Poonam Munjal - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Poonam Munjal

Research paper thumbnail of A Systemic Analysis of the Impact of the Pandemic on the Indian Tourism Economy

Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, Jan 31, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the tourism industry across the world. Be it aviatio... more The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the tourism industry across the world. Be it aviation or hospitality, transportation, tour operators or eateries, every activity related to tourism was adversely affected by the pandemic in an unprecedented manner. India saw the first severe impact during the first quarter of 2020-2021 when the tourism industry was severely affected, in terms of loss in tourism demand due to a significant fall in tourist arrivals. The industry saw gradual signs of recovery post-October 2020 but was hit again by the second wave during April-June 2021 and then by the third wave during November 2021-January 2022. Given the contribution that tourism makes to the entire economy in terms of income and employment generation, it is important to do a systemic estimation of the losses caused by the pandemic so that resilient policies are put in place to address the challenges at all levels and put the tourism sector back on the path it was traversing before the pandemic. This article presents the estimates of economic losses resulting from the changes experienced during the most critical period of the pandemic, that is, the first quarter of 2020-2021, which witnessed a complete lockdown, and the subsequent two quarters, wherein the sector started showing gradual recovery following various relaxations in economic activities and travel movements. The estimates are based on the methodology that draws from the framework laid out in the Tourism Satellite Account of India, which, in turn, is based on the methodological framework recommended by the United Nations World Tourism Organization.

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of India's trade reforms on the informal sector

Research paper thumbnail of A Systemic Analysis of the Impact of the Pandemic on the Indian Tourism Economy

Sage Publication, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the tourism industry across the world. Be it aviatio... more The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the tourism industry across the world. Be it aviation or hospitality, transportation, tour operators or eateries, every activity related to tourism was adversely affected by the pandemic in an unprecedented manner. India saw the first severe impact during the first quarter of 2020-2021 when the tourism industry was severely affected, in terms of loss in tourism demand due to a significant fall in tourist arrivals. The industry saw gradual signs of recovery post-October 2020 but was hit again by the second wave during April-June 2021 and then by the third wave during November 2021-January 2022. Given the contribution that tourism makes to the entire economy in terms of income and employment generation, it is important to do a systemic estimation of the losses caused by the pandemic so that resilient policies are put in place to address the challenges at all levels and put the tourism sector back on the path it was traversing before the pandemic. This article presents the estimates of economic losses resulting from the changes experienced during the most critical period of the pandemic, that is, the first quarter of 2020-2021, which witnessed a complete lockdown, and the subsequent two quarters, wherein the sector started showing gradual recovery following various relaxations in economic activities and travel movements. The estimates are based on the methodology that draws from the framework laid out in the Tourism Satellite Account of India, which, in turn, is based on the methodological framework recommended by the United Nations World Tourism Organization.

Research paper thumbnail of Approach to compile regional tourism satellite accounts – experience from the state tsas of Kerala and Madhya Pradesh, 2009–10

Journal of Income & Wealth, 2013

This paper presents a summary of the study (NCAER 2012). This paper discusses the possible approa... more This paper presents a summary of the study (NCAER 2012). This paper discusses the possible approach to compile regional tourism satellite accounts based on the experiences gained in the NCAER in compiling the State TSAs for Kerala and Madhya Pradesh for the year 2009–10.

Research paper thumbnail of From Income to Household Welfare: Lessons from Refrigerator Ownership in India

Journal of Quantitative Economics, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Measuring the Economic Impact of the Tourism Industry in India Using the Tourism Satellite Account and Input—Output Analysis

Tourism Economics, 2013

Tourism contributes significantly to the gross domestic product (GDP) and employment of an econom... more Tourism contributes significantly to the gross domestic product (GDP) and employment of an economy. However, its contribution to an economy is difficult to quantify as it does not fall within the system of national accounts because of its demand-driven nature. In the Indian context, while the basic tourism statistics are readily available and the authorities have also started to prepare a Tourism Satellite Account, the inter-linkages of tourism with other industries are not known, as tourism does not feature in the framework of the nation's input–output tables as a separate industry. This paper attempts to fill this void and analyses the tourism industry's inter-linkages by placing it in the framework of the Input–Output Transactions Table (IOTT) and quantifying its overall impact on other industries through multiplier analysis.

Research paper thumbnail of Structural Changes in Indian Economy: An Input-Output Analysis

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per resp... more Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Presence and Hypothetical Absence of Tourism in Indian Economy

Applications of the Input-Output Framework, 2018

This paper attempts to derive the backward and forward linkages of tourism sector for India, desp... more This paper attempts to derive the backward and forward linkages of tourism sector for India, despite the fact that tourism, unlike other sectors, does not fall in the SNA or I-O framework owing to its demand-driven nature of activity. For the first time, tourism is endogenized in the I-O framework using the results of tourism satellite accounts to derive its linkages. Further importance of tourism is explored by presenting these linkages in the system from which tourism is completely extracted or made to disappear. This is done using the hypothetical extraction method (HEM).

Research paper thumbnail of States barometer of misery level

Misery Index is a popular measure in the developed world to judge the economic welfare. Although ... more Misery Index is a popular measure in the developed world to judge the economic welfare. Although it is not the most scientific approach but it is based on the assumption that a higher rate of unemployment and a worsening of inflation both create economic and social costs for a country. Some analysts also argue that the rate of crime and the misery index correlate strongly. In this paper, we took a lead from the standard Misery Index and introduced two more indicators in constructing the Modified Misery Index for India, at sub-national or state level. These indicators can well be considered as representative of the state's level of misery. For inflation, we have considered food inflation which directly affects people of all the sections. Further, apart from the unemployment rate and food inflation, we have taken into account the poverty ratio and access to health care to construct a composite index, Modified Misery Index.

Research paper thumbnail of SAgE Publications Los Angeles/London/New Delhi/Singapore/Washington DC DOI: 10.1177/0973801014531136 Tourism Satellite Accounts of India, 2009–10

Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity and contributes significantly to the GDP and e... more Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity and contributes significantly to the GDP and employment of an economy. However, its contribution to an economy is difficult to quantify as it does not fall in the system of national accounts (SNA) due to the demand-driven nature of activity. Where core national accounts cannot provide the required information, SNA suggests the development of satellite accounts within the framework, concepts and definitions of SNA highlighting the particular aspect of the economy, which in this case is tourism. Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) is the most comprehensive way to measure the economic importance of tourism in national economies. This article presents a summary of the study on India’s second TSA for 2009–10. It reveals that tourism’s direct share in India’s GDP is around 3.7 per cent and in employment is 4.4 per cent. Taking the indirect effects into account, these shares escalate to 6.8 and 10.2 per cent, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Youth tourism in India

Youth tourism is gaining immense importance across the worldwith youth tourist trips constituting... more Youth tourism is gaining immense importance across the worldwith youth tourist trips constituting 20 per cent of the total international tourist trips. While such information is not readily available for India, this study attempts to extract some characteristics of youth tourism using the data from the first ever extensive sample survey on Domestic Tourism conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation. The study reveals that youth tourism is a significant phenomenon in India too but there is a scope of improvement and innovative marketing campaigns and accessible and affordable travel opportunities should be created for the Indian youth, in both rural and urban areas, to travel more and explore more.

Research paper thumbnail of Social Accounting Matrix to Study the Socio-Economic Linkages of Tourism Sector – A Case Study of India

Indian economic review, 2013

Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity. Besides being the world’s largest export earn... more Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity. Besides being the world’s largest export earner, it contributes significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment of an economy. Its strong linkage with other sectors of the economy enhances its overall impact. In India too, tourism has registered a significant growth in recent years. However, its impact on the overall economy has not been quantified in a systematic way. In view of its strong linkages with other sectors of the economy this qualification is very essential and will go a long way in formulating effective polices for the development of tourism. Against this backdrop, the present paper attempts to analyse the tourism sector’s inter-linkages with the other sectors and institutions of the economy by placing it into the frameworks of an Input-Output Transactions Table (IOTT) and further in a Social Accounting Matrix.

Research paper thumbnail of Tourism Satellite Accounts of India, 2009–10

Margin the Journal of Applied Economic Research, Jul 9, 2014

Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity and contributes significantly to the GDP and e... more Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity and contributes significantly to the GDP and employment of an economy. However, its contribution to an economy is difficult to quantify as it does not fall in the system of national accounts (SNA) due to the demand-driven nature of activity. Where core national accounts cannot provide the required information, SNA suggests the development of satellite accounts within the framework, concepts and definitions of SNA highlighting the particular aspect of the economy, which in this case is tourism. Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) is the most comprehensive way to measure the economic importance of tourism in national economies. This article presents a summary of the study on India’s second TSA for 2009–10. It reveals that tourism’s direct share in India’s GDP is around 3.7 per cent and in employment is 4.4 per cent. Taking the indirect effects into account, these shares escalate to 6.8 and 10.2 per cent, respectively. JEL Classification: L830, C670, D570

Research paper thumbnail of A Systemic Analysis of the Impact of the Pandemic on the Indian Tourism Economy

Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research, Jan 31, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the tourism industry across the world. Be it aviatio... more The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the tourism industry across the world. Be it aviation or hospitality, transportation, tour operators or eateries, every activity related to tourism was adversely affected by the pandemic in an unprecedented manner. India saw the first severe impact during the first quarter of 2020-2021 when the tourism industry was severely affected, in terms of loss in tourism demand due to a significant fall in tourist arrivals. The industry saw gradual signs of recovery post-October 2020 but was hit again by the second wave during April-June 2021 and then by the third wave during November 2021-January 2022. Given the contribution that tourism makes to the entire economy in terms of income and employment generation, it is important to do a systemic estimation of the losses caused by the pandemic so that resilient policies are put in place to address the challenges at all levels and put the tourism sector back on the path it was traversing before the pandemic. This article presents the estimates of economic losses resulting from the changes experienced during the most critical period of the pandemic, that is, the first quarter of 2020-2021, which witnessed a complete lockdown, and the subsequent two quarters, wherein the sector started showing gradual recovery following various relaxations in economic activities and travel movements. The estimates are based on the methodology that draws from the framework laid out in the Tourism Satellite Account of India, which, in turn, is based on the methodological framework recommended by the United Nations World Tourism Organization.

Research paper thumbnail of Impact of India's trade reforms on the informal sector

Research paper thumbnail of A Systemic Analysis of the Impact of the Pandemic on the Indian Tourism Economy

Sage Publication, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the tourism industry across the world. Be it aviatio... more The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the tourism industry across the world. Be it aviation or hospitality, transportation, tour operators or eateries, every activity related to tourism was adversely affected by the pandemic in an unprecedented manner. India saw the first severe impact during the first quarter of 2020-2021 when the tourism industry was severely affected, in terms of loss in tourism demand due to a significant fall in tourist arrivals. The industry saw gradual signs of recovery post-October 2020 but was hit again by the second wave during April-June 2021 and then by the third wave during November 2021-January 2022. Given the contribution that tourism makes to the entire economy in terms of income and employment generation, it is important to do a systemic estimation of the losses caused by the pandemic so that resilient policies are put in place to address the challenges at all levels and put the tourism sector back on the path it was traversing before the pandemic. This article presents the estimates of economic losses resulting from the changes experienced during the most critical period of the pandemic, that is, the first quarter of 2020-2021, which witnessed a complete lockdown, and the subsequent two quarters, wherein the sector started showing gradual recovery following various relaxations in economic activities and travel movements. The estimates are based on the methodology that draws from the framework laid out in the Tourism Satellite Account of India, which, in turn, is based on the methodological framework recommended by the United Nations World Tourism Organization.

Research paper thumbnail of Approach to compile regional tourism satellite accounts – experience from the state tsas of Kerala and Madhya Pradesh, 2009–10

Journal of Income & Wealth, 2013

This paper presents a summary of the study (NCAER 2012). This paper discusses the possible approa... more This paper presents a summary of the study (NCAER 2012). This paper discusses the possible approach to compile regional tourism satellite accounts based on the experiences gained in the NCAER in compiling the State TSAs for Kerala and Madhya Pradesh for the year 2009–10.

Research paper thumbnail of From Income to Household Welfare: Lessons from Refrigerator Ownership in India

Journal of Quantitative Economics, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Measuring the Economic Impact of the Tourism Industry in India Using the Tourism Satellite Account and Input—Output Analysis

Tourism Economics, 2013

Tourism contributes significantly to the gross domestic product (GDP) and employment of an econom... more Tourism contributes significantly to the gross domestic product (GDP) and employment of an economy. However, its contribution to an economy is difficult to quantify as it does not fall within the system of national accounts because of its demand-driven nature. In the Indian context, while the basic tourism statistics are readily available and the authorities have also started to prepare a Tourism Satellite Account, the inter-linkages of tourism with other industries are not known, as tourism does not feature in the framework of the nation's input–output tables as a separate industry. This paper attempts to fill this void and analyses the tourism industry's inter-linkages by placing it in the framework of the Input–Output Transactions Table (IOTT) and quantifying its overall impact on other industries through multiplier analysis.

Research paper thumbnail of Structural Changes in Indian Economy: An Input-Output Analysis

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per resp... more Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Presence and Hypothetical Absence of Tourism in Indian Economy

Applications of the Input-Output Framework, 2018

This paper attempts to derive the backward and forward linkages of tourism sector for India, desp... more This paper attempts to derive the backward and forward linkages of tourism sector for India, despite the fact that tourism, unlike other sectors, does not fall in the SNA or I-O framework owing to its demand-driven nature of activity. For the first time, tourism is endogenized in the I-O framework using the results of tourism satellite accounts to derive its linkages. Further importance of tourism is explored by presenting these linkages in the system from which tourism is completely extracted or made to disappear. This is done using the hypothetical extraction method (HEM).

Research paper thumbnail of States barometer of misery level

Misery Index is a popular measure in the developed world to judge the economic welfare. Although ... more Misery Index is a popular measure in the developed world to judge the economic welfare. Although it is not the most scientific approach but it is based on the assumption that a higher rate of unemployment and a worsening of inflation both create economic and social costs for a country. Some analysts also argue that the rate of crime and the misery index correlate strongly. In this paper, we took a lead from the standard Misery Index and introduced two more indicators in constructing the Modified Misery Index for India, at sub-national or state level. These indicators can well be considered as representative of the state's level of misery. For inflation, we have considered food inflation which directly affects people of all the sections. Further, apart from the unemployment rate and food inflation, we have taken into account the poverty ratio and access to health care to construct a composite index, Modified Misery Index.

Research paper thumbnail of SAgE Publications Los Angeles/London/New Delhi/Singapore/Washington DC DOI: 10.1177/0973801014531136 Tourism Satellite Accounts of India, 2009–10

Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity and contributes significantly to the GDP and e... more Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity and contributes significantly to the GDP and employment of an economy. However, its contribution to an economy is difficult to quantify as it does not fall in the system of national accounts (SNA) due to the demand-driven nature of activity. Where core national accounts cannot provide the required information, SNA suggests the development of satellite accounts within the framework, concepts and definitions of SNA highlighting the particular aspect of the economy, which in this case is tourism. Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) is the most comprehensive way to measure the economic importance of tourism in national economies. This article presents a summary of the study on India’s second TSA for 2009–10. It reveals that tourism’s direct share in India’s GDP is around 3.7 per cent and in employment is 4.4 per cent. Taking the indirect effects into account, these shares escalate to 6.8 and 10.2 per cent, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Youth tourism in India

Youth tourism is gaining immense importance across the worldwith youth tourist trips constituting... more Youth tourism is gaining immense importance across the worldwith youth tourist trips constituting 20 per cent of the total international tourist trips. While such information is not readily available for India, this study attempts to extract some characteristics of youth tourism using the data from the first ever extensive sample survey on Domestic Tourism conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation. The study reveals that youth tourism is a significant phenomenon in India too but there is a scope of improvement and innovative marketing campaigns and accessible and affordable travel opportunities should be created for the Indian youth, in both rural and urban areas, to travel more and explore more.

Research paper thumbnail of Social Accounting Matrix to Study the Socio-Economic Linkages of Tourism Sector – A Case Study of India

Indian economic review, 2013

Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity. Besides being the world’s largest export earn... more Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity. Besides being the world’s largest export earner, it contributes significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment of an economy. Its strong linkage with other sectors of the economy enhances its overall impact. In India too, tourism has registered a significant growth in recent years. However, its impact on the overall economy has not been quantified in a systematic way. In view of its strong linkages with other sectors of the economy this qualification is very essential and will go a long way in formulating effective polices for the development of tourism. Against this backdrop, the present paper attempts to analyse the tourism sector’s inter-linkages with the other sectors and institutions of the economy by placing it into the frameworks of an Input-Output Transactions Table (IOTT) and further in a Social Accounting Matrix.

Research paper thumbnail of Tourism Satellite Accounts of India, 2009–10

Margin the Journal of Applied Economic Research, Jul 9, 2014

Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity and contributes significantly to the GDP and e... more Tourism is an increasingly popular global activity and contributes significantly to the GDP and employment of an economy. However, its contribution to an economy is difficult to quantify as it does not fall in the system of national accounts (SNA) due to the demand-driven nature of activity. Where core national accounts cannot provide the required information, SNA suggests the development of satellite accounts within the framework, concepts and definitions of SNA highlighting the particular aspect of the economy, which in this case is tourism. Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) is the most comprehensive way to measure the economic importance of tourism in national economies. This article presents a summary of the study on India’s second TSA for 2009–10. It reveals that tourism’s direct share in India’s GDP is around 3.7 per cent and in employment is 4.4 per cent. Taking the indirect effects into account, these shares escalate to 6.8 and 10.2 per cent, respectively. JEL Classification: L830, C670, D570