calorific value used in cement production. The main problem with MBM combustion in a cement kiln is the high content of P 2 O 5 , which incorporates in clinker phases, influencing phase composition of clinker and hence the quality of the cement. In cement industry, only limited amount of MBM is burned to prevent adverse effect. P 2 O 5 has a significantly negative effect on the formation of the main clinker phase alite and it stabilizes belite by means of entering its structure. At 4.5 wt% P 2 O 5 in the clinker, the alite formation is completely blocked. Research on kinetics of reactions between clinker and MBM proved reduction of negative reactions and minimization of migration of P 2 O 5 into the clinker minerals using undispersed P 2 O 5 carrier. The carrier in pellet form eliminates the negative effect of P 2 O 5 on the formation of the alite. The research was conducted by means of XRD, optical and electron microscopy. Electron microanalysis showed that P 2 O 5 migrated inside the clinker to a distance of less than 250 μm from the ash and clinker interface. Clinker was not influence outside this area. It is possible to prepare high quality cement from the clinker containing ash residues from MBM in an amount corresponding to up to 10 wt% P 2 O 5. The work was completed with preparation of cement with 7 wt% of P 2 O 5 , which exhibited good technological properties. In addition, these cements significantly reduce the leachability of toxic elements.

Geochemistry [Working Title]

Data of 41 or more elements in superficial as well as drill-core samples of the peraluminous Lipn... more Data of 41 or more elements in superficial as well as drill-core samples of the peraluminous Lipnice and Melechov granites, located several kilometers apart in northern Moldanubian Batholith, are evaluated. Weathering of both granite types proceeded in virtually identical time and environment, but it shows very different patterns. In the weathered Lipnice granite, Al 2 O 3 slightly increased, loss on ignition (LOI) increased strongly, and contents of all other major elements except for Fe are lower (however, reconcentration of K, Mg, and Ti in secondary phases is possible). In the relatively coarse-grained and more acidic Melechov granite, the depleted major elements are Si, Fe, Ti, Mn, and Mg. Strongly increased Al in half of weathered samples is independent on the moderate increase of LOI and relatively small changes of Na, Ca, K, and P contents. These samples are relatively poor in quartz, which is the result of fossil weathering, mechanical mineral separation, and erosion processes. In the Lipnice granite, however, chemical weathering dominated over mechanical fractionation due to a more compact character of the rock (as well as of biotite and plagioclase). Regarding trace elements, enrichment in Ga and loss of U are the only changes documented in both granite types (in different proportions however). The rare-earth element (REE) fractionation is generally weak, but in the Lipnice granite, two processes are proven: (i) dissolution of apatite which has an Mtype lanthanide tetrad effect in the fresh rock and (ii) formation of positive Ce anomaly.

Materials Science Forum

In laboratory conditions, the effect of minor oxides – MgO and SO3 on formation of Portland cemen... more In laboratory conditions, the effect of minor oxides – MgO and SO3 on formation of Portland cement clinker was observed. The research extended the current knowledge about the effect of these oxides on phase composition and structure of clinker and on alite polymorphism. Mainly means of optical and electron microscopy were used for the research.

Cement and Concrete Research, 2017

S pokraujícím rozvojem prmyslu a ten �ícími se zásobami nerostných surovin a paliv roste tlak na ... more S pokraujícím rozvojem prmyslu a ten �ícími se zásobami nerostných surovin a paliv roste tlak na zvyšování stupnrecyklace odpadních materiálvznikajících v nejrznjších prmyslových odvtvích. Mnohé z nich, zejména však odpady anorganické povahy, nacházejí využití ve stavebnictví. Jedná se všakasto o materiály, které obsahují nezanedbatelná množství pro životní postedí potenciáln � nebezpených prvk �, které se mohou za uritých podmínek ze

Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 2006

Journal of GEOsciences, 2012

A melasyenite porphyry from the vicinity of Kašperské Hory (the Šumava Mts., Moldanubian Zone) sh... more A melasyenite porphyry from the vicinity of Kašperské Hory (the Šumava Mts., Moldanubian Zone) shows a high natural radioactivity (K = 4.4-6.1 wt. %, eU = 15-24 ppm, eTh = 38-49 ppm). The most important carriers of U and Th are zircon, thorite, allanite-(Ce) and scarce monazite. Most of the zircon and thorite grains are altered by post-magmatic processes due to which especially zircon shows a large degree of chemical variability. Primary magmatic zircon is nearly stoichiometric, poor in ThO 2 (up to 0.13 wt. %) and UO 2 (up to 0.42 wt. %). It often encloses strongly altered U-and Thrich cores. These cores show a conspicuous zoning in the BSE. The bright zones are enriched in UO 2 (0.66-1.36 wt. %) and ThO 2 (0.21-0.94 wt. %) whereas the darker zones are highly enriched in CaO (up to 5.19 wt. %), with UO 2 contents ranging between 0.95 and 2.15 wt. % and the ThO 2 between 0.99 and 1.67 wt. %. The first percolation point of zircon was estimated at 0.4 D [dpa]. Thorite is also strongly altered, being depleted in Y,REE and Si in its more hydrated parts. A further consequence are strongly varying UO 2 contents (1.79-27.60 wt. %) and locally enriched ZrO 2 (up to 10.92 wt. %), P 2 O 5 (0.22-6.39 wt. %) and Y,REE (0.73-12.81 wt. % of REE 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 3 combined). Elevated amounts of Fe, Ca, Pb, As, Al, S, and Ti were detected in the most hydrated parts. Allanite-(Ce) is weakly zoned with 0.20-1.22 wt. % ThO 2 and up to 0.11 wt. % UO 2. Scarce monazite-(Ce) has the ThO 2 contents (13.57-15.85 wt. %) strongly prevailing over UO 2 (1.51-1.91 wt. %).

Journal of GEOsciences, 2012

Dykes of tourmaline-bearing aplitic leucogranite form a swarm rimming the peraluminous, S-type gr... more Dykes of tourmaline-bearing aplitic leucogranite form a swarm rimming the peraluminous, S-type granite of the Vydra Pluton (part of the Moldanubian Batholith) at a certain distance (24 km). The leucogranite dykes have not been recorded any closer or even in the pluton itself. The medium-grained, slightly cataclastic dykes are ~ 20 cm to ~ 5 metres wide, and discordant to regional foliation of the country rocks. Leucogranite is composed of quartz + albite + potassium feldspar + muscovite ± tourmaline ± biotite (accessoric apatite and U-Y-P-rich zircon). The rock shows low concentrations of Ti, Ca, very low mg number, is peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.211.36) and has moderate K 2 O / Na 2 O of 0.531.14. Most of Ca is combined with P to form late apatite, additional phosphorus is bound especially in potassium feldspar. The high concentration of phosphorus in potassium feldspar (0.650.95 wt. % P 2 O 5) is in a sharp contrast to the low concentration of P in albite (0.010.17 wt. % P 2 O 5), and it is interpreted as a result of a late-/ post-magmatic alteration. Compared to the Vydra Pluton granites, leucogranite is slightly richer in SiO 2 , Na 2 O and Rb (200240 ppm) and strongly enriched in Sn (1734 ppm) and B (abundant tourmaline). It is moderately to strongly depleted in V, Cr, Ni, Sr, Ba, and LREE (Σ REE ~ 740 ppm). The K/Rb ratio ranges from 88 to 133, Rb/Sr = 2.310.2. Leucogranite is also characterized by low concentration of Th (mostly 1.23 ppm) and a low Th/U ratio (typically below 0.4). The new monazite U-Th dating confirms the Variscan age (326.6 ± 6.9 Ma) of metamorphism in the surrounding metamorphic rocks.

Advanced Materials Research, 2015

The paper deals with development of cementitious binders that would be able to efficiently immobi... more The paper deals with development of cementitious binders that would be able to efficiently immobilize toxic elements contained in various types of wastes. The basic component of the proposed binders are clinkers with phosphorus incorporated into the structure of clinker silicates, mixtures of cement with ash containing hydroxylapatite and belite-rich clinkers activated with sulfate anions. The prepared binders were mixed with water doped with various toxic elements; after a defined period of cement stone hydration the test beams were subjected to long-term testing of leachability of individual toxic elements. The research methods involved besides leaching tests also optical and electron microscopy.

Cement and Concrete Research, 2015

ABSTRACT

Lithos, 2005

ABSTRACT The Lower Carboniferous Culm Basin is part of the European Variscan foreland basin. Garn... more ABSTRACT The Lower Carboniferous Culm Basin is part of the European Variscan foreland basin. Garnet is an abundant heavy mineral at all stratigraphic levels of the Culm sediments (the Protivanov, Rozstání and Myslejovice Formation from base to top). This paper compares the major element (electron microprobe) and trace element (LA-ICP-MS) compositions of garnet for the purpose of studying the provenance of the Culm sediments. The polymict garnet assemblages ranging from the Protivanov to lower part of the Myslejovice Formation (Goniatite zones Peγ-Goα) pass into oligomict ones dominated by pyrope–almandine garnets (uppermost part of the Myslejovice Formation; Goniatite zones Goβ-Goγ). As the predominant low-grossular pyrope–almandines from oligomict garnet assemblages are very uniform and homogeneous in major element composition, we studied their trace element composition and zoning. Pyrope–almandine garnets are poor in LREE and show enrichment in HREE; the chondrite-normalized patterns are almost flat from Dy to Lu and show a significant negative Eu anomaly, typical for granulite-grade garnets. Major element compositions of detrital low-grossular pyrope–almandines can only be matched with some granulites and garnetiferous felsic gneisses of the Bohemian Massif. Garnets from granulites cropping out at the present-day erosion level of the Bohemian Massif have usually higher Ca and/or lower Mg contents. The major and trace element compositions and zoning patterns of pyrope–almandine garnets from the upper part of the Myslejovice Formation compare well with garnets from the Miroslav granulites and small Moldanubian granulite bodies west of the Třebíč Massif. The Moldanubian granulites are commonly associated with mantle-derived peridotites and eclogites. The presence of detrital Cr-spinels with high Cr# and low Mg# (single grains of Cr-spinels and fine-grained kelyphitic intergrowths of Cr-spinel with chlorite) comparable with spinel types from Moldanubian peridotites could indicate the joint occurrence of peridotites, serpentinized peridotites, and granulites at the erosion level of the Bohemian Massif during the deposition of the uppermost Culm sediments (325 Ma). While the older Culm sediments (polymict garnet assemblages) represent the accumulation of clastic material from the northern and north-western areas (Moravo-Silesian and Lugian Zone), the uppermost Culm sediments (oligomict garnet assemblages) contain material from western and south-western areas (Moldanubian Zone and Moravian Nappe); the general influx of clastic material changed as a result of clockwise rotation of the eastern part of the Variscan belt during this time span (340–325 Ma).