Pierre Bourlioux - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Pierre Bourlioux
National audienceFecal microbiota transfer (FMT) consists in the administration of a fecal diluti... more National audienceFecal microbiota transfer (FMT) consists in the administration of a fecal dilution from a healthy donor into the intestinal tract of a recipient to restore microbial diversity and confer a health benefit. FMT has been demonstrated to successfully treat recurrent Clostridium difficile infection but may also have therapeutic potential for other diseases. In France, a preparation for FMT is considered as a drug and thereby must be prepared under the responsibility of pharmacists. However, the preparation, storage and rectal administration for an efficient FMT is a big challenge for health care professionals, especially hospital pharmacists. MaaT Pharma, a French start-up company has developed patented devices (collection device, storage bag and administration system), and industrialized a manufacturing process developed by The Institut national de la recherche agronomique (Inra), to produce from raw fecal material, an active and stable therapeutic inoculum. Results pre...
The FASEB Journal, 2014
The objective of this project was to present case studies providing supportive rationale for expa... more The objective of this project was to present case studies providing supportive rationale for expanding the definitions and criteria for nutrient essentiality. An environmental scan was conducted for terms used to describe food constituents which may not be considered essential in the traditional sense, yet still provide additional health benefits. A panel of international experts reviewed classic and emerging criteria for essentiality and examined various food constituents not currently considered to be essential, but which possess desirable health effects. The panel considered fiber and plant sterols as good candidates for case studies and presented evidence to justify expanding the list of food constituents regarded as meeting criteria for essentiality. Fiber and plant sterols, although not considered essential for growth, development or survival, were deemed by the panel as essential for sub-populations such as hypercholesterolemic groups. Furthermore, fiber in the form of prebiotics was regarded as es...
of bifidobacteria ingested via fermented milk during their passage through the human small intest... more of bifidobacteria ingested via fermented milk during their passage through the human small intestine:
Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 1990
ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile (C.d.) has been described as responsible for pseudomembranous ente... more ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile (C.d.) has been described as responsible for pseudomembranous enterocolitis (P.M.C.) after use of phenothiazines in psychiatric treatment, and after methotrexate in cancer treatment. As PMC. is essentialy due to toxin production by C.d., we investigated whether those products could modulate the production of toxin A and toxin B, in gnotobiotic mice carrying a complex human microflora resistant to C.d. colonization after one month of drug therapy. In vitro and in vivo, in C.d. monoxenic mice, the different drugs used (chlorpromazine, cyamemazine and methotrexate) did not result increase in a toxin production. In vivo, in gnotobiotic mice, carrying the human microflora: 1.The phenothiazines did not modify the barrier effect and toxins were not detected.2.Methotrexate modified the barrier effect resulting in presence of C.d. in feces (106 CFU/g feces), with toxin B but without toxin A activity. It is probable that after factors such as fecal stasis and diet influence the origin of PMC during this type of treatment.
The new microbiologica, 2002
The partition of cells in a polyethylene glycol-dextran two phase system was used to compare the ... more The partition of cells in a polyethylene glycol-dextran two phase system was used to compare the relative hydrophobicity of E. coli strains expressing different surface structures. The role of fimbriae and surface antigens on the behavior partition was investigated. The strains expressing PAP fimbriae and/or O-antigen showed a higher surface hydrophobicity than strains which express only type 1 fimbriae and/or R-antigen. No relation was found between K and H antigen and hydrophobicity measurements. The influence of surface structures on electrophoretic mobility has been evaluated. The polysaccharide capsules of AL 213 and AL 499 strains generated a high EPM. For non capsulated E. coli the EPM of rough strains (AL 46, 382) is higher than smooth strain (AL52).
Journal of capillary electrophoresis
The ability of capillary electrophoresis to perform the separation of mucin glycoforms has been i... more The ability of capillary electrophoresis to perform the separation of mucin glycoforms has been investigated. Adsorption of mucins to the capillary was observed in most cases, leading to unreproducible results. This was due in part to the characteristic structure of mucin (highly charged, large size) and also to its poor solubility. Various buffers were therefore investigated; it was found that a zwitterionic electrolyte, such as a (3-[cyclohexylamino]-1-propanesulfonic acid) (CAPS) buffer, pH 8.8, greatly improved the separation. Using this buffer, mucin was resolved into five main fractions. The use of several additives, such as cationic molecules (1,4-diaminobutane [DAB]) or hydrophilic polymers (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose [HPMC], polyethylene glycol [PEG]) was also investigated. PEG and HPMC did not affect the separation and the electroosmotic flow (EOF) in the same manner. The favorable effect of the addition of PEG was clearly demonstrated and it was postulated that some int...
Annales pharmaceutiques françaises, 1980
Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de biologie et de ses filiales, 1967
Agressologie: revue internationale de physio-biologie et de pharmacologie appliquées aux effets de l'agression, 1985
Pathologie-biologie, 1990
Nitroxolin or 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline, used in the treatment of acute or recurrent uncomplicat... more Nitroxolin or 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline, used in the treatment of acute or recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infection, has been investigated to demonstrate direct inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli adherence to solid surfaces. First of all, influence of growth medium on bacterial adherence was studied. No relation occurs between growth media enhancing production of adhesins and the ability to adhere to solid surfaces. While bacteria are grown on minimal medium, nitroxolin (MIC/16 to MIC/4) can significantly reduce bacterial adherence to urinary catheter of uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli AL52 and 382. Increasing the concentration of nitroxolin does not proportionally modify this decrease. When growth is realised on LB broth or agar, nitroxolin does not affect bacterial adherence of strain AL52 and higher doses (8 to 32 mg.l-1) are necessary to obtain the same inhibition of adherence of strain 382. Nitroxolin, in certain conditions, can, directly and rapidly, reduc...
APMIS. Supplementum, 1992
The antimicrobial activity of 18 phenothiazine derivatives has been evaluated against aerobic and... more The antimicrobial activity of 18 phenothiazine derivatives has been evaluated against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The mean of the MIC reveals five active drugs against the bacterial strains tested: thioridazine, chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine and triflupromazine. The other derivatives are less active and some show no antimicrobial activity. It seems that in vitro antibacterial activity alone is insufficient to explain certain intestinal diseases linked to the use of these molecules in psychiatry.
Folia Microbiologica, 2000
Nitroxoline (5-nitro-8-quinolinol; NIQ) at subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) decreased the a... more Nitroxoline (5-nitro-8-quinolinol; NIQ) at subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) decreased the adherence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to catheter surface and significantly enhanced cell surface hydrophobicity. The surface hydrophobicity increased in the presence of sub-MIC of NIQ and also in an excess of Mg 2+. The effect of NIQ on the cell surface was not related to the bacteriostatic effect of this agent. The increase in nitrogen and decrease in phosphate content in the cell surface was found in the presence ofNIQ. NIQ did not inhibit the expression of fimbriae.
Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 1990
ABSTRACT Since many authors considered that Bifidobacteria (Bif) play an important role in the re... more ABSTRACT Since many authors considered that Bifidobacteria (Bif) play an important role in the resistance of the colonic microflora to pathogen colonization, there has been renewed interest in the consumption of milk fermented with these bacteria (BM). However, data on the survival of ingested Bif in the GIT are not yet available. Therefore, we investigated the recovery of Bif ingested in BM in the feces of 12 adults (6 men and 6 women, 17–50 yr). The experiments comprised 3 consecutives 10-day periods: baseline, the test period, the washout period. During the test period subjects ingested 3 times per day 125 g BM (108 Bif/g) or yogurt (Y). Spores of Bacillus (SBS) were added to both fermented products (105 SBS/g) as a transit marqueur. All the subjects were tested for BM and Y in a random order. Fecal samples were obtained every 5th day and Bif were enumerated on selective medium incubated anaerobically for 5 days at 37°C and SBS on PCA agar incubated aerobically for 24 h at 65°C.
Scientific Reports, 2020
Many clinical studies have evaluated the effect of probiotics, but only a few have assessed their... more Many clinical studies have evaluated the effect of probiotics, but only a few have assessed their dose effects on gut microbiota and host. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled intervention clinical trial to assess the safety (primary endpoint) of and gut microbiota response (secondary endpoint) to the daily ingestion for 4 weeks of two doses (1 or 3 bottles/day) of a fermented milk product (Test) in 96 healthy adults. The Test product is a multi-strain fermented milk product, combining yogurt strains and probiotic candidate strains Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei CNCM I-1518 and CNCM I-3689 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690. We assessed the safety of the Test product on the following parameters: adverse events, vital signs, hematological and metabolic profile, hepatic, kidney or thyroid function, inflammatory markers, bowel habits and digestive symptoms. We explored the longitudinal gut microbiota response to product consumption and dose, by 16S rRNA ge...
Microbiology, 2000
Six strains of Clostridium difficile examined by electron microscopy were found to carry flagella... more Six strains of Clostridium difficile examined by electron microscopy were found to carry flagella. The flagella of these strains were extracted and the N-terminal sequences of the flagellin proteins were determined. Four of the strains carried the N-terminal sequence MRVNTNVSAL exhibiting up to 90 % identity to numerous flagellins. Using degenerate primers based on the Nterminal sequence and the conserved C-terminal sequence of several flagellins, the gene encoding the flagellum subunit (fliC) was isolated and sequenced from two virulent strains. The two gene sequences exhibited 91 % inter-strain identity. The gene consists of 870 nt encoding a protein of 290 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 31 kDa, while the extracted flagellin has an apparent molecular mass of 39 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The FliC protein displays a high degree of identity in the N-and C-terminal amino acids whereas the central region is variable. A second ORF is present downstream of fliC displaying homology to glycosyltransferases. The fliC gene was expressed in fusion with glutathione S-transferase, purified and a polyclonal monospecific antiserum was obtained. Flagella of C. difficile do not play a role in adherence, since the antiserum raised against the purified protein did not inhibit adherence to cultured cells. PCR-RFLP analysis of amplified flagellin gene products and Southern analysis revealed inter-strain heterogeneity ; this could be useful for epidemiological and phylogenetic studies of this organism.
Microbiology, 2001
Previous results have demonstrated that adherence of Clostridium difficile to tissue culture cell... more Previous results have demonstrated that adherence of Clostridium difficile to tissue culture cells is augmented by various stresses ; this study focussed on whether the GroEL heat shock protein is implicated in this process. The 1940 bp groESL operon of C. difficile was isolated by PCR. The 1623 bp groEL gene is highly conserved between various C. difficile isolates as determined by RFLP-PCR and DNA sequencing, and the operon is present in one copy on the bacterial chromosome. The 58 kDa GroEL protein was expressed in Escherichia coli in fusion with glutathione S-transferase and the fusion protein was purified from IPTG-induced bacterial lysates by affinity chromatography on glutathione-Sepharose. A polyclonal, monospecific antiserum was obtained for GroEL which established by immunoelectron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis that GroEL is released extracellularly after heat shock and can be surface associated. Cell fractionation experiments suggest that GroEL is predominantly cytoplasmic and membrane bound. GroEL-specific antibodies as well as the purified protein partially inhibited C. difficile cell attachment and expression of the protein was induced by cell contact, suggesting a role for GroEL in cell adherence.
National audienceFecal microbiota transfer (FMT) consists in the administration of a fecal diluti... more National audienceFecal microbiota transfer (FMT) consists in the administration of a fecal dilution from a healthy donor into the intestinal tract of a recipient to restore microbial diversity and confer a health benefit. FMT has been demonstrated to successfully treat recurrent Clostridium difficile infection but may also have therapeutic potential for other diseases. In France, a preparation for FMT is considered as a drug and thereby must be prepared under the responsibility of pharmacists. However, the preparation, storage and rectal administration for an efficient FMT is a big challenge for health care professionals, especially hospital pharmacists. MaaT Pharma, a French start-up company has developed patented devices (collection device, storage bag and administration system), and industrialized a manufacturing process developed by The Institut national de la recherche agronomique (Inra), to produce from raw fecal material, an active and stable therapeutic inoculum. Results pre...
The FASEB Journal, 2014
The objective of this project was to present case studies providing supportive rationale for expa... more The objective of this project was to present case studies providing supportive rationale for expanding the definitions and criteria for nutrient essentiality. An environmental scan was conducted for terms used to describe food constituents which may not be considered essential in the traditional sense, yet still provide additional health benefits. A panel of international experts reviewed classic and emerging criteria for essentiality and examined various food constituents not currently considered to be essential, but which possess desirable health effects. The panel considered fiber and plant sterols as good candidates for case studies and presented evidence to justify expanding the list of food constituents regarded as meeting criteria for essentiality. Fiber and plant sterols, although not considered essential for growth, development or survival, were deemed by the panel as essential for sub-populations such as hypercholesterolemic groups. Furthermore, fiber in the form of prebiotics was regarded as es...
of bifidobacteria ingested via fermented milk during their passage through the human small intest... more of bifidobacteria ingested via fermented milk during their passage through the human small intestine:
Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 1990
ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile (C.d.) has been described as responsible for pseudomembranous ente... more ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile (C.d.) has been described as responsible for pseudomembranous enterocolitis (P.M.C.) after use of phenothiazines in psychiatric treatment, and after methotrexate in cancer treatment. As PMC. is essentialy due to toxin production by C.d., we investigated whether those products could modulate the production of toxin A and toxin B, in gnotobiotic mice carrying a complex human microflora resistant to C.d. colonization after one month of drug therapy. In vitro and in vivo, in C.d. monoxenic mice, the different drugs used (chlorpromazine, cyamemazine and methotrexate) did not result increase in a toxin production. In vivo, in gnotobiotic mice, carrying the human microflora: 1.The phenothiazines did not modify the barrier effect and toxins were not detected.2.Methotrexate modified the barrier effect resulting in presence of C.d. in feces (106 CFU/g feces), with toxin B but without toxin A activity. It is probable that after factors such as fecal stasis and diet influence the origin of PMC during this type of treatment.
The new microbiologica, 2002
The partition of cells in a polyethylene glycol-dextran two phase system was used to compare the ... more The partition of cells in a polyethylene glycol-dextran two phase system was used to compare the relative hydrophobicity of E. coli strains expressing different surface structures. The role of fimbriae and surface antigens on the behavior partition was investigated. The strains expressing PAP fimbriae and/or O-antigen showed a higher surface hydrophobicity than strains which express only type 1 fimbriae and/or R-antigen. No relation was found between K and H antigen and hydrophobicity measurements. The influence of surface structures on electrophoretic mobility has been evaluated. The polysaccharide capsules of AL 213 and AL 499 strains generated a high EPM. For non capsulated E. coli the EPM of rough strains (AL 46, 382) is higher than smooth strain (AL52).
Journal of capillary electrophoresis
The ability of capillary electrophoresis to perform the separation of mucin glycoforms has been i... more The ability of capillary electrophoresis to perform the separation of mucin glycoforms has been investigated. Adsorption of mucins to the capillary was observed in most cases, leading to unreproducible results. This was due in part to the characteristic structure of mucin (highly charged, large size) and also to its poor solubility. Various buffers were therefore investigated; it was found that a zwitterionic electrolyte, such as a (3-[cyclohexylamino]-1-propanesulfonic acid) (CAPS) buffer, pH 8.8, greatly improved the separation. Using this buffer, mucin was resolved into five main fractions. The use of several additives, such as cationic molecules (1,4-diaminobutane [DAB]) or hydrophilic polymers (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose [HPMC], polyethylene glycol [PEG]) was also investigated. PEG and HPMC did not affect the separation and the electroosmotic flow (EOF) in the same manner. The favorable effect of the addition of PEG was clearly demonstrated and it was postulated that some int...
Annales pharmaceutiques françaises, 1980
Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de biologie et de ses filiales, 1967
Agressologie: revue internationale de physio-biologie et de pharmacologie appliquées aux effets de l'agression, 1985
Pathologie-biologie, 1990
Nitroxolin or 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline, used in the treatment of acute or recurrent uncomplicat... more Nitroxolin or 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline, used in the treatment of acute or recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infection, has been investigated to demonstrate direct inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli adherence to solid surfaces. First of all, influence of growth medium on bacterial adherence was studied. No relation occurs between growth media enhancing production of adhesins and the ability to adhere to solid surfaces. While bacteria are grown on minimal medium, nitroxolin (MIC/16 to MIC/4) can significantly reduce bacterial adherence to urinary catheter of uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli AL52 and 382. Increasing the concentration of nitroxolin does not proportionally modify this decrease. When growth is realised on LB broth or agar, nitroxolin does not affect bacterial adherence of strain AL52 and higher doses (8 to 32 mg.l-1) are necessary to obtain the same inhibition of adherence of strain 382. Nitroxolin, in certain conditions, can, directly and rapidly, reduc...
APMIS. Supplementum, 1992
The antimicrobial activity of 18 phenothiazine derivatives has been evaluated against aerobic and... more The antimicrobial activity of 18 phenothiazine derivatives has been evaluated against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The mean of the MIC reveals five active drugs against the bacterial strains tested: thioridazine, chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine and triflupromazine. The other derivatives are less active and some show no antimicrobial activity. It seems that in vitro antibacterial activity alone is insufficient to explain certain intestinal diseases linked to the use of these molecules in psychiatry.
Folia Microbiologica, 2000
Nitroxoline (5-nitro-8-quinolinol; NIQ) at subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) decreased the a... more Nitroxoline (5-nitro-8-quinolinol; NIQ) at subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) decreased the adherence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to catheter surface and significantly enhanced cell surface hydrophobicity. The surface hydrophobicity increased in the presence of sub-MIC of NIQ and also in an excess of Mg 2+. The effect of NIQ on the cell surface was not related to the bacteriostatic effect of this agent. The increase in nitrogen and decrease in phosphate content in the cell surface was found in the presence ofNIQ. NIQ did not inhibit the expression of fimbriae.
Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, 1990
ABSTRACT Since many authors considered that Bifidobacteria (Bif) play an important role in the re... more ABSTRACT Since many authors considered that Bifidobacteria (Bif) play an important role in the resistance of the colonic microflora to pathogen colonization, there has been renewed interest in the consumption of milk fermented with these bacteria (BM). However, data on the survival of ingested Bif in the GIT are not yet available. Therefore, we investigated the recovery of Bif ingested in BM in the feces of 12 adults (6 men and 6 women, 17–50 yr). The experiments comprised 3 consecutives 10-day periods: baseline, the test period, the washout period. During the test period subjects ingested 3 times per day 125 g BM (108 Bif/g) or yogurt (Y). Spores of Bacillus (SBS) were added to both fermented products (105 SBS/g) as a transit marqueur. All the subjects were tested for BM and Y in a random order. Fecal samples were obtained every 5th day and Bif were enumerated on selective medium incubated anaerobically for 5 days at 37°C and SBS on PCA agar incubated aerobically for 24 h at 65°C.
Scientific Reports, 2020
Many clinical studies have evaluated the effect of probiotics, but only a few have assessed their... more Many clinical studies have evaluated the effect of probiotics, but only a few have assessed their dose effects on gut microbiota and host. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled intervention clinical trial to assess the safety (primary endpoint) of and gut microbiota response (secondary endpoint) to the daily ingestion for 4 weeks of two doses (1 or 3 bottles/day) of a fermented milk product (Test) in 96 healthy adults. The Test product is a multi-strain fermented milk product, combining yogurt strains and probiotic candidate strains Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei CNCM I-1518 and CNCM I-3689 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690. We assessed the safety of the Test product on the following parameters: adverse events, vital signs, hematological and metabolic profile, hepatic, kidney or thyroid function, inflammatory markers, bowel habits and digestive symptoms. We explored the longitudinal gut microbiota response to product consumption and dose, by 16S rRNA ge...
Microbiology, 2000
Six strains of Clostridium difficile examined by electron microscopy were found to carry flagella... more Six strains of Clostridium difficile examined by electron microscopy were found to carry flagella. The flagella of these strains were extracted and the N-terminal sequences of the flagellin proteins were determined. Four of the strains carried the N-terminal sequence MRVNTNVSAL exhibiting up to 90 % identity to numerous flagellins. Using degenerate primers based on the Nterminal sequence and the conserved C-terminal sequence of several flagellins, the gene encoding the flagellum subunit (fliC) was isolated and sequenced from two virulent strains. The two gene sequences exhibited 91 % inter-strain identity. The gene consists of 870 nt encoding a protein of 290 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 31 kDa, while the extracted flagellin has an apparent molecular mass of 39 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The FliC protein displays a high degree of identity in the N-and C-terminal amino acids whereas the central region is variable. A second ORF is present downstream of fliC displaying homology to glycosyltransferases. The fliC gene was expressed in fusion with glutathione S-transferase, purified and a polyclonal monospecific antiserum was obtained. Flagella of C. difficile do not play a role in adherence, since the antiserum raised against the purified protein did not inhibit adherence to cultured cells. PCR-RFLP analysis of amplified flagellin gene products and Southern analysis revealed inter-strain heterogeneity ; this could be useful for epidemiological and phylogenetic studies of this organism.
Microbiology, 2001
Previous results have demonstrated that adherence of Clostridium difficile to tissue culture cell... more Previous results have demonstrated that adherence of Clostridium difficile to tissue culture cells is augmented by various stresses ; this study focussed on whether the GroEL heat shock protein is implicated in this process. The 1940 bp groESL operon of C. difficile was isolated by PCR. The 1623 bp groEL gene is highly conserved between various C. difficile isolates as determined by RFLP-PCR and DNA sequencing, and the operon is present in one copy on the bacterial chromosome. The 58 kDa GroEL protein was expressed in Escherichia coli in fusion with glutathione S-transferase and the fusion protein was purified from IPTG-induced bacterial lysates by affinity chromatography on glutathione-Sepharose. A polyclonal, monospecific antiserum was obtained for GroEL which established by immunoelectron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis that GroEL is released extracellularly after heat shock and can be surface associated. Cell fractionation experiments suggest that GroEL is predominantly cytoplasmic and membrane bound. GroEL-specific antibodies as well as the purified protein partially inhibited C. difficile cell attachment and expression of the protein was induced by cell contact, suggesting a role for GroEL in cell adherence.