Prabhat Thakur - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Prabhat Thakur

SAIEE Africa Research Journal

Currently, the smart cities, smart vehicles, and smart gadgets will improve the way of living sta... more Currently, the smart cities, smart vehicles, and smart gadgets will improve the way of living standard. Cloud connectivity of IoT sensed devices will capture real-time data in the cloud which helps to improve the system performance and quick response to queries. Electric Vehicle battery health diagnosis plays an important role in the proper functioning of the battery management system, guarantees safety, and warranty claim. Society 5.0 develops with the advancement in the road, infrastructure, better connectivity, transportation, and options available to purchase. Battery health cannot be measured directly. There are internal and external factors that affect battery health such as State of Charge, model parameters, charging/discharging method, temperature, Depth of Discharge, Crate , battery chemistry, form factor, thermal management, and load change effect. Battery degrades due to both calendar ageing and cyclic ageing. Artificial Intelligence plays a significant role in Battery management system due to the nonlinear behavior of lithium-ion battery. Prediction of battery health accurately and in due time will reduce the risk of recklessness. Timely maintenance will reduce the risk of fatal accidents. This paper presents different batteries analysis under different discharge voltage and capacity conditions. Different machine learning algorithms such as Neural Network, Modified Support Vector Machine (M-SVM) and Linear Regression are used to predict state of health. The proposed M-SVM performs well with less error for all four-battery discharge data.

Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics

Robots are rapidly growing technologies in simple words. Robots are artificial living things in t... more Robots are rapidly growing technologies in simple words. Robots are artificial living things in this world that are created by humans for reducing human involvement in the top domains such as agriculture, medicine, and industries. Based on the requirements of work, robots are classified into six major categories. Robotic vehicles come under the division of autonomous mobile robots and automated guided vehicles. These vehicles are more popular in factories for supporting humans. Integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in a robotic vehicle gives the brain to the vehicle that can sense the surrounding environment and work accordingly without human operation. This article describes bibliometric research on the integration of AI in robotic vehicles. During the research, 1,196 documents are extracted from the Scopus database between 2015 till now. The types of publications included in this bibliometric analysis are articles, conference papers, reviews, book chapters, books, and short ...

2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems (icABCD)

This paper proposes the analysis of the power allocation (PA) technique in visible light - non or... more This paper proposes the analysis of the power allocation (PA) technique in visible light - non orthogonal multiple access (VL-NOMA) communication systems using uniform probability distribution function (UPDF) for improved system performance. A light-emitting diode (LED) transmits data to two mobile users (near- and far-users) in the indoor environment. The issues of better reception in a room and in distances to detect the signal prompted this study. NOMA decodes the signals for achievable rate based on the inequality agreement of the two mobile users while UPDF concentrates on the percentage at which the two mobile users are placed within the room. We have developed a new approach named UPDF-NOMA to solve the problem for PA in the VL-NOMA scenario. The UPDF-NOMA approach will decide the detection area for transmitted signal in percentage within the system. We observe that UPDF-NOMA performs 60% detection of the signal at 2m to 2.1m distance in the system. The simulation analysis presents the detected signals using the MATLAB software tool.

2016 Ninth International Conference on Contemporary Computing (IC3), 2016

In this paper, we have exploited the novel hybrid-cum-improved spectrum access strategy to signif... more In this paper, we have exploited the novel hybrid-cum-improved spectrum access strategy to significant improvement in the throughput and data-loss rate. This proposed strategy is comprise of hybrid spectrum access and improved frame structure strategies for the cognitive radio communication system. In addition to this, the mathematical expressions of throughput for these approaches are also presented. Moreover, the proposed approaches are validated numerically as well as with reported literature.

Enabling Technologies for Next Generation Wireless Communications, 2020

2020 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems (icABCD), 2020

The mixed population of semi-/full-autonomous and conventional vehicles on the roads originates a... more The mixed population of semi-/full-autonomous and conventional vehicles on the roads originates a heterogeneous network with moving nodes. Therefore, it is worth to explore the potential frameworks and challenges for the implementation of next generation Internet-of-Vehicles (IoVs) networks. In this paper, we have presented the potential frameworks of IoVs network for heterogeneous environment. Further, various simulation tools for mimicking and analyzing the IoVs network are presented and compared on the bases of their performance. Moreover, the key challenges for the implementation of IoVs networks except the challenges faced by conventional wireless ad-hoc networks are illustrated.

Intelligent Data Security Solutions for e-Health Applications, 2020

Abstract Recent and rapid progress in the field of computing, micro/nano/elecromechanical systems... more Abstract Recent and rapid progress in the field of computing, micro/nano/elecromechanical systems, communication, and the Internet have encouraged researchers from industry as well as academia to achieve the feasibility of Industry 4.0, which is the acronym for the fourth industrial revolution. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is an integral and very important technique that deals with the sensing, analyzing, actuating, as well as secure and reliable communication of wireless-connected devices. This race toward Industry 4.0 also influences the medical industry and has given birth to a subdomain of the IoT that is the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), where devices/nodes are used to diagnose, monitor, and treat patients, such as electrocardiograms, pulse oximeters, dosimeters, etc. The specific part of the IoMT is wireless body area networks (WBANs), which deal with devices/nodes implanted on or inside the human body and are responsible for reliable, secure, and interference-free communication. All these nodes and devices communicate with each other and remote controlling units, for which they need spectrum/frequency channels; however, the allocated spectrum in the IEEE 802.15.6 will be inadequate in the future and will result in spectrum scarcity for WBANs. A potential solution for spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio that relies on the concept of dynamic spectrum access where the unlicensed/cognitive users are permitted to communicate on the licensed/primary users’ channel. Therefore, in this chapter, we present the potential frameworks that exploit the cognitive-inspired IoMT so that the issue of spectrum scarcity in WBANs is resolved. The potential frameworks with their pros and cons as well as major research challenges with probable solutions are discussed. As “security and interference with human body organs” is of primary concern due to direct human body involvement, further security concerns and interference management techniques are illustrated.

Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks, 2021

We have perceived the potentials of spectrum accessing techniques in the cognitive radio networks... more We have perceived the potentials of spectrum accessing techniques in the cognitive radio networks where the hybrid spectrum access (HSA) is an advanced technique which exploits the interweave and underlay spectrum access strategies simultaneously to enhance the spectral efficiency and throughput. This chapter presents a novel hybrid‐cum‐improved spectrum access technique (HISA) for significant improvement in the throughput, data‐loss rate, and interference at the PU. The spectrum accessing strategies and frame structures are the key elements of the HISA techniques; therefore, the work related to these elements is presented. The proposed frame structures and their combination with HSA are illustrated. The chapter also consists of the mathematical analysis of the throughput and data loss. The throughput and data loss optimization by constraining various metrics is an exigent task which is a potential issue for the future research.” The numerically simulated results of the proposed app...

Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks, 2021

Due to the random spectrum sensing of channels in cognitive radio networks, the probability of ch... more Due to the random spectrum sensing of channels in cognitive radio networks, the probability of channel to be sensed active is significantly high, resulting in high data loss due to which the effective throughput of the network decreases significantly. In this chapter, the challenging issues regarding the selection of channel for spectrum sensing after spectrum prediction are exploited to enhance the throughput of cognitive user (CU). First, the chapter illustrates the system model for the proposed approach. The expressions of throughput are then presented. Next, the chapter discusses the simulation results and finally discusses the future scope. A new approach for additional enhancement in the throughput of CU by exploiting the underlay communication in the spectrum sensing and prediction phases is presented and the results are compared with pre‐obtained results of Approach‐1. The results are evidence for the significant improvement in the throughput by using this approach.

Advances in Systems, Control and Automation, 2017

The orthogonal space–time block codes (OSTBCs) increase the diversity order of a multiple-input m... more The orthogonal space–time block codes (OSTBCs) increase the diversity order of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system at a reasonable cost of complexity. However, the precoding technique in which complete channel knowledge is available at the base transceiver station has come into existence with OSTBC for improving the system performance. Moreover, a composite generalized-K channel model has become the key for analyzing both the effects of multipath fading and shadowing. Therefore, this chapter has exploited the precoded OSTBC to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of MIMO system over a generalized-K fading channel.

In this paper, a free-space optical link (FSOL) optimization in the visible light communication (... more In this paper, a free-space optical link (FSOL) optimization in the visible light communication (VLC) is performed to improve the channel performance for signal strength and analysze the effect of signal failures in a communication system. The problem of uncertainty in the FSOL components for a better signal has prompted this study to check for an improved and enhance signal using bit error rate (BER) analyzer. The light emitting diode (LED) is used as a carrier for transmission of data as the optimization of system properties have concluded for limitations and working conditions. The noise has been added and removed to ascertain the channel behavior which in turn display an acceptable eye diagram for an improved signal. The acceptable eye diagram shows a better signal in the system. The optimization of FSOL will guarantee multi-mobile users of shared signal which will improve the signal errors, loss of power, weak signal, signal failure, loss of data etc. To fully characterize the ...

Perspectives in Science, 2016

Due to the explosive growth of wireless services with high-speed and better quality-ofservices, t... more Due to the explosive growth of wireless services with high-speed and better quality-ofservices, the demand of spectrum is increasing proportionally. In addition to this, the fixed spectrum allocation scheme of the desired radio frequency bands also creates the spectrum scarcity problem. However, the possible solution of these problems is the cognitive radio (CR) communication technology, which is an emerging area of the wireless communication and relies on the dynamic spectrum access (DSA)/ opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) as well as spectrum sharing (SS) techniques. The DSA/OSA allows CR users to access the spectrum opportunistically, when the primary/licensed user (PU) is idle, however the SS allows the CR user to utilize the spectrum in the presence of PU with certain power constraints. The power constraints are applied on the cognitive user/secondary user (SU) transmitter to keep PU's communication impervious. In the CR technology, the user needs to sense its environment and adapt communication parameters on the basis of environmental conditions, which are always random in nature. Therefore, the implementation of cognitive radio with imperfect channel state information is an emerging issue that needs to be analyzed. In this technical review, we have presented the potential growth in the area of power allocation strategies in CR communication with perfect and imperfect channel state information. Further, various approaches of the optimal power allocation to cognitive users are presented. Finally, the potential issues of power management in the cognitive radio regime are exploited.

IEEE Communications Letters, 2017

In this letter, we have exploited a novel hybridcum-improved spectrum access (HISA) technique for... more In this letter, we have exploited a novel hybridcum-improved spectrum access (HISA) technique for significant improvement in the throughput and data-loss rate. This proposed technique comprises of hybrid spectrum access (HSA) and improved frame structure strategies of the cognitive radio communication system (CRCS). In addition to this, the closedform expressions for throughput and data-loss of these approaches are also derived. Moreover, the proposed approaches are validated numerically as well as with reported literature.

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2002

White spot disease (WSD) is at present the most serious viral disease affecting cultivated shrimp... more White spot disease (WSD) is at present the most serious viral disease affecting cultivated shrimp species globally. The causative agent, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), is extremely virulent, has a wide host range and can also be transmitted from broodstock to their offspring. The shrimp postlarvae (PL) act as asymptomatic, latent carriers of the virus, and stocking of WSSV-infected PL has been reported as a risk factor for WSD outbreaks in culture ponds. However, there is no population-based study on WSSV prevalence in PL of shrimp. The present manuscript documents the approaches and the results in the estimation of prevalence of WSSV in PL populations of Penaeus monodon at the time of stocking. A maximum of 300 PL from each of the 73 batches of PL stocked at various farms in the west coast of India during September 1999 to January 2000 were tested for the presence of WSSV by 2-step nested PCR. Thirty-six (49%) of the 73 batches tested positive for WSSV either by 1-step alone (3 batches) or after 2-step nested PCR (33 batches). Sub-samples of 5 PL each or 1 PL each tested to quantify the proportion of infected PL within batches showed that WSSV prevalence was very high in 1-step PCR-positive batches and low in 2-step PCR-positive batches. The study also showed that appropriate sampling and sample size were major factors in determining the prevalence of WSSV in PL populations, underlining the need for testing large samples of PL to reduce errors from falsely negative results.

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2002

This paper describes the utility of dead shrimp samples in epidemiological investigations of the ... more This paper describes the utility of dead shrimp samples in epidemiological investigations of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and chronic bacterial infections. A longitudinal observational study was undertaken in shrimp farms in Kundapur, Karnataka, India, from September 1999 to April 2000 to identify risk factors associated with outbreaks of white spot disease (WSD) in cultured Penaeus monodon. As a part of the larger study, farmers were trained to collect and preserve dead and moribund shrimp (when observed) during the production cycle. At the end of the production cycle, 73 samples from 50 ponds had been collected for histopathology and 55 samples from 44 ponds for PCR. Intranuclear viral inclusion bodies diagnostic of WSSV infection were detected in dead samples from 32 ponds (64%). Samples of dead shrimp from 18 ponds (36%) showed no histopathological evidence of WSSV infection. However, of these, samples from 13 ponds (26%) showed clear evidence of shell, oral, enteric and systemic chronic inflammatory lesions (CIL) in the form of haemocytic nodules, typical of bacterial infection. Samples from 5 ponds (10%) were negative for both WSSV and CIL. Samples from 8 ponds had dual WSSV and CIL, although both WSSV and CIL were only observed in the same shrimp from 1 pond. Useful information was obtained from these shrimp despite the presence of post-mortem changes. Samples from 19 ponds (43%) tested positive for WSSV by 1-step PCR and samples from an additional 10 ponds (22.7%) were positive by 2-step nested PCR. Samples from 15 ponds (34.1%) were negative for WSSV by 2-step nested PCR. There was moderate to substantial agreement between PCR and histopathology in the diagnosis of WSSV infection in dead shrimp. WSSV infection in dead shrimp was significantly associated with crop failures as defined by a shorter length of the production cycle (< 90 d) and lower average weight at harvest (< 22 g). WSSV infection was also associated with lower survival (< 50%), but this was not significant. Ponds with CIL did not experience any crop failures, and the presence of CIL was significantly associated with successful crops. The study demonstrates that samples of dead shrimp can provide useful information for disease surveillance and epidemiological investigations of WSSV and chronic bacterial infections.

Aquaculture, 1998

The present paper describes three distinct forms of white spot syndrome outbreaks associated Ž. Ž... more The present paper describes three distinct forms of white spot syndrome outbreaks associated Ž. Ž with White Spot Syndrome Virus WSSV , among cultured penaeid shrimp Penaeus monodon .. Ž. and Penaeus indicus of India. In a type I outbreak acute to subacute , the tissue level severity of infection was moderate to high, significant mortalities occurred within 7-10 days, and the affected shrimp had prominent white spots on the carapace as the principal clinical sign. In a type Ž. II outbreak peracute , the affected shrimp displayed massive reddening, the tissue level severity of infection was very high, and mass mortalites occurred within 2-3 days. Type III outbreak Ž. chronic , had low tissue level severity of infection, white spots and reddening were absent, and the mortalities were spread over a duration of 15-28 days. The peracute form was more common in juveniles while acute to subacute and chronic forms were common in sub-adults and adults. Acute to subacute forms of the disease were observed in 60% of the outbreaks, while chronic and peracute forms were observed in 30 and 10% of the outbreaks, respectively.

SAIEE Africa Research Journal

Farming. He has more than 22 years of teaching and research experience from Academia and Research... more Farming. He has more than 22 years of teaching and research experience from Academia and Research & Development Institutions. He has supervised 16 PhD and 42 MTech. Theses (Awarded). He has executed several sponsored research projects of ISRO, DRDO and currently working on 5G Resource Allocation sponsored by SENTECH. He is the author of several books and book chapters published by Springer, Elsevier, IET, Wiley and CRC.

Communications in Computer and Information Science

SAIEE Africa Research Journal

Currently, the smart cities, smart vehicles, and smart gadgets will improve the way of living sta... more Currently, the smart cities, smart vehicles, and smart gadgets will improve the way of living standard. Cloud connectivity of IoT sensed devices will capture real-time data in the cloud which helps to improve the system performance and quick response to queries. Electric Vehicle battery health diagnosis plays an important role in the proper functioning of the battery management system, guarantees safety, and warranty claim. Society 5.0 develops with the advancement in the road, infrastructure, better connectivity, transportation, and options available to purchase. Battery health cannot be measured directly. There are internal and external factors that affect battery health such as State of Charge, model parameters, charging/discharging method, temperature, Depth of Discharge, Crate , battery chemistry, form factor, thermal management, and load change effect. Battery degrades due to both calendar ageing and cyclic ageing. Artificial Intelligence plays a significant role in Battery management system due to the nonlinear behavior of lithium-ion battery. Prediction of battery health accurately and in due time will reduce the risk of recklessness. Timely maintenance will reduce the risk of fatal accidents. This paper presents different batteries analysis under different discharge voltage and capacity conditions. Different machine learning algorithms such as Neural Network, Modified Support Vector Machine (M-SVM) and Linear Regression are used to predict state of health. The proposed M-SVM performs well with less error for all four-battery discharge data.

Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics

Robots are rapidly growing technologies in simple words. Robots are artificial living things in t... more Robots are rapidly growing technologies in simple words. Robots are artificial living things in this world that are created by humans for reducing human involvement in the top domains such as agriculture, medicine, and industries. Based on the requirements of work, robots are classified into six major categories. Robotic vehicles come under the division of autonomous mobile robots and automated guided vehicles. These vehicles are more popular in factories for supporting humans. Integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in a robotic vehicle gives the brain to the vehicle that can sense the surrounding environment and work accordingly without human operation. This article describes bibliometric research on the integration of AI in robotic vehicles. During the research, 1,196 documents are extracted from the Scopus database between 2015 till now. The types of publications included in this bibliometric analysis are articles, conference papers, reviews, book chapters, books, and short ...

2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems (icABCD)

This paper proposes the analysis of the power allocation (PA) technique in visible light - non or... more This paper proposes the analysis of the power allocation (PA) technique in visible light - non orthogonal multiple access (VL-NOMA) communication systems using uniform probability distribution function (UPDF) for improved system performance. A light-emitting diode (LED) transmits data to two mobile users (near- and far-users) in the indoor environment. The issues of better reception in a room and in distances to detect the signal prompted this study. NOMA decodes the signals for achievable rate based on the inequality agreement of the two mobile users while UPDF concentrates on the percentage at which the two mobile users are placed within the room. We have developed a new approach named UPDF-NOMA to solve the problem for PA in the VL-NOMA scenario. The UPDF-NOMA approach will decide the detection area for transmitted signal in percentage within the system. We observe that UPDF-NOMA performs 60% detection of the signal at 2m to 2.1m distance in the system. The simulation analysis presents the detected signals using the MATLAB software tool.

2016 Ninth International Conference on Contemporary Computing (IC3), 2016

In this paper, we have exploited the novel hybrid-cum-improved spectrum access strategy to signif... more In this paper, we have exploited the novel hybrid-cum-improved spectrum access strategy to significant improvement in the throughput and data-loss rate. This proposed strategy is comprise of hybrid spectrum access and improved frame structure strategies for the cognitive radio communication system. In addition to this, the mathematical expressions of throughput for these approaches are also presented. Moreover, the proposed approaches are validated numerically as well as with reported literature.

Enabling Technologies for Next Generation Wireless Communications, 2020

2020 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems (icABCD), 2020

The mixed population of semi-/full-autonomous and conventional vehicles on the roads originates a... more The mixed population of semi-/full-autonomous and conventional vehicles on the roads originates a heterogeneous network with moving nodes. Therefore, it is worth to explore the potential frameworks and challenges for the implementation of next generation Internet-of-Vehicles (IoVs) networks. In this paper, we have presented the potential frameworks of IoVs network for heterogeneous environment. Further, various simulation tools for mimicking and analyzing the IoVs network are presented and compared on the bases of their performance. Moreover, the key challenges for the implementation of IoVs networks except the challenges faced by conventional wireless ad-hoc networks are illustrated.

Intelligent Data Security Solutions for e-Health Applications, 2020

Abstract Recent and rapid progress in the field of computing, micro/nano/elecromechanical systems... more Abstract Recent and rapid progress in the field of computing, micro/nano/elecromechanical systems, communication, and the Internet have encouraged researchers from industry as well as academia to achieve the feasibility of Industry 4.0, which is the acronym for the fourth industrial revolution. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is an integral and very important technique that deals with the sensing, analyzing, actuating, as well as secure and reliable communication of wireless-connected devices. This race toward Industry 4.0 also influences the medical industry and has given birth to a subdomain of the IoT that is the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), where devices/nodes are used to diagnose, monitor, and treat patients, such as electrocardiograms, pulse oximeters, dosimeters, etc. The specific part of the IoMT is wireless body area networks (WBANs), which deal with devices/nodes implanted on or inside the human body and are responsible for reliable, secure, and interference-free communication. All these nodes and devices communicate with each other and remote controlling units, for which they need spectrum/frequency channels; however, the allocated spectrum in the IEEE 802.15.6 will be inadequate in the future and will result in spectrum scarcity for WBANs. A potential solution for spectrum scarcity is cognitive radio that relies on the concept of dynamic spectrum access where the unlicensed/cognitive users are permitted to communicate on the licensed/primary users’ channel. Therefore, in this chapter, we present the potential frameworks that exploit the cognitive-inspired IoMT so that the issue of spectrum scarcity in WBANs is resolved. The potential frameworks with their pros and cons as well as major research challenges with probable solutions are discussed. As “security and interference with human body organs” is of primary concern due to direct human body involvement, further security concerns and interference management techniques are illustrated.

Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks, 2021

We have perceived the potentials of spectrum accessing techniques in the cognitive radio networks... more We have perceived the potentials of spectrum accessing techniques in the cognitive radio networks where the hybrid spectrum access (HSA) is an advanced technique which exploits the interweave and underlay spectrum access strategies simultaneously to enhance the spectral efficiency and throughput. This chapter presents a novel hybrid‐cum‐improved spectrum access technique (HISA) for significant improvement in the throughput, data‐loss rate, and interference at the PU. The spectrum accessing strategies and frame structures are the key elements of the HISA techniques; therefore, the work related to these elements is presented. The proposed frame structures and their combination with HSA are illustrated. The chapter also consists of the mathematical analysis of the throughput and data loss. The throughput and data loss optimization by constraining various metrics is an exigent task which is a potential issue for the future research.” The numerically simulated results of the proposed app...

Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks, 2021

Due to the random spectrum sensing of channels in cognitive radio networks, the probability of ch... more Due to the random spectrum sensing of channels in cognitive radio networks, the probability of channel to be sensed active is significantly high, resulting in high data loss due to which the effective throughput of the network decreases significantly. In this chapter, the challenging issues regarding the selection of channel for spectrum sensing after spectrum prediction are exploited to enhance the throughput of cognitive user (CU). First, the chapter illustrates the system model for the proposed approach. The expressions of throughput are then presented. Next, the chapter discusses the simulation results and finally discusses the future scope. A new approach for additional enhancement in the throughput of CU by exploiting the underlay communication in the spectrum sensing and prediction phases is presented and the results are compared with pre‐obtained results of Approach‐1. The results are evidence for the significant improvement in the throughput by using this approach.

Advances in Systems, Control and Automation, 2017

The orthogonal space–time block codes (OSTBCs) increase the diversity order of a multiple-input m... more The orthogonal space–time block codes (OSTBCs) increase the diversity order of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system at a reasonable cost of complexity. However, the precoding technique in which complete channel knowledge is available at the base transceiver station has come into existence with OSTBC for improving the system performance. Moreover, a composite generalized-K channel model has become the key for analyzing both the effects of multipath fading and shadowing. Therefore, this chapter has exploited the precoded OSTBC to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of MIMO system over a generalized-K fading channel.

In this paper, a free-space optical link (FSOL) optimization in the visible light communication (... more In this paper, a free-space optical link (FSOL) optimization in the visible light communication (VLC) is performed to improve the channel performance for signal strength and analysze the effect of signal failures in a communication system. The problem of uncertainty in the FSOL components for a better signal has prompted this study to check for an improved and enhance signal using bit error rate (BER) analyzer. The light emitting diode (LED) is used as a carrier for transmission of data as the optimization of system properties have concluded for limitations and working conditions. The noise has been added and removed to ascertain the channel behavior which in turn display an acceptable eye diagram for an improved signal. The acceptable eye diagram shows a better signal in the system. The optimization of FSOL will guarantee multi-mobile users of shared signal which will improve the signal errors, loss of power, weak signal, signal failure, loss of data etc. To fully characterize the ...

Perspectives in Science, 2016

Due to the explosive growth of wireless services with high-speed and better quality-ofservices, t... more Due to the explosive growth of wireless services with high-speed and better quality-ofservices, the demand of spectrum is increasing proportionally. In addition to this, the fixed spectrum allocation scheme of the desired radio frequency bands also creates the spectrum scarcity problem. However, the possible solution of these problems is the cognitive radio (CR) communication technology, which is an emerging area of the wireless communication and relies on the dynamic spectrum access (DSA)/ opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) as well as spectrum sharing (SS) techniques. The DSA/OSA allows CR users to access the spectrum opportunistically, when the primary/licensed user (PU) is idle, however the SS allows the CR user to utilize the spectrum in the presence of PU with certain power constraints. The power constraints are applied on the cognitive user/secondary user (SU) transmitter to keep PU's communication impervious. In the CR technology, the user needs to sense its environment and adapt communication parameters on the basis of environmental conditions, which are always random in nature. Therefore, the implementation of cognitive radio with imperfect channel state information is an emerging issue that needs to be analyzed. In this technical review, we have presented the potential growth in the area of power allocation strategies in CR communication with perfect and imperfect channel state information. Further, various approaches of the optimal power allocation to cognitive users are presented. Finally, the potential issues of power management in the cognitive radio regime are exploited.

IEEE Communications Letters, 2017

In this letter, we have exploited a novel hybridcum-improved spectrum access (HISA) technique for... more In this letter, we have exploited a novel hybridcum-improved spectrum access (HISA) technique for significant improvement in the throughput and data-loss rate. This proposed technique comprises of hybrid spectrum access (HSA) and improved frame structure strategies of the cognitive radio communication system (CRCS). In addition to this, the closedform expressions for throughput and data-loss of these approaches are also derived. Moreover, the proposed approaches are validated numerically as well as with reported literature.

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2002

White spot disease (WSD) is at present the most serious viral disease affecting cultivated shrimp... more White spot disease (WSD) is at present the most serious viral disease affecting cultivated shrimp species globally. The causative agent, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), is extremely virulent, has a wide host range and can also be transmitted from broodstock to their offspring. The shrimp postlarvae (PL) act as asymptomatic, latent carriers of the virus, and stocking of WSSV-infected PL has been reported as a risk factor for WSD outbreaks in culture ponds. However, there is no population-based study on WSSV prevalence in PL of shrimp. The present manuscript documents the approaches and the results in the estimation of prevalence of WSSV in PL populations of Penaeus monodon at the time of stocking. A maximum of 300 PL from each of the 73 batches of PL stocked at various farms in the west coast of India during September 1999 to January 2000 were tested for the presence of WSSV by 2-step nested PCR. Thirty-six (49%) of the 73 batches tested positive for WSSV either by 1-step alone (3 batches) or after 2-step nested PCR (33 batches). Sub-samples of 5 PL each or 1 PL each tested to quantify the proportion of infected PL within batches showed that WSSV prevalence was very high in 1-step PCR-positive batches and low in 2-step PCR-positive batches. The study also showed that appropriate sampling and sample size were major factors in determining the prevalence of WSSV in PL populations, underlining the need for testing large samples of PL to reduce errors from falsely negative results.

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 2002

This paper describes the utility of dead shrimp samples in epidemiological investigations of the ... more This paper describes the utility of dead shrimp samples in epidemiological investigations of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and chronic bacterial infections. A longitudinal observational study was undertaken in shrimp farms in Kundapur, Karnataka, India, from September 1999 to April 2000 to identify risk factors associated with outbreaks of white spot disease (WSD) in cultured Penaeus monodon. As a part of the larger study, farmers were trained to collect and preserve dead and moribund shrimp (when observed) during the production cycle. At the end of the production cycle, 73 samples from 50 ponds had been collected for histopathology and 55 samples from 44 ponds for PCR. Intranuclear viral inclusion bodies diagnostic of WSSV infection were detected in dead samples from 32 ponds (64%). Samples of dead shrimp from 18 ponds (36%) showed no histopathological evidence of WSSV infection. However, of these, samples from 13 ponds (26%) showed clear evidence of shell, oral, enteric and systemic chronic inflammatory lesions (CIL) in the form of haemocytic nodules, typical of bacterial infection. Samples from 5 ponds (10%) were negative for both WSSV and CIL. Samples from 8 ponds had dual WSSV and CIL, although both WSSV and CIL were only observed in the same shrimp from 1 pond. Useful information was obtained from these shrimp despite the presence of post-mortem changes. Samples from 19 ponds (43%) tested positive for WSSV by 1-step PCR and samples from an additional 10 ponds (22.7%) were positive by 2-step nested PCR. Samples from 15 ponds (34.1%) were negative for WSSV by 2-step nested PCR. There was moderate to substantial agreement between PCR and histopathology in the diagnosis of WSSV infection in dead shrimp. WSSV infection in dead shrimp was significantly associated with crop failures as defined by a shorter length of the production cycle (< 90 d) and lower average weight at harvest (< 22 g). WSSV infection was also associated with lower survival (< 50%), but this was not significant. Ponds with CIL did not experience any crop failures, and the presence of CIL was significantly associated with successful crops. The study demonstrates that samples of dead shrimp can provide useful information for disease surveillance and epidemiological investigations of WSSV and chronic bacterial infections.

Aquaculture, 1998

The present paper describes three distinct forms of white spot syndrome outbreaks associated Ž. Ž... more The present paper describes three distinct forms of white spot syndrome outbreaks associated Ž. Ž with White Spot Syndrome Virus WSSV , among cultured penaeid shrimp Penaeus monodon .. Ž. and Penaeus indicus of India. In a type I outbreak acute to subacute , the tissue level severity of infection was moderate to high, significant mortalities occurred within 7-10 days, and the affected shrimp had prominent white spots on the carapace as the principal clinical sign. In a type Ž. II outbreak peracute , the affected shrimp displayed massive reddening, the tissue level severity of infection was very high, and mass mortalites occurred within 2-3 days. Type III outbreak Ž. chronic , had low tissue level severity of infection, white spots and reddening were absent, and the mortalities were spread over a duration of 15-28 days. The peracute form was more common in juveniles while acute to subacute and chronic forms were common in sub-adults and adults. Acute to subacute forms of the disease were observed in 60% of the outbreaks, while chronic and peracute forms were observed in 30 and 10% of the outbreaks, respectively.

SAIEE Africa Research Journal

Farming. He has more than 22 years of teaching and research experience from Academia and Research... more Farming. He has more than 22 years of teaching and research experience from Academia and Research & Development Institutions. He has supervised 16 PhD and 42 MTech. Theses (Awarded). He has executed several sponsored research projects of ISRO, DRDO and currently working on 5G Resource Allocation sponsored by SENTECH. He is the author of several books and book chapters published by Springer, Elsevier, IET, Wiley and CRC.

Communications in Computer and Information Science