Phillip Capps - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Phillip Capps

Research paper thumbnail of Sulphonium salt formation from the reaction of methionine with some aziridine alkylating agents

Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 1974

Page 1. 320 JCS CHEM. COMM., 1974 Sulphonium Salt Formation from the Reaction of Methionine with ... more Page 1. 320 JCS CHEM. COMM., 1974 Sulphonium Salt Formation from the Reaction of Methionine with some Aziridine Alkylating Agents By PHILLIP A. CAPPS (Department of Experimental Chemotherapy, Paterson Laboratories ...

Research paper thumbnail of Patient reporting of potential adverse drug reactions: a methodological study

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Medical doctors’ perceptions and expectations of the role of hospital pharmacists in Sudan

Pharmacy World & Science, 2007

Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role... more Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role of hospital-based pharmacists in Sudan. Setting Teaching hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods A self-administered, pre-tested, structured questionnaire was distributed to 300 randomly chosen medical practitioners of different grades and specialities in four teaching hospitals in Khartoum State. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended questions. Main outcome measures The level of medical practitioners comfort to, and their expectations and experience of, a range of pharmacist roles and activities. Results The response rate was 66.7%. One-half (50.0%; 95% CI: 42.9-57.2%) of respondents never or rarely had interaction with pharmacists with regard to patient's medication, 36.9% (CI: 30.2-44.0%) and 13.1% (CI: 8.9-18.8%) had this type of contact once per week or once a day or more, respectively. Respondents were most comfortable with pharmacists: Detecting and preventing prescription errors (49.2%; CI: 42.0-56.5); monitoring outcomes of pharmacotherapeutic regimens and plans (45.9%; CI: 38.8-53.2); designing and monitoring pharmacotherapeutic regimens (43.4%; CI: 36.4-50.8) and suggesting use of prescription medications to physicians (40.3%; CI: 33.3-47.8). Respondents were least comfortable with pharmacists suggesting the use of certain pre-scription medications to patients (52.8% 'uncomfortable'; CI: 45.6-59.9). Respondents' expectations of pharmacists were positive for most domains. Conclusion Respondents appeared receptive to most statements regarding expectations of pharmacists, suggesting that many elements of patient-centred pharmaceutical care could be introduced with the co-operation of physicians. A key to extending the role of pharmacists in Sudan teaching hospitals should involve making pharmacists more accessible to doctors and patients, ideally, supported by an organised program of continuing professional development.

Research paper thumbnail of Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin: evaluation of five nomograms for initial dosing at Al-Amiri Hospital in Kuwait

Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre, 2007

To compare five published nomograms (Thomson guidelines, Mawer nomogram, rule of eights, Hull-Sar... more To compare five published nomograms (Thomson guidelines, Mawer nomogram, rule of eights, Hull-Sarubbi table and Dettli method) for calculating the initial gentamicin dosage regimen in a Kuwaiti population. Based on measured peak and trough gentamicin concentrations, the elimination rate constant and volume of distribution of gentamicin were calculated for each patient (n = 56), using a modified two-point Sawchuk-Zaske method. The calculated individual set of pharmacokinetic parameters and the initial dose regimen recommended by each of the five methods were used to predict the steady-state peak and trough of gentamicin concentrations. The Thomson guidelines produced consistent results in predicting gentamicin concentrations within the target ranges of peak plus trough, peak only and trough only (63, 75 and 75%, respectively). The Mawer nomogram, Hull-Sarubbi table and Dettli methods achieved similar percentages of patients (46-50%) within the target ranges (5-10 mg x l(-1) for peak ...

Research paper thumbnail of Therapeutic drug monitoring of high-dose gentamicin in an elderly patient: a case report

Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre

To report the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin using traditional multiple daily doses and a high-do... more To report the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin using traditional multiple daily doses and a high-dose regimen in an elderly patient. An 80-year-old male who presented with mild renal failure received two different gentamicin dosing regimens, 60 mg every 8 h for septicemia and a high dose of 400 mg with extended interval for suspected endocarditis. Based on population parameters of k(e) (0.1030 h(-1)) and Vd (18.1 liters), the initial gentamicin dosage regimen was calculated to be 80 mg every 12 h. The measured peak and trough concentrations were used to calculate the individual parameters of k(e) (0.0749 h(-1)) and Vd (30.9 liters). After a 5-mg.kg(-1) gentamicin dose, the Hartford nomogram was used to estimate the extended dosage interval. The Hartford nomogram may be a valid tool for estimating the dosage interval after a 5-mg.kg(-1) single dose of gentamicin.

Research paper thumbnail of Medical doctors’ perceptions and expectations of the role of hospital pharmacists in Sudan

Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role... more Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role of hospital-based pharmacists in Sudan. Setting Teaching hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods A self-administered, pre-tested, structured questionnaire was distributed to 300 randomly chosen medical practitioners of different grades and specialities in four teaching hospitals in Khartoum State. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended questions. Main outcome measures The level of medical practitioners comfort to, and their expectations and experience of, a range of pharmacist roles and activities. Results The response rate was 66.7%. One-half (50.0%; 95% CI: 42.9-57.2%) of respondents never or rarely had interaction with pharmacists with regard to patient's medication, 36.9% (CI: 30.2-44.0%) and 13.1% (CI: 8.9-18.8%) had this type of contact once per week or once a day or more, respectively. Respondents were most comfortable with pharmacists: Detecting and preventing prescription errors (49.2%; CI: 42.0-56.5); monitoring outcomes of pharmacotherapeutic regimens and plans (45.9%; CI: 38.8-53.2); designing and monitoring pharmacotherapeutic regimens (43.4%; CI: 36.4-50.8) and suggesting use of prescription medications to physicians (40.3%; CI: 33.3-47.8). Respondents were least comfortable with pharmacists suggesting the use of certain pre-scription medications to patients (52.8% 'uncomfortable'; CI: 45.6-59.9). Respondents' expectations of pharmacists were positive for most domains. Conclusion Respondents appeared receptive to most statements regarding expectations of pharmacists, suggesting that many elements of patient-centred pharmaceutical care could be introduced with the co-operation of physicians. A key to extending the role of pharmacists in Sudan teaching hospitals should involve making pharmacists more accessible to doctors and patients, ideally, supported by an organised program of continuing professional development.

Research paper thumbnail of Self-medication practices in Khartoum State, Sudan

European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2006

Objective The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-medication with proprieta... more Objective The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-medication with proprietary medicines and herbs in Khartoum State, Sudan, and to evaluate factors associated with self-medication. Methods A pre-piloted questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 1,200 individuals, selected from all three cities of Khartoum State using a multistage stratified clustered sampling. Results The response rate was

Research paper thumbnail of Self-monitoring of blood pressure and the role of community pharmacists in Kuwait

Med Princ Pract, 2008

they sold. Only 25 (14.4%) pharmacists could actually identify the correct procedure for checking... more they sold. Only 25 (14.4%) pharmacists could actually identify the correct procedure for checking the accuracy of the devices and only 25 (14.4%) pharmacists could correctly identify cutoff points for systolic and diastolic blood pressure delineating clinical hypertension. Only 1 pharmacist could correctly name a reference source for blood pressure measurement. Conclusion: There is a need for improvement of community pharmacists' competence in supporting patients and in providing them with information regarding devices for measuring blood pressure in Kuwait.

Research paper thumbnail of Patient reporting of adverse drug reactions: useful information for pain management?

European Journal of …, 2003

Patients&... more Patients' perceptions of adverse effects caused by the medicines they are prescribed may influence how they use these medicines. Little is known about patients' perceptions of the adverse effects of specific drugs in everyday use and whether these differ from those identified by clinical trials and standard post-marketing surveillance methods. To compare reports of perceived adverse drug reactions (ADRs) obtained directly from patients taking tramadol to those found in clinical trials and two methods of post-marketing surveillance. Postal questionnaire distributed to 1048 patients who had a prescription for tramadol dispensed over a 3-month period. Most (84%) of the 344 respondents reported at least one symptom perceived as an ADR to tramadol. Dry mouth, light-headedness and constipation were most commonly reported. Almost half (48%) rated their most bothersome symptom as at least moderate and 43% claimed to have reported symptoms to their doctor. Perceived problems had led 38 respondents to stop taking tramadol. The 10 most frequently reported symptoms were all previously reported ADRs to tramadol. Although relatively minor, all 10 also appeared in reports to the UK Committee on the Safety of Medicines (CSM) and in prescription event monitoring. For many symptoms, the estimated range of frequency was in line with published reports, but considerably higher than that of post-marketing surveillance methods. Symptoms were reported by the majority of respondents and for many symptoms the frequency was high. Many patients did not report symptoms they perceived to be adverse effects to their doctor. The results indicate that patient perceptions of potential ADRs are relevant and should be an integral part of a pain management strategy.

Research paper thumbnail of Medical doctors' perceptions and expectations of the role of hospital pharmacists in Sudan

Pharmacy World & Science, 2007

Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role... more Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role of hospital-based pharmacists in Sudan. Setting Teaching hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods A self-administered, pre-tested, structured questionnaire was distributed to 300 randomly chosen medical practitioners of different grades and specialities in four teaching hospitals in Khartoum State. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended questions. Main outcome measures The level of medical practitioners comfort to, and their expectations and experience of, a range of pharmacist roles and activities. Results The response rate was 66.7%. One-half (50.0%; 95% CI: 42.9-57.2%) of respondents never or rarely had interaction with pharmacists with regard to patient's medication, 36.9% (CI: 30.2-44.0%) and 13.1% (CI: 8.9-18.8%) had this type of contact once per week or once a day or more, respectively. Respondents were most comfortable with pharmacists: Detecting and preventing prescription errors (49.2%; CI: 42.0-56.5); monitoring outcomes of pharmacotherapeutic regimens and plans (45.9%; CI: 38.8-53.2); designing and monitoring pharmacotherapeutic regimens (43.4%; CI: 36.4-50.8) and suggesting use of prescription medications to physicians (40.3%; CI: 33.3-47.8). Respondents were least comfortable with pharmacists suggesting the use of certain pre-scription medications to patients (52.8% 'uncomfortable'; CI: 45.6-59.9). Respondents' expectations of pharmacists were positive for most domains. Conclusion Respondents appeared receptive to most statements regarding expectations of pharmacists, suggesting that many elements of patient-centred pharmaceutical care could be introduced with the co-operation of physicians. A key to extending the role of pharmacists in Sudan teaching hospitals should involve making pharmacists more accessible to doctors and patients, ideally, supported by an organised program of continuing professional development.

Research paper thumbnail of Self-medication practices in Khartoum state, Sudan

European journal of clinical …, 2006

Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-medication with proprieta... more Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-medication with proprietary medicines and herbs in Khartoum State, Sudan, and to evaluate factors associated with self-medication. Methods: A pre-piloted questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 1,200 individuals, selected from all three cities of Khartoum State using a multistage stratified clustered sampling. Results: The response rate was 83.3%. Medicines, including herbs, were used by 81.

Research paper thumbnail of Sulphonium salt formation from the reaction of methionine with some aziridine alkylating agents

Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 1974

Page 1. 320 JCS CHEM. COMM., 1974 Sulphonium Salt Formation from the Reaction of Methionine with ... more Page 1. 320 JCS CHEM. COMM., 1974 Sulphonium Salt Formation from the Reaction of Methionine with some Aziridine Alkylating Agents By PHILLIP A. CAPPS (Department of Experimental Chemotherapy, Paterson Laboratories ...

Research paper thumbnail of Patient reporting of potential adverse drug reactions: a methodological study

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Medical doctors’ perceptions and expectations of the role of hospital pharmacists in Sudan

Pharmacy World & Science, 2007

Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role... more Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role of hospital-based pharmacists in Sudan. Setting Teaching hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods A self-administered, pre-tested, structured questionnaire was distributed to 300 randomly chosen medical practitioners of different grades and specialities in four teaching hospitals in Khartoum State. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended questions. Main outcome measures The level of medical practitioners comfort to, and their expectations and experience of, a range of pharmacist roles and activities. Results The response rate was 66.7%. One-half (50.0%; 95% CI: 42.9-57.2%) of respondents never or rarely had interaction with pharmacists with regard to patient's medication, 36.9% (CI: 30.2-44.0%) and 13.1% (CI: 8.9-18.8%) had this type of contact once per week or once a day or more, respectively. Respondents were most comfortable with pharmacists: Detecting and preventing prescription errors (49.2%; CI: 42.0-56.5); monitoring outcomes of pharmacotherapeutic regimens and plans (45.9%; CI: 38.8-53.2); designing and monitoring pharmacotherapeutic regimens (43.4%; CI: 36.4-50.8) and suggesting use of prescription medications to physicians (40.3%; CI: 33.3-47.8). Respondents were least comfortable with pharmacists suggesting the use of certain pre-scription medications to patients (52.8% 'uncomfortable'; CI: 45.6-59.9). Respondents' expectations of pharmacists were positive for most domains. Conclusion Respondents appeared receptive to most statements regarding expectations of pharmacists, suggesting that many elements of patient-centred pharmaceutical care could be introduced with the co-operation of physicians. A key to extending the role of pharmacists in Sudan teaching hospitals should involve making pharmacists more accessible to doctors and patients, ideally, supported by an organised program of continuing professional development.

Research paper thumbnail of Therapeutic drug monitoring of gentamicin: evaluation of five nomograms for initial dosing at Al-Amiri Hospital in Kuwait

Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre, 2007

To compare five published nomograms (Thomson guidelines, Mawer nomogram, rule of eights, Hull-Sar... more To compare five published nomograms (Thomson guidelines, Mawer nomogram, rule of eights, Hull-Sarubbi table and Dettli method) for calculating the initial gentamicin dosage regimen in a Kuwaiti population. Based on measured peak and trough gentamicin concentrations, the elimination rate constant and volume of distribution of gentamicin were calculated for each patient (n = 56), using a modified two-point Sawchuk-Zaske method. The calculated individual set of pharmacokinetic parameters and the initial dose regimen recommended by each of the five methods were used to predict the steady-state peak and trough of gentamicin concentrations. The Thomson guidelines produced consistent results in predicting gentamicin concentrations within the target ranges of peak plus trough, peak only and trough only (63, 75 and 75%, respectively). The Mawer nomogram, Hull-Sarubbi table and Dettli methods achieved similar percentages of patients (46-50%) within the target ranges (5-10 mg x l(-1) for peak ...

Research paper thumbnail of Therapeutic drug monitoring of high-dose gentamicin in an elderly patient: a case report

Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre

To report the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin using traditional multiple daily doses and a high-do... more To report the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin using traditional multiple daily doses and a high-dose regimen in an elderly patient. An 80-year-old male who presented with mild renal failure received two different gentamicin dosing regimens, 60 mg every 8 h for septicemia and a high dose of 400 mg with extended interval for suspected endocarditis. Based on population parameters of k(e) (0.1030 h(-1)) and Vd (18.1 liters), the initial gentamicin dosage regimen was calculated to be 80 mg every 12 h. The measured peak and trough concentrations were used to calculate the individual parameters of k(e) (0.0749 h(-1)) and Vd (30.9 liters). After a 5-mg.kg(-1) gentamicin dose, the Hartford nomogram was used to estimate the extended dosage interval. The Hartford nomogram may be a valid tool for estimating the dosage interval after a 5-mg.kg(-1) single dose of gentamicin.

Research paper thumbnail of Medical doctors’ perceptions and expectations of the role of hospital pharmacists in Sudan

Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role... more Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role of hospital-based pharmacists in Sudan. Setting Teaching hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods A self-administered, pre-tested, structured questionnaire was distributed to 300 randomly chosen medical practitioners of different grades and specialities in four teaching hospitals in Khartoum State. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended questions. Main outcome measures The level of medical practitioners comfort to, and their expectations and experience of, a range of pharmacist roles and activities. Results The response rate was 66.7%. One-half (50.0%; 95% CI: 42.9-57.2%) of respondents never or rarely had interaction with pharmacists with regard to patient's medication, 36.9% (CI: 30.2-44.0%) and 13.1% (CI: 8.9-18.8%) had this type of contact once per week or once a day or more, respectively. Respondents were most comfortable with pharmacists: Detecting and preventing prescription errors (49.2%; CI: 42.0-56.5); monitoring outcomes of pharmacotherapeutic regimens and plans (45.9%; CI: 38.8-53.2); designing and monitoring pharmacotherapeutic regimens (43.4%; CI: 36.4-50.8) and suggesting use of prescription medications to physicians (40.3%; CI: 33.3-47.8). Respondents were least comfortable with pharmacists suggesting the use of certain pre-scription medications to patients (52.8% 'uncomfortable'; CI: 45.6-59.9). Respondents' expectations of pharmacists were positive for most domains. Conclusion Respondents appeared receptive to most statements regarding expectations of pharmacists, suggesting that many elements of patient-centred pharmaceutical care could be introduced with the co-operation of physicians. A key to extending the role of pharmacists in Sudan teaching hospitals should involve making pharmacists more accessible to doctors and patients, ideally, supported by an organised program of continuing professional development.

Research paper thumbnail of Self-medication practices in Khartoum State, Sudan

European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2006

Objective The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-medication with proprieta... more Objective The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-medication with proprietary medicines and herbs in Khartoum State, Sudan, and to evaluate factors associated with self-medication. Methods A pre-piloted questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 1,200 individuals, selected from all three cities of Khartoum State using a multistage stratified clustered sampling. Results The response rate was

Research paper thumbnail of Self-monitoring of blood pressure and the role of community pharmacists in Kuwait

Med Princ Pract, 2008

they sold. Only 25 (14.4%) pharmacists could actually identify the correct procedure for checking... more they sold. Only 25 (14.4%) pharmacists could actually identify the correct procedure for checking the accuracy of the devices and only 25 (14.4%) pharmacists could correctly identify cutoff points for systolic and diastolic blood pressure delineating clinical hypertension. Only 1 pharmacist could correctly name a reference source for blood pressure measurement. Conclusion: There is a need for improvement of community pharmacists' competence in supporting patients and in providing them with information regarding devices for measuring blood pressure in Kuwait.

Research paper thumbnail of Patient reporting of adverse drug reactions: useful information for pain management?

European Journal of …, 2003

Patients&... more Patients' perceptions of adverse effects caused by the medicines they are prescribed may influence how they use these medicines. Little is known about patients' perceptions of the adverse effects of specific drugs in everyday use and whether these differ from those identified by clinical trials and standard post-marketing surveillance methods. To compare reports of perceived adverse drug reactions (ADRs) obtained directly from patients taking tramadol to those found in clinical trials and two methods of post-marketing surveillance. Postal questionnaire distributed to 1048 patients who had a prescription for tramadol dispensed over a 3-month period. Most (84%) of the 344 respondents reported at least one symptom perceived as an ADR to tramadol. Dry mouth, light-headedness and constipation were most commonly reported. Almost half (48%) rated their most bothersome symptom as at least moderate and 43% claimed to have reported symptoms to their doctor. Perceived problems had led 38 respondents to stop taking tramadol. The 10 most frequently reported symptoms were all previously reported ADRs to tramadol. Although relatively minor, all 10 also appeared in reports to the UK Committee on the Safety of Medicines (CSM) and in prescription event monitoring. For many symptoms, the estimated range of frequency was in line with published reports, but considerably higher than that of post-marketing surveillance methods. Symptoms were reported by the majority of respondents and for many symptoms the frequency was high. Many patients did not report symptoms they perceived to be adverse effects to their doctor. The results indicate that patient perceptions of potential ADRs are relevant and should be an integral part of a pain management strategy.

Research paper thumbnail of Medical doctors' perceptions and expectations of the role of hospital pharmacists in Sudan

Pharmacy World & Science, 2007

Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role... more Aims To investigate medical practitioners' perceptions, expectations and experience with the role of hospital-based pharmacists in Sudan. Setting Teaching hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods A self-administered, pre-tested, structured questionnaire was distributed to 300 randomly chosen medical practitioners of different grades and specialities in four teaching hospitals in Khartoum State. The questionnaire consisted of closed-ended questions. Main outcome measures The level of medical practitioners comfort to, and their expectations and experience of, a range of pharmacist roles and activities. Results The response rate was 66.7%. One-half (50.0%; 95% CI: 42.9-57.2%) of respondents never or rarely had interaction with pharmacists with regard to patient's medication, 36.9% (CI: 30.2-44.0%) and 13.1% (CI: 8.9-18.8%) had this type of contact once per week or once a day or more, respectively. Respondents were most comfortable with pharmacists: Detecting and preventing prescription errors (49.2%; CI: 42.0-56.5); monitoring outcomes of pharmacotherapeutic regimens and plans (45.9%; CI: 38.8-53.2); designing and monitoring pharmacotherapeutic regimens (43.4%; CI: 36.4-50.8) and suggesting use of prescription medications to physicians (40.3%; CI: 33.3-47.8). Respondents were least comfortable with pharmacists suggesting the use of certain pre-scription medications to patients (52.8% 'uncomfortable'; CI: 45.6-59.9). Respondents' expectations of pharmacists were positive for most domains. Conclusion Respondents appeared receptive to most statements regarding expectations of pharmacists, suggesting that many elements of patient-centred pharmaceutical care could be introduced with the co-operation of physicians. A key to extending the role of pharmacists in Sudan teaching hospitals should involve making pharmacists more accessible to doctors and patients, ideally, supported by an organised program of continuing professional development.

Research paper thumbnail of Self-medication practices in Khartoum state, Sudan

European journal of clinical …, 2006

Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-medication with proprieta... more Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of self-medication with proprietary medicines and herbs in Khartoum State, Sudan, and to evaluate factors associated with self-medication. Methods: A pre-piloted questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 1,200 individuals, selected from all three cities of Khartoum State using a multistage stratified clustered sampling. Results: The response rate was 83.3%. Medicines, including herbs, were used by 81.