Philippe cabon - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Philippe cabon

Armand Colin eBooks, Jul 2, 2014

Transportation research procedia, 2014

Every year, on highways, drivers taking wrong way cause accidents. Elderly drivers and young driv... more Every year, on highways, drivers taking wrong way cause accidents. Elderly drivers and young drivers are the most prevalent in the wrong way accidents. Two main explanations of these accidents can be identified: violation (the driver takes intentionally the wrong way) or error (the driver did not identified that he/she is taking a wrong way). This paper focuses on a Human Factors evaluation of two new road signs to prevent wrong way driving. The devices are a light barrier and the standard wrong way signal (B1) on a yellow background (B1Y). This research, carried out in a simulator, aims at evaluating the efficiency of these road signs to prevent errors and violation on elderly and young drivers. The results of tests give a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the wrong way road signs and are discussed regarding their implication for road sign design and human factors evaluation.

This article deals with digital sleep trackers that give information about sleep duration and qua... more This article deals with digital sleep trackers that give information about sleep duration and quality in everyday life. Despite the number of these devices, scientific and independent studies of their usage are rare. This work aims at describing the acceptance (short term) and appropriation (long term) of these devices in order to identify their benefits and limitations. Data collection combines questionnaires on sleep and user experience, a sleep diary, and interviews on human computer interface. The main results concern the evidence of “orthosomnia”, an anxiety phenomenon, that is affecting people who obsess over the results of their sleep trackers.

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 1990

The fluctuations of vigilance and performance for operators working in monotonous conditions were... more The fluctuations of vigilance and performance for operators working in monotonous conditions were studied in laboratory. Three experimental designs were achieved on 20 subjects: — one reference condition with a vigilance task of 3 hours 30 during day time, — one experimental condition with interruptions of monotony during the vigilance task by a sustained task, during the same day time period, — the same experimental condition during night time. The purpose was to analyse the effect of breakdown in monotony on arousal and human performance and to look for individual differences in human performance. Physiological data were collected in order to study the variation of arousal. Response times and omissions were used as performance index. Individual differences can be observed for performance and vigilance. Two kinds of behavior are defined: stable subjects and subjects characterized by fluctuations both for arousal and performance during the task. During day time period, breakdown of ...

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 1990

Human operators in transport operations are often confronted to monotony, boredom and irregular w... more Human operators in transport operations are often confronted to monotony, boredom and irregular work schedules. This situation seems to be more and more acute because of the growing automation of the systems. This paper presents the method and the first results of two field studies on the vigilance and performance of plane pilots and train drivers. The aim of these studies is to identify the factors that can modify the vigilance and to elaborate some specific solutions for reactivation. The method is based on the collection of physiological data in the field and on the task observation of the operators. The recorded physiological data (EEG, EOG), permit an evaluation of the vigilance and the rest-activity cycles. For pilots, results show a high occurence of decreases of vigilance, in particular during the phase of low workload (i.e. during the cruise). Furthermore it was shown that these periods of lowered vigilance can occur at the same moment for two crewmembers. For the train dri...

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 1991

Chronobiological studies show that irregular schedules lead to troubles of biological rhythms, es... more Chronobiological studies show that irregular schedules lead to troubles of biological rhythms, especially of sleep-wake cycles, and arousal. The aim of the present research is to evaluate the sleep perturbations due to irregular work schedules in transport operations. The global investigation concerns sleepiness during activity as well as sleep deprivation during rest period. This paper is focused on the sleep durations for two kinds of operators: aircrews during long-haul routes and drivers for ground transport. Sleep duration was evaluated by means of wrist motor activity. For ground transport drivers, results show a strong reduction of sleep duration during day-time rests. This sleep deprivation can reach 50 percent for almost all drivers studied. These results confirm that the sleep duration is determined by the rest starting time. Sleep periods during day-time rests are organized into naps and sleep, during night-time, rests are characterized by continuous sleep. For aircrews, ...

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2000

Eight Air Traffic Controllers (four experienced practicing controllers and four trainee controlle... more Eight Air Traffic Controllers (four experienced practicing controllers and four trainee controllers) carried out four simulation exercises (one low, three high traffic load) using a TRACON II ATC Simulator during one afternoon, the morning being used for familiarization and initial training. Performance during each exercise was recorded. A self-assessment questionnaire for fatigue and a sample of saliva was taken for cortisol analysis before and after each experimental session. The NASA-TLX was completed after each exercise. Experienced controllers more affected by the task, and learned more efficiently. The methods under investigation are now being transferred to full-scale Real-Time simulations.

RESUME Cet article présente les premières étapes d'un projet vi-sant à mettre en place un sys... more RESUME Cet article présente les premières étapes d'un projet vi-sant à mettre en place un système de gestion du risque fatigue dans les compagnie aériennes. Ce système, qui va devoir être mis progressivement en place par les compagnies aériennes européennes va leur permettre de demander des dispositions spéciales, par exemple des repos réduits à condition que le système mis en place prouve que la sécurité est maintenue à un niveau acceptable. In Ergo'IA 2008 « L'humain au coeur des systèmes et de leur développemen », Bidart-Biarritz, 15-17 Octobre. RESUME Cet article présente les premières étapes d'un projet vi-sant à mettre en place un système de gestion du risque fatigue dans les compagnie aériennes. Ce système, qui va devoir être mis progressivement en place par les compagnies aériennes européennes va leur permettre de demander des dispositions spéciales, par exemple des repos réduits à condition que le système mis en place prouve que la sécurité est maintenue à u...

The new European regulation on Flight Time Limitations for aircrews specifies that an operator ma... more The new European regulation on Flight Time Limitations for aircrews specifies that an operator may grant reduced rest arrangements or split duties if it demonstrates that its request produces an equivalent level of safety. To reach this objective, France issued a regulation defining the basis of a Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS). A FRMS is a process that enables the organization to manage the specific risks associated with fatigue. In this context, the DGAC has initiated a study on the implementation of FRMS applicable to the specific cases of reduced rests and split duties. This study aims at providing the overall strategy to implement a scientific based FRMS to enable an efficient prevention of fatigue. The method includes the use of predictive models of fatigue and the analysis of existing safety and health indicators, Air Safety Reports (ASR), Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) and sickness leaves. A website survey and specific in-flight observations and data collection are also...

AIHce 1996 - Health Care Industries Papers, 1999

Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 2003

Fatigue-related incidents in aviation may be self-reported by pilots in confidential systems. The... more Fatigue-related incidents in aviation may be self-reported by pilots in confidential systems. The aim of this study was to clarify what fatigue means to pilots on short- and long-haul flights (SHF and LHF, respectively). Questionnaires were distributed to pilots through four airlines. Questions concerned the perceived causes of fatigue, its signs and symptoms in the reporting pilot and observed in others, as well as the strategies used to minimize its impact. Of 3,436 questionnaires distributed, 739 (21.5%) were returned. For LHF, fatigue was seen as mainly due to night flights (59%) and jet lag (45%). For SHF, fatigue was caused by prolonged duty periods (multi-segment flights over a sequence of 4 to 5 d) (53%) and successive early wake-ups (41%). Self-reported manifestations of fatigue in 60% of LHF pilots and 49% of SHF pilots included reduction in alertness and attention, and a lack of concentration. Signs observed in other crewmembers included an increase in response times and ...

Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 2003

Previous studies have shown frequent reductions in aircrew alertness during long-haul flights, ev... more Previous studies have shown frequent reductions in aircrew alertness during long-haul flights, even during the critical descent phase. Recommended countermeasures include alternation of crew activity with rest, such as cockpit napping. However, a method of monitoring the alertness level of the active and napping pilots should be considered. The Electronic Pilot-Activity Monitor (EPAM) continuously monitors the activity of the crew (activity mode) and limits nap duration (timer mode) to prevent sleep inertia effects. The EPAM is currently being validated during actual long-haul flights. To date, we have studied 14 round trips Brussels-New York-Brussels (i.e., 28 flights). Physiological parameters, including electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, and heart rate, were recorded continuously to evaluate the ability of EPAM to detect low alertness phases. We present preliminary results showing that the EPAM can detect some microsleep periods during the flight. However, some microsleeps o...

Proceedings of the 2012 Conference on Ergonomie et Interaction homme-machine, 2012

This article focuses on an analysis of the strategies used by pilots of the civil aviation in cas... more This article focuses on an analysis of the strategies used by pilots of the civil aviation in case of an incapacitation during flight. Incapacitation is defined in this research as any situation where the level of available aircrew resources is lower than the required level of resources needed to maintain the optimum performance with common strategies. There are different types of incapacitation depending on their severity and operational consequences. Incapacitations are a contributing factor of several events in aviation. In case of an incapacitation, aircrews use strategies to maintain their performance and manage the overall level of flight safety. This work aims at developing a methodology to perform a risk management of crew incapacitation and to identify crew strategies in order to study the potential to integrate them in the design of future cockpits and pilot's training. This paper deals with the indentification of strategies.

Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, 1996

Armand Colin eBooks, Jul 2, 2014

Transportation research procedia, 2014

Every year, on highways, drivers taking wrong way cause accidents. Elderly drivers and young driv... more Every year, on highways, drivers taking wrong way cause accidents. Elderly drivers and young drivers are the most prevalent in the wrong way accidents. Two main explanations of these accidents can be identified: violation (the driver takes intentionally the wrong way) or error (the driver did not identified that he/she is taking a wrong way). This paper focuses on a Human Factors evaluation of two new road signs to prevent wrong way driving. The devices are a light barrier and the standard wrong way signal (B1) on a yellow background (B1Y). This research, carried out in a simulator, aims at evaluating the efficiency of these road signs to prevent errors and violation on elderly and young drivers. The results of tests give a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the wrong way road signs and are discussed regarding their implication for road sign design and human factors evaluation.

This article deals with digital sleep trackers that give information about sleep duration and qua... more This article deals with digital sleep trackers that give information about sleep duration and quality in everyday life. Despite the number of these devices, scientific and independent studies of their usage are rare. This work aims at describing the acceptance (short term) and appropriation (long term) of these devices in order to identify their benefits and limitations. Data collection combines questionnaires on sleep and user experience, a sleep diary, and interviews on human computer interface. The main results concern the evidence of “orthosomnia”, an anxiety phenomenon, that is affecting people who obsess over the results of their sleep trackers.

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 1990

The fluctuations of vigilance and performance for operators working in monotonous conditions were... more The fluctuations of vigilance and performance for operators working in monotonous conditions were studied in laboratory. Three experimental designs were achieved on 20 subjects: — one reference condition with a vigilance task of 3 hours 30 during day time, — one experimental condition with interruptions of monotony during the vigilance task by a sustained task, during the same day time period, — the same experimental condition during night time. The purpose was to analyse the effect of breakdown in monotony on arousal and human performance and to look for individual differences in human performance. Physiological data were collected in order to study the variation of arousal. Response times and omissions were used as performance index. Individual differences can be observed for performance and vigilance. Two kinds of behavior are defined: stable subjects and subjects characterized by fluctuations both for arousal and performance during the task. During day time period, breakdown of ...

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 1990

Human operators in transport operations are often confronted to monotony, boredom and irregular w... more Human operators in transport operations are often confronted to monotony, boredom and irregular work schedules. This situation seems to be more and more acute because of the growing automation of the systems. This paper presents the method and the first results of two field studies on the vigilance and performance of plane pilots and train drivers. The aim of these studies is to identify the factors that can modify the vigilance and to elaborate some specific solutions for reactivation. The method is based on the collection of physiological data in the field and on the task observation of the operators. The recorded physiological data (EEG, EOG), permit an evaluation of the vigilance and the rest-activity cycles. For pilots, results show a high occurence of decreases of vigilance, in particular during the phase of low workload (i.e. during the cruise). Furthermore it was shown that these periods of lowered vigilance can occur at the same moment for two crewmembers. For the train dri...

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 1991

Chronobiological studies show that irregular schedules lead to troubles of biological rhythms, es... more Chronobiological studies show that irregular schedules lead to troubles of biological rhythms, especially of sleep-wake cycles, and arousal. The aim of the present research is to evaluate the sleep perturbations due to irregular work schedules in transport operations. The global investigation concerns sleepiness during activity as well as sleep deprivation during rest period. This paper is focused on the sleep durations for two kinds of operators: aircrews during long-haul routes and drivers for ground transport. Sleep duration was evaluated by means of wrist motor activity. For ground transport drivers, results show a strong reduction of sleep duration during day-time rests. This sleep deprivation can reach 50 percent for almost all drivers studied. These results confirm that the sleep duration is determined by the rest starting time. Sleep periods during day-time rests are organized into naps and sleep, during night-time, rests are characterized by continuous sleep. For aircrews, ...

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2000

Eight Air Traffic Controllers (four experienced practicing controllers and four trainee controlle... more Eight Air Traffic Controllers (four experienced practicing controllers and four trainee controllers) carried out four simulation exercises (one low, three high traffic load) using a TRACON II ATC Simulator during one afternoon, the morning being used for familiarization and initial training. Performance during each exercise was recorded. A self-assessment questionnaire for fatigue and a sample of saliva was taken for cortisol analysis before and after each experimental session. The NASA-TLX was completed after each exercise. Experienced controllers more affected by the task, and learned more efficiently. The methods under investigation are now being transferred to full-scale Real-Time simulations.

RESUME Cet article présente les premières étapes d'un projet vi-sant à mettre en place un sys... more RESUME Cet article présente les premières étapes d'un projet vi-sant à mettre en place un système de gestion du risque fatigue dans les compagnie aériennes. Ce système, qui va devoir être mis progressivement en place par les compagnies aériennes européennes va leur permettre de demander des dispositions spéciales, par exemple des repos réduits à condition que le système mis en place prouve que la sécurité est maintenue à un niveau acceptable. In Ergo'IA 2008 « L'humain au coeur des systèmes et de leur développemen », Bidart-Biarritz, 15-17 Octobre. RESUME Cet article présente les premières étapes d'un projet vi-sant à mettre en place un système de gestion du risque fatigue dans les compagnie aériennes. Ce système, qui va devoir être mis progressivement en place par les compagnies aériennes européennes va leur permettre de demander des dispositions spéciales, par exemple des repos réduits à condition que le système mis en place prouve que la sécurité est maintenue à u...

The new European regulation on Flight Time Limitations for aircrews specifies that an operator ma... more The new European regulation on Flight Time Limitations for aircrews specifies that an operator may grant reduced rest arrangements or split duties if it demonstrates that its request produces an equivalent level of safety. To reach this objective, France issued a regulation defining the basis of a Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS). A FRMS is a process that enables the organization to manage the specific risks associated with fatigue. In this context, the DGAC has initiated a study on the implementation of FRMS applicable to the specific cases of reduced rests and split duties. This study aims at providing the overall strategy to implement a scientific based FRMS to enable an efficient prevention of fatigue. The method includes the use of predictive models of fatigue and the analysis of existing safety and health indicators, Air Safety Reports (ASR), Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) and sickness leaves. A website survey and specific in-flight observations and data collection are also...

AIHce 1996 - Health Care Industries Papers, 1999

Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 2003

Fatigue-related incidents in aviation may be self-reported by pilots in confidential systems. The... more Fatigue-related incidents in aviation may be self-reported by pilots in confidential systems. The aim of this study was to clarify what fatigue means to pilots on short- and long-haul flights (SHF and LHF, respectively). Questionnaires were distributed to pilots through four airlines. Questions concerned the perceived causes of fatigue, its signs and symptoms in the reporting pilot and observed in others, as well as the strategies used to minimize its impact. Of 3,436 questionnaires distributed, 739 (21.5%) were returned. For LHF, fatigue was seen as mainly due to night flights (59%) and jet lag (45%). For SHF, fatigue was caused by prolonged duty periods (multi-segment flights over a sequence of 4 to 5 d) (53%) and successive early wake-ups (41%). Self-reported manifestations of fatigue in 60% of LHF pilots and 49% of SHF pilots included reduction in alertness and attention, and a lack of concentration. Signs observed in other crewmembers included an increase in response times and ...

Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 2003

Previous studies have shown frequent reductions in aircrew alertness during long-haul flights, ev... more Previous studies have shown frequent reductions in aircrew alertness during long-haul flights, even during the critical descent phase. Recommended countermeasures include alternation of crew activity with rest, such as cockpit napping. However, a method of monitoring the alertness level of the active and napping pilots should be considered. The Electronic Pilot-Activity Monitor (EPAM) continuously monitors the activity of the crew (activity mode) and limits nap duration (timer mode) to prevent sleep inertia effects. The EPAM is currently being validated during actual long-haul flights. To date, we have studied 14 round trips Brussels-New York-Brussels (i.e., 28 flights). Physiological parameters, including electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, and heart rate, were recorded continuously to evaluate the ability of EPAM to detect low alertness phases. We present preliminary results showing that the EPAM can detect some microsleep periods during the flight. However, some microsleeps o...

Proceedings of the 2012 Conference on Ergonomie et Interaction homme-machine, 2012

This article focuses on an analysis of the strategies used by pilots of the civil aviation in cas... more This article focuses on an analysis of the strategies used by pilots of the civil aviation in case of an incapacitation during flight. Incapacitation is defined in this research as any situation where the level of available aircrew resources is lower than the required level of resources needed to maintain the optimum performance with common strategies. There are different types of incapacitation depending on their severity and operational consequences. Incapacitations are a contributing factor of several events in aviation. In case of an incapacitation, aircrews use strategies to maintain their performance and manage the overall level of flight safety. This work aims at developing a methodology to perform a risk management of crew incapacitation and to identify crew strategies in order to study the potential to integrate them in the design of future cockpits and pilot's training. This paper deals with the indentification of strategies.

Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, 1996